镨对镉胁迫下水稻幼苗根系生长和根系形态的影响

为了解稀土镨对镉胁迫下水稻（OryzasativaL．）根系毒害的缓解效应,以水稻幼苗为实验材料,采用溶液培养方法,研究了50μmol·L-1镉胁迫下不同浓度镨对水稻幼苗根系鲜质量、形态和根系活力的影响。结果表明,50μmol·L-1镉胁迫下,水稻根系生长受到明显的抑制,根系鲜质量、根长、根表面积、根体积和根系活力明显降低,且随镉处理时间的延长,抑制程度加重。但镉对根系平均直径无明显影响。23—184μmol·L-1的镨对水稻镉毒害有一定的缓解效果,可不同程度的减轻镉对幼苗的伤害,促进了镉胁迫下根系鲜质量、根系长度、根系表面积和根系体积的增加,提高了根系活力,且随着处理时间的延长,缓解效应愈加明显,与单镉毒害相比,镨处理5天后根系鲜质量、根长、根表面积、根体积和根系活力分别提高了0．92％～14．8％、1．61％～16．3％、2．57％～20．3％、1．52％-17．2％和3．71％～32．8％,处理10d后根系鲜质量、根长、根表面积、根体积和根系活力分别提高了2．55％-31．2％、1．44％～21．4％、1．78％～27．2％、2．16％～23．4％和8．14％～52．9％;此外,23．184μmol·L-1的镨处理对直径≤1．0mm的根长和根表面积、直径0．5mm〈D≤1．0mm的根体积影响较大,其分别提高了0．9％～24．3％、1．9％。32．6％、0．4％～33．2％,其中以92μmol·L-1镨缓解效果最好。但随着镨浓度的进一步加大,当镨浓度达到230μmol·L-1时,反而会使水稻根系受到更严重的毒害。     

6种矿质元素对青菜中硝酸盐含量的影响

通过盆栽试验，研究了B、K、Mn、Mg、Zn、Co对青菜中硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明：增施硼酸钠后第20天，青菜硝酸盐含量比对照降低14．84％-19．56％；增施K、Mn、Mg、Zn、Co也能降低青菜硝酸盐含量。每盆增施0．1gZnSO4后第10天，青菜中硝酸盐含量比对照减少18．96％，每盆增施0．1gK2SO4后第20天，青菜中硝酸盐含量比对照减少21．42％；矿质元素的施用量对青菜硝酸盐含量影响较大。     

雨林联盟：倡导可持续农业

雨林联盟是一个认证森林和农田为可持续性的国际非政府组织．它已经在全球范围内认证了3600多万英亩的森林．并且已经认证了15％的国际贸易香蕉和14％的咖啡以及其他农产品．     

水位变化对三峡库区低位狗牙根种群的影响

2009年调查研究了三峡库区长寿段消落带的狗牙根（Cynodon dactylon L．）种群,探讨了库区水位变化对低位狗牙根种群的影响。结果表明,156m处狗牙根地下茎的总茎长、总茎节数和总茎节数／总茎长大于150m处的狗牙根,分别比后者多20．3％、30．1％、11．3％;而其地下茎的总芽数／总茎长、萌芽数和萌芽率分别比后者低7．5％、34．3％、74．9％。同时,156m处狗牙根分株的株数、茎长、叶宽、叶长低于150m处的狗牙根,分别比后者少了26．2％、10．8％、19．0％、37．9％;其茎节数、茎节数／茎长、叶片数、根长较大,分别比后者增加了18．7％、34．2％、10．0％、22．6％。156m处狗牙根植株分株的鲜质量、干质量、鲜质量／总鲜质量、干质量／总干质量分别比150m处的狗牙根低32．5％、13．2％、18．2％和14．2％;其地下茎的鲜质量、干质量、鲜质量／总鲜质量、干质量／总干质量分别比后者高5．8％、17．5％、27．2％、15．2％;且前者的分株、地下茎和根的干鲜质量比均分别比后者高29．6％、12．5％和17．6％。表明,库区水位变化显著促进了150m处狗牙根地下茎茎节伸长、芽形成、芽萌发和分株的生长。因而,低位狗牙根对库区水位变化具有较强的适应能力。     

不同嫁接方式对黄瓜嫁接苗成活及生长特性的影响

研究了不同嫁接方式对黄瓜嫁接苗成活率、生物学性状及其植株抗病性的影响．结果表明：以湘园三号黄瓜作为接穗，黑籽南瓜作为砧木，采用靠接、顶插、劈切、芽接四种嫁接方式，其嫁接苗成活率分别为100．0％、78．4％、92．9％和75．5％；其平均株高、平均真叶数均以靠接苗为大，分别为15．8cm、3．0片；四种嫁接苗的平均株幅无明显差异．以津春二号黄瓜作为接穗，分别以黑籽南瓜和西葫芦作为砧木，均采用靠接方式，其靠接苗成活率分别为99．4％、100．0％，平均株高、平均株幅和真叶数均以前者为大．经嫁接后，黄瓜植株枯萎病发病率明显下降，控制在0-14．0％范围之内；而未经嫁接的津春二号（对照1）、津春三号（对照2）黄瓜植株，病株率分别达到48．0％、36．0％．     

生物源提取液与工业废水对土壤中Ni、Co的活化研究

研究了酢浆草提取液(OX)、猪粪提取液(PM)以及味精厂废水(MGW)对土壤中Ni、Co的作用。结果表明，OX提取液原液对土壤中的Ni、Co有较好的活化作用，其活化比例分别达到4．8％和14．6％，但稀释后效果大幅度下降；MGW原液可活化土壤中的1．6％的Ni，但对Co的活化效果较差；PM提取液则对土壤中的重金属起到一定的固定作用。OX提取液的pH值与Ni、Co总活化比例之间呈显著幂相关，可能是由于受到多种酸性活性成分的影响所致。     

亚热带和温带生态条件下水稻生长速率和产量的相关性研究

在亚热带生态环境下的云南省宾川县和温带环境下的韩国水原市,2002和2003年对中国和韩国筛选出的4个水稻（Oryza sativa）高产品种进行了生长速率和产量的相关性研究,结果表明：在亚热带和温带的两种生态条件下水稻品种的叶面积指数和收获指数相近,但亚热带生态条件下实际产量和生长速率分别比温带条件下高3．06t·hm^-2和7．09g·m^-2·d^-1,产量高50．75％和生长速率高58．22％,差异达极显著水平。在亚热带条件下,移栽到移栽后20d、孕穗到抽穗的生长速率的增加能极显著提高水稻产量,以移栽到移栽后20d的生长速率影响最大,抽穗后20d生长速率的增加能增加水稻产量,但不显著。在施肥比例,基肥：分蘖肥：孕穗肥：穗肥：O％：50％：30％：20％的氮肥施用方式和稀植（30cmx14cm）条件下获得该生态区的最高产量和最大生长速率,分别为9．26t·hm^-2、19．53g·m^-2·d^-1;在温带条件下,移栽到抽穗的生长速率的增加能显著提高水稻产量,以移栽后21d到孕穗的生长速率影响最大,抽穗后20d生长速率的增加反而减低水稻产量,但不显著,氮肥施用方式基肥：分蘖肥：孕穗肥：穗肥=50％：20％：30％：0％和密植（20cm×14cm）条件下获得该生态区的最高产量和最大生长速率,分别为6．31t·hm^-2、12．00g·m^-2·d^-1。     

取代芳烃的生物降解性与结构相关性研究

采用量子化学MOPAC－AM1法计算了42种取代芳烃的生成热Hf、分子最高占有轨道能EHOMO、分子量MW、分子总表面积TSA及偶极矩μ。分别采用线性回归分析法和人工神经网络法对所研究化合物的生物降解性参数BOD进行QSBR研究。对训练组而言，线性方法和神经网络法的平均预测误差分别为15．9％和11．4％；而测试组化合物的平均百分误差分别为14．5％和13．0％。无论对于测试组还是训练组，神经网络法的预测都更精确。     

制备条件对Fe/AC脱硫活性的影响

考察了Fe/AC脱硫剂的煅烧温度和载铁量对脱硫活性的影响，并对脱硫剂进行了X－射线衍射（XRD）和EXAFS表征，结果表明：经250℃煅烧的Fe/AC脱硫剂具有最高的脱硫活性，200℃煅烧，前驱体未完全分解，高于250℃煅烧，会使活性组分聚集，二者均导致脱硫活性降低。Fe/AC脱硫剂适宜的载铁量为3．5－14％，大于14％担载量使脱硫剂微孔堵塞严重，致使其脱硫活性下降。     

鹭鸟对茶园的生态影响

目前国内对鹭鸟（夜鹭Nycticorax nyticorax、白鹭Egtetta garzetta、苍鹭Ardea cinerea、池鹭Ardeole bacchus）的迁徙、觅食习性和繁殖规律的已有详细的研究报道，但鹭鸟自身活动对栖息地的生态影响尚未见报道。作者对鹭鸟对茶园土壤和茶树的影响进行了研究，结果表明，大量鹭鸟活动所产生的鸟粪对栖息地的茶树土壤中各种养分的质量分数产生了重大影响：有机质提高了28．03％～62．25％，土壤速效磷增加了1．7～4．2倍，土壤水溶性盐提高了6～21倍之多，并发生了严重盐化；pH表土升高0．43，下层降低了1．11。对茶树的重大影响表现为：叶绿素a、叶绿素b以及总的质量分数，分别减少25．72％、36．97％、29．54％；叶子正面皮孔也被堵塞，生长发育受阻，叶子边缘、叶尖等处发生焦枯；影响轻的茶芽中茶多酚的质星分数下降了3．7％，水浸出物的质星分数略高1％，氨基酸的质量分数提高7．4％；影响严重的茶树的生物产品降低达76％以上，局部经济产最为零，甚至茶树濒临枯死。     

Airport noise, location rent, and the market for residential amenities

The present study reports on the influence of aircraft noise on housing prices in the vicinity of six major U.S. airports, including San Francisco, St. Louis, Cleveland, New Orleans, San Diego, and Buffalo. The sampling procedures attempt to control for the effect of accessibility on location rent, and hence, housing prices. Regression results are reported for the individual samples and for a pooled sample consisting of 845 observations. The regression coefficients for aircraft noise are stable about their weighted mean and are comparable to coefficient estimates from the pooled sample. Dummy variables and partitioned regressions are used to test for remaining accessibility effects.     

上海市轨道交通明珠线对沿线不同人群噪声影响调查

采用现场监测和公众参与相结合的方法调查和评价了上海市轨道交通明珠线对沿线居民、学校师生和商办楼办公人员的噪声影响。评价结果表明:明珠线列车运行噪声对沿线居民影响较大,对沿线办公楼和学校的影响相对较轻,且居民在采取噪声防护措施方面相对较为困难。居民对噪声损害赔偿的要求比办公人员和学校师生强烈。     

公路绿化带降噪效应及其影响因素研究

以山西省典型公路绿化带为研究对象,在路侧设置样带分梯度布设噪音测点,研究绿化带对交通噪音的衰减效应、绿化带的噪音衰减格局及绿化带特征因子与降噪效应的关系,并通过拟合回归模型,分析绿化带的降噪机理。结果表明,公路绿化带噪音衰减格局呈单调递减趋势,模型拟合不同水平梯度的噪音衰减效应,以三次多项式拟合度最高;绿化带10m内是最佳降噪范围,10～60m为有效降噪范围,60～80m是次级降噪范围,40～60m宽的绿化带可满足绿化带的降噪要求;合理栽植绿化树种,使其成林后郁闭度≥0.6,可使噪音值从路基处至80m处降低31.0～36.4dB,绿化带树木高大并且栽植乔灌草复层结构,会增大林带的降噪效应;绿化带降噪效应与绿化带宽度、郁闭度、100m绿化带胸高断面积等因子正相关,与疏透度负相关,因子的互作对降噪效应起综合作用。     

Modelling the responses of wildlife to human disturbance: An evaluation of alternative management scenarios for black-crowned night-herons

The impact of anthropogenic disturbance on wildlife is increasing becoming a source of concern as the popularity of outdoor recreation rises. There is now more pressure on site managers to simultaneously ensure the continued persistence of wildlife and provide recreational opportunities. Using ‘Simulation of Disturbance Activities’, a model designed to investigate the impact of recreational disturbance on wildlife, we demonstrate how a simulation modelling approach can effectively inform such management decisions. As an example, we explored the implications of various design and management options for a proposed recreational area containing a historic breeding bird colony. By manipulating the proximity, orientation and intensity of recreation, we were able to evaluate the impact of recreational activities on the behaviour of black-crowned night-heron nestlings (Nycticorax nycticorax). Using a classification and regression tree (CART) procedure to analyse simulation output, we explored the dynamics of multiple strategies in concert. Our analysis revealed that there are inherent advantages in implementing multiple strategies as opposed to any single strategy. Nestlings were not disturbed by recreation when bird-watching facility placement (proximity and orientation) and type were considered in combination. In comparison, proximity alone only led to a <10% reduction in disturbance. Thus we demonstrate how simulation models based on customised empirical data can bridge the gap between field studies and active management, enabling users to test novel management scenarios that are otherwise logistically difficult. Furthermore, such models potentially have broad application in understanding human-wildlife interactions (e.g. exploring the implications of roads on wildlife, probability of bird strikes around airports, etc.). They therefore represent a valuable decision-making tool in the ecological design of urban infrastructures.     

北京4种阔叶绿篱球的减噪效应及其影响因子

运用AWA6288型多功能声级及TmeRTA音频分析软件等仪器对北京4种常见阔叶绿篱球的减噪功能进行了测定,并对其结构特征进行了定量化统计,以探寻与植物减噪密切相关的影响因子。结果表明：小叶黄杨球（Buxus microphylla）平均相对A声级减噪能力最强,为1．76dB／m;紫叶小檗球（Berberis thunbergii cv．atropurpurea）相对最差,为1．05dB／m。紫叶小檗球与大叶黄杨球（Euonymus japonicus）、小叶黄杨球、金叶女贞球（Ligustrum vicaryi）在平均相对A声级减噪能力、减噪率方面均存在冠著差异。影响单株植物减噪排名前5的相关结构因子分别是树冠体积（0．804）、冠高（0．781）、绿篱高度（0．733）、叶质地（0．690）、平均冠宽（0．679）;叶大小、冠层、叶质地和倾斜状态、叶密度、枝密度5个主因子的累积方差贡献率已达85．233％,在绿化减噪应用中要重点考虑这5个因子。大叶黄杨球平均相对A声级减噪能力随植株大小变化没有显著变化,与树体各结构因子不相关,这可能与研究的样本量较少或者树体结构特征差异不明显有关;影响不同种类植物减噪的相关因子不尽相同。     

Non-linear biological responses to disturbance: consequences on population dynamics

We assessed how non-linear biological responses to environmental noise, or “noise filtering”, impact the spectra of density-dependent population dynamics, and the correlation between noise and population dynamics. The noise was assumed to affect population growth rate in a discrete-time population model by Hassell [J. Anim. Ecol. 44 (1975) 283–295] where the population growth rate was linked to the environment with an optimum type filter. When compared to unfiltered noise, the filtered noise can distort the stationary distribution of population values. The optimum type filter can make cyclic population dynamics more regular and low population values can become more frequent or rare depending on the strength of density dependence. Filtering can cause blue shifted and red shifted population dynamics and determine the strength of correlation between environmental noise and population size. In most cases, optimum type filtering makes linear correlation between population dynamics and noise weaker. The filter effect on population spectra and noise versus population correlation is sensitive to changes in population model parameters, the location where noise hits the filter, and noise colour.     

A study on traffic noise of two campuses of University, Balasore, India

Noise pollution is a significant environmental problem in many rapidly urbanizing areas of Orissa, India. Transportation sector is one of the major contributors to noise in these areas. The present study is an attempt to estimate traffic noise pollution at five places on the way from Vyasa Vihar Campus to Gyan Vigyan Vihar Campus of Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, Orissa. The sources of noise at the studied sites are predominantly attributable to motor vehicular traffic. The noise levels of all the five locations were found to be beyond permissible limit during the day time. The contributions of different types of vehicles to environmental noise were found to ranging from 70.4-94.2, 79.0-96.1, 77.8-110.2, 70.8-90.3, 71.0-87.5, 71.1-84.4, 72.5-86.9 and 74.0-85.4 dB (A) by cargo carrying Trucks, Tractors, Dumpers, Town Buses, Motor cycles, Bolero/Trucker, Pick up and Tempo respectively. The contributions of individual vehicles towards noise pollution were found to be more than the road traffic noise-limit i.e., 70 dB (A). On certain local inhabitants interviewed, the impact of noise was observed in the forms of alterations in their physical, psychological and personal aspects. This study warrants attention from all sections of people to deal with the problem of noise pollution.     

Environmental impact of noise levels in and around opencast bauxite mine

Until recently, noise pollution has not been paid adequate attention as air, water and land pollution. In order to assess (predict) the impact of bauxite mine noise on employees health and in and around bauxite mine environment, general noise sources and equipment noise were monitored. All these noise sources were compared with prescribed standard noise levels laid down by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Data has also been compared with reference site, north block hill top which is barren and virgin plateau/top covered with grass only and free from human interference. Equipment noise levels were much higher than the other zone of the mine which does not have the corresponding standards. Rock breaker recorded the highest noise level with 73.1 +/- 14.2 to 89.5 +/- 10.1 dB (A) while from ripper dozer it was least with 61.0 +/- 17.3 to 76.2 +/- 6.2 dB (A). Meteorological parameters did not have much influence upon equipment noise up to 100 feet from the source.     

城市居住小区的公路交通噪声预测与规划

城市发展、公路建设、各类机动车辆的增加导致城市噪声环境质量下降。为了改善城市人居环境,居住小区交通噪声预测与规划应当受到重视。本文提出了一种居住小区交通噪声预测与规划的新方法。该方法充分运用地理信息系统空间分析、空间建模与显示查询的能力,结合完善可靠的交通噪声预测模型,建立了具有实际应用价值的城市居住小区交通噪声预测与规划系统。该系统能为环境评价、环境规划与建筑设计提供相关的技术支持。     

工业企业噪声环境影响评价中的布点与预测时段的选择

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