FCC DeSOx and DeNOx additive technology

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Cost effective environmental control technology for utilities

On September 24, 1998, new regulations announced by the US EPA require 22 eastern states plus the District of Columbia to develop state implementation plans to reduce ground-level ozone through the reduction of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions (Cooper, 1998). This plan calls for a 28% NOx cut in the summer time (1.2 million tons) by 2007. This calls for utilities to develop new, efficient, and robust post-combustion NOx control technologies. A new environmental control technology called low temperature oxidation (LTO) system, which can reduce NOx emissions below measurable levels (i.e. 2 ppm using process analyzers) at low temperature (125-325 °F), was awarded the best available control technology and the lowest available emission reduction technology by the US EPA in April 1998. Ozone is employed to oxidize nitric oxide (NO) to dinitrogen pentoxide (N₂O₅) at a low temperature in an oxidizer, which is then easily absorbed by water in a scrubber. Bench scale and pilot plant tests have shown that the LTO process can almost completely remove the NOx emissions (i.e. NOx emissions are below levels measurable using process analyzers). This proved that the LTO system is an attractive process to meet the stricter NOx regulations. There are multiple benefits of the LTO system besides removal of NOx emissions, includes reduction of SOx and CO emissions, and no secondary air emissions (NH₃, N₂O). In order to obtain minimum NOx emissions, extra ozone needs to be supplied. The cost of the process also increases nonlinearly as emissions decrease. This poses a challenging multiobjective optimization problem where emissions like NOx and SOx need to be minimized, while minimizing the system cost as well as extra ozone. This problem is addressed using a new and efficient multiobjective optimization framework. This framework will provide designs that are cost effective as well as environmentally friendly.     

山西省低热值燃煤电厂煤粉炉SO2和NOx超低排放工艺技术路线探讨

燃煤电厂污染物排放实施超低排放是中国燃煤电站绿色火电的大方向,煤电进入超低排放阶段,实施超低排放标准对电厂的污染物治理提出了更为苛刻的要求。为了在环境影响评价中落实超低排放可行措施,使SO2和NOx 达到超低排放标准,本文根据山西省低热值燃煤电厂实际环境影响评价过程中遇到超低排放工艺技术路线的问题,针对煤粉锅炉燃用高灰分、高硫分、热值低的煤质情况,介绍了大气污染物脱硫和脱硝的超净排放工艺方案,指出采用“石灰石-石膏湿法”脱硫双循环技术;锅炉低氮燃烧技术+SCR脱硝工艺技术(3+1层),可以满足山西省超低排放限值要求。     

氨法烟气联合脱硫脱氮技术工艺

SOx和NOx是燃煤锅炉排放的主要污染物,传统分步脱硫脱氮设备昂贵且效率不高,而氨法烟气脱硫脱氮具有显著的技术优势:脱硫效率高,脱硫脱氮一举两得;不产生废渣、废水;脱硫剂利用充分、耗量小、具有节能功效。因此它具有广阔的应用前景。     

Removal of NOx from flue gas with radical oxidation combined with chemical scrubber

In this paper, removal of NOx(namely DeNOx) from flue gas by radical injection combined with NaOH solution(26% by weight of NaOH in water) scrubbing was investigated. The experimental results showed that the steady streamer corona occurs through adjusting the flow rate of the oxygen fed into the nozzles electrode. The vapor in the oxygen has influence on the V-I characteristics of corona discharge. Both HNO2 and HNO3 come into being in the plasma reactor and the DeNOx efficiency in the plasma reactor is more than 60%. The overall DeNOx efficiency of the whole system reaches 81.7 % when the NaOH solution scrubbing is collaborated.     

三相流化床气体净化技术及其应用研究

介绍了丰相流化床气体净化技术的机理，研究了净化２种不同性质的工业气体所采取的措施。结果表明，该技术对大流量工业气体的净化，特别对纸浆厂备料车间的尾气处理和燃煤电厂的烟气除尘脱硫，具有非常明显的竞争优势。     

城市生活垃圾气化熔融焚烧技术

近年来,新开发的气化熔融焚烧技术实现了垃圾处理能源化目标和与环境的协调发展,该技术被认为是解决垃圾处理和能源问题最有效的方法。文章结合传统焚烧+灰渣熔融技术、阐述了两步法气化熔融和直接气化熔融两种气化熔融焚烧技术工艺流程的特点。气化熔融焚烧技术能遏制二英的产生和排放,降低焚烧过程产生酸性气体(SOx,HCl,HF,NOx等)、挥发性有机物尤其是芳香烃类、多氯化联苯类和二英、呋喃类、以及重金属和危害性灰渣的排放。叶恶叶恶     

NiO-Cr_2O_3/TiO_2系列催化剂的结构和脱硝性能

NOx是主要的大气污染物之一,如何有效地消除NOx污染,一直是全球研究的热点。CO催化还原NO是NOx污染控制中的一个重要反应。TiO2具有较好的抗水,抗SO2性能,除用NH3作为还原剂的V-W-Ti催化体系外,有关TiO2作为脱硝催化剂载体的研究或应用报道不多。因此,开展对TiO2基催化剂用于脱销具有十分重要的理论和实际意义。本研究以纳米TiO2为载体,浸渍负载过渡金属氧化物,以CO为还原剂的脱硝催化剂的脱硝性能。以计算量的Ni(NO3)2和Cr(NO3)3混合溶液,浸渍纳米TiO2粉末,室温下搅拌30 min至混合均匀,放入旋转蒸发器中,70℃、0.08 Mpa下至水分蒸干为止,在550℃下、空气气氛中焙烧4 h既得所需催化剂。用以上方法分别制备2%NiO-10%Cr2O3/TiO2、4%NiO-8%Cr2O3/TiO2、6%NiO-6%Cr2O3/TiO2、8%NiO-4%Cr2O3/TiO2与10%NiO-2%Cr2O3/TiO2等5种催化剂样品。     

燃煤烟气同时脱硫脱硝机理概述

按机理的不同,将烟气同时脱硫脱硝技术分为两大类。较全面的介绍了目前有代表性的同时脱硫脱硝技术的机理和特点。认为同时脱硫脱硝技术相比于单独脱硫脱硝具有良好的经济性和灵活的技术选择性。其中以钙基吸附剂为主体的常温干法/半干法同时脱硫脱硝技术,有低成本、脱除产物易处置、不用水或少用水等特点,是适合我国国情的一项燃煤污染防治技术。     

Comprehensive characterization of ambient nanoparticles collected near an industrial science park: Particle size distributions and relationships with environmental factors

We investigated the characteristics of ambient particles and their relationships with various environmental factors, including gaseous pollutants (CH4, non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), total hydrocarbons (THC), NOx, CO, SO2), meteorological parameters (humidity, temperature), and time (day/night, workday/weekend). We used an electrical low-pressure cascade impactor to measure the number and size distributions of ambient particles (0.007–10 m) that were collected approximately 1 km northwest of Hsinchu Science Park in Taiwan between February and May 2007. The number concentrations of particles were enhanced through photochemical reactions during the day. In addition, high traffic flow during workdays increased the formation of particulates. Except for SO2, all of the gaseous pollutants we studied (CH4, NMHC, THC, NOx, CO) correlated positively with the total number concentrations of ambient particles during daytime, indicating that they might contribute to the particulate burden. The poorer relationship between the SO2 level and the total number concentration of particles suggests that SO2 might participate indirectly in the nucleation process during particle formation, The high enrichment factors for Zn, Pb, Cu, and Mn, which mostly comprised the ultrafine particles (diameter: < 0.1 m) and fine particles (diameter: 0.1–1 m), presumably arose from emissions from traffic and high technology factories. Heterogeneous reactions on solid particles might play a role in the removal of SOx and NOx from the atmosphere. Sulfides and nitrides can further react with these local pollutants, forming specific Cu-containing compounds: CuO (39%), CuSO4 (34%), and Cu(NO3)2 (27%), within the ambient particles in this industrial area.     

中小型燃煤陶瓷窑炉烟气治理技术

介绍了一种针对中小型燃煤陶瓷窑炉烟气的治理方案。该方案通过采用自成型型煤作燃料，多管旋风除尘器和湍流塔消烟除尘，采用双碱法及往吸收液中加入活性剂等措施，除去烟气中的粉尘，SOx,NOx等，进而达标排放。     

焚化炉烟气中恶臭物质分析

根据焚化炉烟气成份复杂的特点,采用不同的采样方法,采集了龙华殡仪馆焚化炉烟气样,并以不同的分析方法分析了烟气中的氨、硫化氢、三甲胺、硫氧化物及氮氧化物等物质的浓度:比较了新旧焚化炉及新焚化炉与日本焚化炉烟气中恶臭物质的浓度。     

火电厂氮氧化物控制技术探讨

氮氧化物是“十二五”期间国家污染物总量控制对象之一.本文在概述国内火电厂氮氧化物控制法规的基础上,详细论述了目前火电行业烟气中氮氧化物的主要控制技术、研究及应用现状、优缺点,并简要总结了我国火电行业氮氧化物控制存在的问题,最后对国内火电行业氮氧化物的污染控制提出了建议.     

半干式电晕放电烟气脱硫脱硝技术研究

提出了一种新的半干式电晕放电烟气脱硫脱硝方法,将含有SO2和NOX的高温烟气引入喷雾干燥塔增湿降温,然后引入电晕放电烟气净化器,施加高电压,并加入氨气,氨与电晕放电协同作用,将SO2和NOX转化为铵盐颗粒,并从烟气中分离出来,收集在极板(管)上,用水冲洗极板上的产物。将产物溶液喷入喷雾干燥塔,雾滴蒸发干燥形成较大的铵盐颗粒,加以回收,同时使烟气增湿降温。     

水泥炉窑SNCR及SCR烟气脱硝技术比较

通过分析水泥炉窑氮氧化物(NOx)生成机理、脱除技术以及国内外水泥炉窑脱硝现状并结合我国具体情况,探讨适合我国的水泥炉窑切实可行脱硝技术,为"十二五"期间我国水泥炉窑开展烟气脱硝整治工作提供技术性方向。     

层柱粘土催化剂在SCR烟气脱硝中的应用

电站锅炉排放的氮氧化物（NOx）是大气污染的主要来源之一,对人类的健康构成了极大的威胁。在我国燃煤电站中,大多采用低NOx燃烧技术,而脱硝效率较高的选择性催化还原（SCR）技术则应用较少。随着我国NOx排放标准的日益严格,SCR技术将会在我国获得较大的发展。在SCR技术的应用过程中,催化剂的制备生产是其中最重要的组成部分,其催化性能直接影响到SCR系统的整体脱硝效果。层柱粘土（Pillared Interlayer Clays,PILC）催化剂,是近年来国际上正在大力研究开发的一种新型催化材料,具备非常优异的催化性能。我国拥有丰富的膨润土资源,它是制备层柱粘土的主要原料。研究层柱粘土催化剂对于我国的环保产业及非金属矿业的发展具有重要意义。     

神经网络与模拟退火算法结合的锅炉低NOx燃烧优化

对某600MW燃煤电站锅炉进行了多工况热态NO_x排放特性测量,在利用多层前向神经网络对该锅炉的NO_x排放特性进行建模的基础上,将神经网络模型与模拟退火全局优化算法相结合,实现了锅炉的低NO_x燃烧的优化,计算得到可获得低NO_x排放浓度的具体燃烧配风方案.文中对2种不同退火参数的模拟退火算法进行了比较,结果说明采用T₀=50K,α=0.6的参数可以获得较好的寻优效果.本文研究结果为实现大型电站锅炉低NO_x燃烧控制的在线优化技术打下了基础.     

Simultaneous catalytic removal of NOx and diesel soot particulate over perovskite-type oxides and supported Ag catalysts

A series of perovskite-type oxides and supported Ag catalysts were prepared,and characterized by X-ray diffraction (CRD)and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The catalytic activities of the catalysts as well as influencing factors on catalytic activity have been investigated for the simultaneous removal of NOx and diesel soot particulate.An increase in catalytic activity for the selective reduction of NOx was observed with Ag addition in these perovskite oxides,especially with 5% Ag loading.This catalyst could be a promising candidate of catalytic material for the simultaneous elimination of NOx and diesel soot.     

美国加州南海岸区域清洁空气激励市场项目概况及进展

目前中国一些地区正在试点探索实施区域性排污交易项目。美国是世界上最早将排污交易理论付诸实践的国家,作为该国最早的区域性大气污染物排污交易计划之一,加州"区域清洁空气激励市场"项目自1994年开始运行。这一排污交易项目不仅实现了氮氧化物与硫氧化物减排目标,而且形成了相对健全的排污交易规则。"区域清洁空气激励市场"的总量控制机制、初始分配和交易规则与排污交易市场运行经验,对中国地方性排污交易项目设计具有重要的借鉴意义。     

应用LDN-1氮氧化物脱除剂实现催化再生烟气NOx达标排放

独山子炼油厂催化裂化装置再生烟气中NOx含量达到1300-1400mg／m3(国家排放标准<420mg／m3),对周围环境造成严重影响。应用LDN-1氮氧化物脱除剂后,催化再生烟气中的NOx含量由1300-1400 mg／m3降至420 mg／m3以下,实现了达标排放。