黑龙江省“十三五”时期生态环境质量变化及趋势预测

以黑龙江省生态环境监测网监测结果为基础,总结归纳了"十三五"期间黑龙江省生态环境质量变化特征,并采用随机森林和GM(1,1)预测模型对"十四五"期间黑龙江省生态环境质量状况进行了预测。结果表明:"十三五"期间,黑龙江省环境空气、水环境和声环境质量全面好转。其中,环境空气主要污染物PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂和CO的年均质量浓度均呈现出明显下降的趋势,"哈大绥"重点区域PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂和CO年均质量浓度呈现下降趋势。地表水水质总体呈波动变化趋势,水质状况均为轻度污染。"十四五"期间,黑龙江省生态环境质量将处于稳中向好的趋势。环境空气主要污染物及地表水主要污染指标年均质量浓度均呈现明显的下降趋势,道路交通声环境质量也将得到进一步改善。     

安徽省“十三五”时期生态环境质量变化特征

在全面分析安徽省生态环境监测数据的基础上,总结了"十三五"时期安徽省生态环境质量变化特征和主要环境问题,提出相应的对策建议。结果表明:"十三五"期间,安徽省生态环境质量全面好转,2020年全省优良天数比例为82.9%,比"十二五"末上升2.0百分点。PM_2.5平均质量浓度为39 μg/m³,比"十二五"末下降25.0%。地表水水质由轻度污染转为良好,全面消除劣Ⅴ类断面。酸雨污染持续减轻。但全省生态环境形势依旧严峻,PM_2.5和O₃复合型污染特征越发明显,部分河流、湖库污染依然存在,巢湖富营养化问题未得到根本解决,农村地下饮用水水源地及县域地表水水质达标率较低,局部区域存在土壤污染问题,地下水以Ⅳ类水质为主。生态环境质量现状与人民对美好生态环境的需求,社会经济发展与环境承载能力之间的矛盾仍然存在。生态环境污染治理已进入攻坚期,环境质量持续改善的难度加大。     

“十三五”期间宁波市生态环境质量状况及变化趋势

利用2016—2020年宁波市生态环境质量各要素监测结果,分析了“十三五”期间宁波市生态环境质量状况、变化趋势以及存在的主要问题。结果表明,“十三五”期间,宁波市生态环境质量总体向好。2020年中心城区环境空气质量优良天数比例比2016年提升了4.6个百分点;除臭氧外,各项污染物浓度均呈下降趋势;酸雨污染程度持续减轻。地表水总体水质由轻度污染转为良好,其中：2020年Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水质断面比例为86.3%,比2016年提升了37.5个百分点;劣Ⅴ类断面比例下降了3.8个百分点。集中式饮用水水源地、声环境、辐射环境等环境要素质量总体保持稳定。但环境空气质量、地表水环境质量后续改善难度较大,饮用水水源地存在较高的水华风险,生态安全屏障需要进一步巩固。     

“十三五”期间中国生态环境质量变化特征

以国家生态环境监测网监测结果为基础,总结归纳了"十三五"时期中国生态环境质量变化特征和主要环境问题。结果表明:"十三五"期间,全国生态环境质量全面好转,2020年环境空气优良天数比例比"十二五"末期上升5.8个百分点;地表水总体水质由轻度污染转为良好,Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水质断面比例上升17.4个百分点,劣V类断面比例下降9.0个百分点;酸雨污染程度减轻,海洋等环境要素质量稳中向好。但与此同时,后续改善难度加大,全国仍有40%地级及以上城市空气质量超标,4.8%的国土面积发生酸雨,辽河和海河流域仍是轻度污染,部分河流污染较重,地下水以IV类水质为主,农村饮用水源地和地表水水质均受到不同程度污染,近三分之一国土面积县域生态质量为较差和差。总体来看,当前生态环境质量与人民对美好生态环境的需求和美丽中国目标的实现还有较大差距。逐年上升的能源消费总量和不断增长的汽车保有量,增加了生态环境质量继续改善的压力。     

2013-2017年京津冀区域PM2.5浓度变化特征

利用2013-2017年京津冀区域13个城市PM_2.5监测数据,综合探讨了该区域PM_2.5浓度的时空变化特征。结果表明：京津冀区域PM_2.5污染整体较重,但治理成效显著,2013-2017年区域PM_2.5年均质量浓度分别为106、93、77、71、64 μg/m³,完成《大气污染防治行动计划》PM_2.5浓度下降25%左右的目标;13个城市PM_2.5浓度各百分位数总体呈现下降趋势,且随百分位数增大而下降速率加大,PM_2.5年均质量浓度平均每年下降10.6 μg/m³,污染严重的太行山沿线城市邢台、石家庄、邯郸3个城市平均每年分别下降20.3、16.1、13.9 μg/m³;京津冀区域PM_2.5重度污染天数比例分别为19.9%、16.6%、9.5%、9.0%、7.0%,呈下降趋势。2013-2017年京津冀区域PM_2.5平均质量浓度与非重度污染天相比升高19 μg/m³,PM_2.5重度污染天平均质量浓度较非重度污染天时高244.4%。     

西藏自治区“十二五”和“十三五”环境空气质量变化特征

"十二五"以来中国先后颁布了一系列大气污染防治政策并实施相应的大气污染治理措施以提高环境空气质量。为研究西藏自治区"十二五"(2011-2015年)和"十三五"(2016 -2020年)时期环境空气质量变化状况,评估大气污染防治措施实施效果,笔者对2011-2020年西藏自治区7个城市(地区)主要大气污染物浓度和优良天数比例变化进行分析。结果表明:随着一系列大气污染防治措施的实施,西藏自治区环境空气质量显著提升,与"十二五"时期相比,"十三五"时期西藏自治区年平均优良天数比例由97.5%±2.0%提升至99.3%±0.4%,SO₂、 NO₂、 PM₁₀、 PM_2.5浓度年均值和CO 浓度第95百分位数均呈下降趋势,其中CO、PM₁₀和PM_2.5浓度下降幅度较大,O₃日最大8h滑动平均值第90百分位数略有上升。西藏自治区环境空气质量与人口、经济发展程度呈负相关关系。受污染源排放、气象条件和区域传输等因素影响,西藏自治区O₃浓度春、夏季较高,而其余污染物浓度冬季较高。     

“十三五”期间成都市生态环境质量变化趋势

基于“十三五”期间成都市生态环境监测数据,分析了成都市生态环境质量状况及变化趋势,以及存在的主要问题,以期为“十四五”成都市生态环境保护与治理提供参考。结果表明：“十三五”期间,成都市生态环境质量持续改善,空气质量优良天数比例整体呈上升趋势,部分污染物年平均浓度均呈逐年下降趋势;酸雨pH变化幅度较小,但酸雨量减少,酸雨污染减轻;地表水水质明显好转,Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水质比例呈现波动上升趋势,劣Ⅴ类水质比例呈下降趋势,成都市级、县级饮用水水源地水质保持稳定;昼间区域声环境质量、昼间交通道路声环境质量均比较稳定;生态质量为良,农村环境质量、辐射环境质量状况总体良好。但也存在空气中细颗粒物和臭氧污染仍较重,部分地表水断面水质不能稳定达标,乡镇饮用水水源地水质未全部达标,交通噪声与生活噪声影响城市声环境质量等问题,给“十四五”期间成都市生态环境质量改善带来挑战。     

“十三五”期间赣州市环境空气质量特征及变化趋势

为科学谋划赣州市“十四五”期间大气污染防治工作,重点对赣州市“十三五”期间整体空气质量变化情况,以及影响赣州市优良天数的两个重要参数——臭氧(O₃)和细颗粒物(PM_2.5)的污染规律进行了分析。结果表明,赣州市“十三五”期间空气质量改善明显,优良天数整体增加。O₃浓度和O₃超标天数占总污染天数的比例整体均呈现波动上升趋势,对空气质量综合指数的贡献率逐年增加;高浓度O₃污染通常发生在干燥、高温条件下,高发期主要集中在4—5月和7—11月,空间分布呈西高东低的特点,与2018年大气污染源排放清单中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的排放量分布情况较为一致。PM_2.5浓度呈逐年下降趋势,在2019年和2020年达到国家空气质量二级标准;PM_2.5污染天数在2016年同比增加26 d,而后逐年减少,其中2020年较2015年减少了12 d;PM_2.5浓度的季节变化特征整体呈现为冬季高、春秋次之、夏季低,空间分布特征与O₃类似。建议赣州市在“十四五”期间以PM_2.5和O₃协同治理为主要思路,继续深入打好蓝天保卫战。     

“十二五”期间江苏省典型试点农村环境监测结果浅析

基于“十二五”期间江苏省农村环境试点监测结果,对江苏省试点农村的环境空气、地表水、饮用水水源地、土壤等方面的环境质量进行综合评价,结果表明,江苏省农村环境空气中SO₂、NO₂和PM₁₀年均值达到《GB 3095—2012》二级标准,苏北地区空气质量优于苏南地区;饮用水水源地水质总体达到《GB 3838—2002》Ⅲ类水质标准,部分地表水断面仍处于Ⅳ～劣Ⅴ类;农村土壤环境质量总体处于无污染级别;试点农村环境质量综合指数（RQI）为46~78,苏南地区相对较好。建议进一步提升农村环境监测能力,发展农村环境自动监测并开展定期监测工作,早日说清农村环境质量状况。     

河南省“十三五”期间生态环境质量变化趋势

以2016-2020年河南省主要生态环境要素监测结果为研究对象,分析评价了河南省"十三五"期间生态环境质量状况、变化趋势和存在的主要问题等。结果表明:"十三五"期间,全省主要污染物排放总量大幅下降,生态环境质量稳中向好。与2016年相比,2020年全省环境空气优良天数比例上升6.2百分点;地表水环境质量逐渐由轻度污染变为良好状态,Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水质断面比例持续上升,比2016年上升22.7百分点,劣V类水质断面比例进一步下降,比2016年下降18.4百分点;降水、辐射环境质量等基本保持稳定;城市集中式饮用水源地、声环境、生态、农村环境等其他环境要素质量均有不同程度好转。但与此同时,河南省仍为全国大气污染较重的省份之一,空气质量改善幅度明显收窄;仍有部分河流污染较重或不能稳定达标,从全国范围看,Ⅰ~Ⅲ类断面比例属中下水平,水环境保护形势依然严峻。总体来看,河南省工业结构偏重、能源结构偏煤、运输结构不优等问题还未从根本上改变,区域性污染问题依然突出,生态环境质量改善还远未达到质变的效果,深入打好污染防治攻坚战仍需持续努力。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.     

Concentrations of Cadmium, Mercury and Selenium in Blood, Liver and Kidney of Common Eider Ducks from the Canadian Arctic

We determined concentrations of selected trace elements inlivers, kidneys and blood samples from common eiders (Somateria mollissima borealis) from the eastern Canadianarctic during 1997 and 1998. Concentrations of totalmercury and organic mercury were generally low in the liversof these birds (less than 6 and 4 g g^–1 dry wt,respectively). Selenium ranged between 11–47 g g^–1 inlivers. Renal cadmium concentrations were among the highestever published for this species (range: 47–281 g g^–1). The regressions of log-transformed concentrations ofthese trace elements in blood samples on those in liver orkidney were significant (all P-values < 0.05) andpositive. However, except for organic mercury (RM ² = 0.83), the co-efficients of determination were low tomoderate (range of R ²: 0.26–0.52), suggesting poorto moderate predictive capability. Furthermore, therelationships between total mercury in blood and liverchanged between 1997 and 1998, suggesting that it would notbe possible to predict consistently, concentrations ofmercury in blood from those in liver based on samples takenin one year. Blood samples can be used to determineconcentrations of these trace elements in common eiders (andprobably other sea duck species as well). The use of bloodsamples is especially warranted when it is undesirable tokill the animal such as when working with rare or endangeredsea duck species or when the objective is to relate traceelement exposure to annual survival rates. However, thepredictive equations developed here should not be used topredict expected concentrations in one type of tissue fromthose in the other.