小麦在与水杨酸诱导的应答过程中PGIP的积累

以ＳＷ８９－２５８９小麦品系为材料,利用自制的小麦抗ＰＧＩＰ血清和ｄｏｔ－ｉｍｍｕｎｏｂｉｎｄｉｎｇ ａｓｓａｙ,并结合ＰＧＩＰ粗提液对ｅｎｄｏ－ＰＧ的抑制实验,研究了小麦内源多聚半乳糖醛酸酶抑制蛋白（ＰＧＩＰ）水平与水杨酸之间的应答关系。发现用水杨酸处理过的ＰＧＩＰ粗提液在ＮＣ膜上的显色斑点颜色均较Ｈ２Ｏ处理的ＰＧＩＰ粗提液深,而且对ｅｎ－ｄｏ－ＰＧ的抑制程度也高于未用水杨酸处理的ＰＧＩＰ粗提液     

青霉菌P－93对偶氮染料的降解特性研究

采用富集培养的方法，从土壤中分离得到一株对偶氮染料酸性大红（ＧＲ）和酸性黑（ＡＴＴ）有较强脱色能力的青霉菌Ｐ－９３（Ｐｅｎｉｃｉｌｌｉｕｍｓｐ．Ｐ－９３）。该菌以ＧＲ和ＡＴＴ作为唯一Ｃ源和唯一Ｎ源均能生长。Ｐ－９３在ｐＨ４．０─８．０的范围内对ＡＴＴ的脱色率都在８０％以上，在２８－３７℃的温度范围内对ＧＲ和ＡＴＴ的脱色率也都超过８０％。对降解产物的紫外─可见光光谱分析表明，对ＧＲ和ＡＴＴ在可见光区的吸收峰（４８７．１ｎｍ，４８６．２ｎｍ和５９６．５ｎｍ）明显消失，而在紫外区的光吸收有所加强。Ｐ－９３中降解ＧＲ和ＡＴＴ的酶主要存在于细胞内，其生物合成不受染料的诱导。     

转化血型用蕃茄α－D－半乳糖苷酶的分离、纯化及理化性质

成熟蕃茄匀浆后，经硫酸铵盐析，ＤＥＡＥ－ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＡ－５０离子交换层析，ＳｅｐａｄｅｘＧ－１００凝胶过滤和Ｍｅｌｉｂｉｏｓｅ－Ａｇａｒｏｓｅ亲和层析，获得了α－Ｄ－半乳糖苷酶（Ｃ．Ｅ．３．２．１．１１）。酶制剂经ＰＡＧＥ检测为一条带；ＳＤＳ－Ｇ－ＰＡＧＥ测得酶Ｍｒ为３４０００；比活力５２．９Ｕ／ｍｇ·；提纯倍数为５２９０１产率为４５％．酶专－催化以α－Ｄ－半乳糖为末端ａ－（１，３）连接的糖苷键，以ＰＮＰＧ（对硝基苯－α－Ｄ－半乳糖昔）为废物，酶催化反应的Ｋｍ＝０．１１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｖｍａｘ为６７μｍｏｌ·ｍｇ１－·ｍｉｎ－１．ｔ稳定范是０～３５℃；ＰＨ稳定范围是４．０～７．０．最适ｐＨ为５．１．半乳糖是酶的竞争性抑制剂；Ｃｕ２＋、Ｚｎ２＋、Ｍｎ２＋、Ｆｅ３＋、Ａｇ＋和ＥＤＴＡ对酶活性无影响．纯酶制剂可作为Ｂ型血向Ｏ型血转化的工具酶液．     

汉沽生物稳定塘净化效果研究

汉沽生物稳定塘建于１９９３年．它由１０级池塘组成,ＡＴ７５ｈｍ２,用于处理城市污水（主要是化工废水）．根据２年试运行期间化学和生物学资料,分析了稳定塘的净化效果．结果表明,该稳定塘净化效能较好．主要污染物ＢＯＤ５、ＣＯＤＣｒ、ＮＨ３Ｎ和ＰＯ４Ｐ的平均去除率分别为８６．２％、７０．１％、６０．３％和６７．５％;平均年去除ＢＯＤ５４２９７．８ｔ、ＣＯＤＣｒ６１７９．８ｔ、ＮＨ３Ｎ１５４．６ｔ和ＰＯ４Ｐ８１．９ｔ．但由于有机物负荷量过高,使出水水质较差．文中提出若干改善出水水质的措施和建议     

不同磷效应基因型小麦对VAM真菌领事性的影响因子及机理

以高、中、低效３个磷效率基因型泪科为试材,在ｗ（Ｐ２Ｏ５）＝２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ和６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ的水平下,接种或不接种两个ＶＡ菌根真菌Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｍｏｓｓｅｃａ和Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｒｍｅ,研究了影响小麦菌根依赖性因子及机理。结果表明,在低磷水平下,小麦菌根依赖笥的大小顺序为中净重〉低效〉高效;对Ｇ．ｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｒｍ的依赖性大于对Ｇ．ｍｏｓｓｃａｅ和依赖性;而在高磷水平下,接种菌根表现出不同     

干旱地区几种豆科植物根瘤菌的数值分类和SDS-PAGE全细胞蛋白电泳分析

从新疆、内蒙干旱地区苜蓿属、草木樨属、锦鸡儿属植物的根瘤中分离出５４株根瘤菌,对其中４８株根瘤菌和２２株参比菌一起进行了数值分类研究,在８５％的相似性水平上,未知菌分为３个不同于已知种的新群．另加入６株分离自锦鸡儿属植物的根瘤菌,共７６株菌进行了全细胞蛋白ＳＤＳＰＡＧＥ分析,在８０％的相似性水平上,已知菌相应成群,未知菌除ＸＪ９６３４２在６８％的相似性水平上和群５、６、７、８、Ｒ．ｇａｌｅｇａ聚群外,其余未知菌则分布在４、５、６、７、８、９、１０七个群中．群４中所有菌株属于数值分类的群１;群６中有３株菌属于数值分类的群３;群９中有８株菌为数值分类群２的菌株．反映了两种方法在分类上得到的结果比较近似．     

磷和硫对空心菜吸收砷的影响

本文通过水培空心菜中砷与磷以及砷与硫配比试验，研究了ＰＯ＾３－４和ＡｓＯ＾３－４以及ＳＯ＾２－４和ＡｓＯ３＾３－４共存对空心菜生长及砷累积的影响。结果表明：５ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１ＰＯ＾３－４或ＳＯ＾２－４时，ＡｓＯ＾３－４显著降低空心菜产量，ＰＯ＾３－４和ＳＯ＾２－４含量提高到３０－１００ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１时，空心菜产量明显提高。．     

异丙隆在土壤和小麦中的降解与残留

在扬州和聊城两地进行了除草剂异丙隆在小麦上和麦田土壤中的残留动态和最终残留量试验，结果表明，异丙隆在小麦植株和土壤中消解较快，消解半衰期分别３－４ｄ和８－１４ｄ；收获时小麦籽粒中异丙隆残留量小于０．０４ｍｇ／ｋｇ。推荐暂定异丙隆在小麦上ＭＲＬ值为０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ。２５％异丙性可湿性粉剂，按７．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２用量，在次年早春使用，籽粒中异丙隆最终残留量不会超过ＭＲＬ值，对小麦是安全的。     

不同形态铝对小麦抗氧化系统的影响

研究了铝在不同ｐＨ条件下的形态分布,测定了单核铝和多核铝对小麦根中超氧化物歧化酶(ＳＯＤ)和过氧化物酶(ＰＯＤ)活性的影响．结果表明,低浓度Ａｌａ和Ａｌｂ激发了小麦根ＳＯＤ活性;ＰＯＤ活性在ｐＨ≤５．０时被显著激活,而当 ｐＨ≥５,５,Ａｌａ与Ａｌｂ浓度较低时ＰＤＤ被显著地抑制;ＳＯＤ与ＰＯＤ活性均在ｐＨ４．５,７５μｍｏｌ·ｌ－１[Ａｌ]时达到本实验最高值,与Ａｌｂ浓度的增加相关．本实验结果显示两种形态的铝对植物的致毒机理可能存在一定差异．     

异丙隆在土壤和小麦中的降解与残留

在扬州和聊城两地进行了除草剂异丙隆在小麦上和麦田土壤中的残留动态和最终残留量试验，结果表明，异丙隆在小麦植株和土壤中消解较快，消解半衰期分别为３～４ｄ和８～１４ｄ；收获时小麦籽粒中异丙隆残留量小于０．０４ｍｇ／ｋｇ。推荐暂定异丙隆在小麦上ＭＲＩＬ值为０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ。２５％异丙隆可湿性粉剂，按７．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ￣２用量，在次年早春（２月）使用，籽粒中异丙隆最终残留量不会超过ＭＲＬ值，对小麦是安全的。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture