战略环境影响评价中生物多样性影响评价特点

随着战略环境影响评价（Strategic Environmental Assessment，简称SEA）的发展，SEA被越来越广泛地用于生物多样性影响评价。由于受人类对生物多样性的研究和认识水平的限制，目前在国内外还没有成熟的方法用于生物多样性的影响评价，以致于生物多样性的影响评价内容不够具体和全面。从生物多样性的景观、生态系统、物种和基因4个层次分析了生物多样性影响评价在SEA中应用的限制因素。在此基础上，提出景观层次影响评价可以通过寻求易于测度的关键景观要素进行评价，宏观把握景观变化给生物多样性带来的影响趋势；生态系统层次影响评价应充分考虑各种替代方案的比较，避免敏感目标的生物多样性重大损失；物种层次的影响评价选择重要的目标物种作为主要评价依据；受研究水平限制，基因层次的影响评价还不具有普遍意义。     

中国生物多样性保护适应气候变化的对策

基于气候变化对生物多样性影响的总结分析,初步提出了我国生物多样性保护适应气候变化的对策。气候变化对生物物候、分布、迁移活动、群落结构、栖息地质量、生态系统和景观多样性都产生了一定影响,未来将产生更深刻的影响。我国生物多样性保护适应气候变化需要从物种有效保护、自然保护区规划与管理、灾害防御等方面进行。     

神农架地区香溪河流域水生昆虫物种多样性与功能多样性研究

物种多样性和功能多样性广泛应用于生态学和保护生物等领域的研究,理清物种多样性和功能多样性之间的关系,对于深入理解生物多样性组分间的关系及生物多样性的保护意义重大.以香溪河流域为例,就水生昆虫物种多样性、功能多样性时空动态进行了分析,并就生物多样性指数间的关系进行了探讨.主要结果如下:物种丰富度介于2～ 44之间,冬季最大,春、秋季次之,夏季最小;香浓指数介于0.38～ 3.03之间,均值在冬季最大,春季次之,夏、秋季最小;均匀度指数介于0.89～1之间,表现为春、夏季大于秋、冬季.物种丰富度和香浓指数在4条河流间均表现为九冲河最大,香溪河次之,高岚河和古夫河最小;均匀度指数在4条河流间差异不显著.功能多样性方面,除功能丰富度指数表现为冬季最大,夏季最小外,其它指数在时空序列上均无显著差异.Pearson相关分析表明,功能丰富度、功能均匀度、功能离散度指数间相关均不显著;功能丰富度指数同物种丰富度和Shannon指数相关极显著;功能均匀度指数同物种丰度和Shannon指数相关显著;功能离散度指数同物种丰度和Shannon指数相关显著,同均匀度指数相关极显著.运用回归分析研究物种多样性对功能多样性的影响,结果表明,物种丰富度、Shannon指数对功能丰富度影响极显著,物种丰富度对功能均匀度影响显著,均匀度指数对功能离散度影响显著;物种多样性同功能多样性指数间拟合度整体不高.     

江汉-洞庭湖平原湿地的历史变迁与可持续利用

2200aBP以前，江汉－洞庭湖平原是一个完整的湿地生态系统，在人类活动影响下，其湿地空间逐渐由平原边缘向腹心萎缩，水陆交错型湿地之生物多样性的破坏早于水体型湿地之生物多样性的破坏，耕地转化是湿地空间萎缩和湿地生物多样性损失的主因，从湿地历史变迁看，江汉一洞庭湖平原现有湿地的保护与可持续利用必须：调整传统的“国家粮仓”的区域战略定位，实施湿地生态大农业和湿地生态旅游发展战略，加强湿地效益和宣传教育，提高湿地保护与可持续利用的政府决策能力和公众参与水平；协调耕地保护与湿地保护关系，推行湿地总量动态平衡制度，优化湿地生态系统的整体功能，将退田还湖作为区域发展的一项长期战略，扩大湿地自然保护区面积，恢复和增强湿地的景观多样性，文化多样性和生物多样性，加强国际合作，借鉴国外先进的成功管理湿地的经验。     

大坝截流前后金沙江观音岩水电站鱼类群落功能多样性的变化

人类活动通过对非生物因素和生物多样性的作用从而对生态系统功能产生了巨大的影响。大量的理论和实验研究表明,物种功能性状在连接群落组成改变和生态系统进程转变中起着重要作用。由于物种功能性状的差异,栖息环境改变后,群落中容易适应新环境的物种占据优势,难以适应的物种数量减少甚至消失,从而导致整个群落结构发生改变,进而使整个生态系统进程发生转变。通过评价金沙江观音岩水电站大坝截流前后鱼类群落组成情况,结合不同种类功能性状的差异,采用生物多样性评估方法和功能多样性指数分析方法两种不同手段,对比分析截流前后大坝下游鱼类群落结构和功能多样性的变化,从而分析大坝建设的生态效应。结果表明:Bray-Curtis相异指数前后差异较大,辛普森指数无明显变化;功能多样性指数的变化表明大坝截流对水体中体型较大,口下位,食谱宽度较窄的鱼类生存和活动造成了一定的破坏,导致拥有这些特征的鱼类数量减少甚至消失,降低了下游鱼类群落的功能多样性,进而对该区域整个生态系统功能产生影响。     

神农架南北坡底栖动物生物多样性研究

生物多样性格局是生物地理学和保育生物学的研究重点.然而以前的研究主要关注物种多样性,忽视了遗传和功能方面.这导致对生物多样性格局的不完全揭示.以神农架南北坡的底栖动物为研究对象,分析物种多样性、分类学多样性和功能多样性的空间分布特征,探究生物多样性间的关系.结果 表明,不同的底栖动物多样性对坡向因子响应不同:南坡的物种丰富度、物种均匀度和功能多样性参数变动范围明显大于北坡,而北坡的分类学多样性参数变动范围明显大于南坡;南坡的功能多样性参数的中位数明显高于北坡.显著性分析结果显示,南北坡底栖动物生物多样性无显著差异,表明局地尺度上坡向因子没能驱动生物多样性空间差异性分布.相关性分析结果显示分类学多样性和功能多样性无显著相关,生物多样性的不同面相关性较弱.研究表明,神农架底栖动物不同多样性具有差异性,在制定保护多样性策略的时候应该综合考虑生物多样性的谱系和功能方面.     

三峡库区陆生植物迁地保存初报

三峡植物物种多样性保护,重点在珍稀濒危植物,但对建群种和有实用价值的种也进行收集保存。7年来试验站保存三峡库区植物200余种,迁移成活率93%,有8种未成功。（1）到2002年已有30余种植物正常开花结实（其中木本植物24种）,可以选择繁殖试验,以达到保存的目的;（2）选择了8种植物,进行生长观测,在人为控制下,生长速度满意;（3）进行了部份种类的扦插繁殖和孢子繁殖,获得了相关结果;（4）少数种类收集遇到极大困难,需要继续努力。三峡库区生物多样性研究与保护,存在一些问题与困难,如漏项问题、库区物种问题、外来种问题、隔离对生物多样性的影响问题、生物多样性的功能问题等需要进一步研讨,从而使库区物种得以保存,环境得以优化,生物资源得到持续利用。     

金沙江虎跳峡-旭龙河段水电建设景观多样性影响评价

金沙江中游水电建设因其对流域生物多样性的影响受到社会各界广泛关注。应用景观生态学方法,选择淹没区面积、斑块数、景观多样性、均匀性、聚集度、蔓延度、形状指数、分维数等指数,构建了由10个一级指标、14个二级指标组成的景观多样性影响评价指标体系,对金沙江“虎跳峡 旭龙河”段适宜水电建设的龙盘、塔城和其宗3个坝址、5套建设方案淹没区景观层次生物多样性的影响进行了比较研究。结果显示,江段往下游方向,景观多样性、均匀性、连通性逐渐降低、破碎化程度加剧;各方案对陆地生物多样性保护价值的影响：其宗下坝＞其宗上坝＞塔城坝＞龙盘高坝＞龙盘低坝。研究结果为深入评价金沙江中游水利水电开发的生物多样性影响提供了借鉴和基础。〖     

大型水利水电工程扰动区植被的生态恢复

大型水利水电工程具有防洪、发电、航运等综合效益,是开发治理江河的骨干工程.水利水电工程建设常对项目区自然生态环境带来影响,施工中所产生的岩质边坡、土质边坡、弃土和弃渣等扰动可能导致项目区的生态系统退化、生物多样性丧失、水土流失和地质灾害加剧.扰动区植被生态恢复关系到工程安全运行和其所在区域的可持续发展.以向家坝水电工程为例,研究了大型水利水电工程扰动区植被生态恢复的目标、原则及方法.按生产、生态和社会功能,向家坝水电工程扰动区可划分为工程核心区、服务区和过渡区等3个功能区来系统规划其生态恢复.结合各自的功能需求和干扰特征,各功能区可采取相应的生态恢复技术和配置适宜物种来构建植物群落,形成结构稳定、多样性丰富、具有复合功能的植被景观.还简要评价了向家坝水电工程植被恢复现状,提出一些完善其生态恢复的建议.     

南四湖新薛河湖滨带湿地修复效果评价

通过对南水北调东线南四湖新薛河入湖口湖滨带人工湿地修复区的植物群落组成和物种多样性进行调查,采用Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数对该地区的植物物种多样性进行分析,以评价退耕还湿措施对湖滨带退化湿地的生态修复效果.结果表明,经过2年的生态修复工作,湖滨带退化湿地中的植物物种数量由修复前的16科25种提高到修复后的24科47种.修复后的湖滨带湿地生态系统具有较高的生物多样性,其物种多样性明显高于未修复地区,其中,修复后的湿地高位台田区Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、均匀度指数分别为1.619、0.745和0.860,远高于未修复高位台田区的0.060、0.012和0.065.通过退耕还湿措施修复的湖滨带人工湿地系统对于恢复南四湖湿地的物种多样性、实现湖滨带湿地生态系统的自然可持续性具有重要的意义.     

城市总体规划的战略环境评价研究 --以河北省丰南市黄各庄镇为例

开展城市总体规划的战略环境评价可以将环境问题纳入到规划中进行综合分析，使规划遵循可持续发展的原则，并根据可持续发展的目标，协调各部门发展的关系。本文基于开发的评价程序，结合黄各庄镇总体规划的战略环境评价。尝试在规划层次上对城镇总体规划的战略环境评价进行探讨。     

重庆市骨架公路网规划生态环境影响评价

战略环境评价作为一种促进可持续发展的重要工具,已经得到了广泛的关注。以重庆市骨架公路网规划生态环境影响评价为例,探讨一种基于规划路网与生态要素空间关系的评价方法。将评价要素分为两类,运用地理信息技术识别出规划路网对4种生态组分影响较大的地区和直接受规划路网影响的自然保护区,做出了空间分布图,并针对存在的问题给出了建议和对策,为合理设计和布设路网提供了依据。提出的基于空间位置关系的评价方法将会促进路网规划环境影响评价的开展。     

Strategic Environmental Assessment： A New Tool for Ecological Urbanization of Coastal Cities in China

Recently, there has been growing concerns about environmental issues related to urbanization in China. The intense natural resources utilization and increasing population has brought great pressure, especially in coastal areas, consequently affecting the sustainable development of coastal cities. In 2002, Environmental Impact Assessment Act （EIA Act） was enacted in China. Environmental impact assessment targeted at planning, one level of strategic environmental assessment （SEA）, thus became a legislative requirement. This paper considers SEA to be one of the important approaches not only to control coastal pollution, but also to conserve coastal ecosystems and finally to achieve sustainable development during urbanization, thus it will be a set an example for other areas of China. The experience of SEA in Xiamen, a coastal city in southeast China, illustrates the potentials of SEA. This paper first briefly introduces the concept and potentials of SEA, then compares two SEA cases and a project EIA case in Xiamen, and finally identifies the key characteristics of SEA.     

Strategic environmental assessment application for sustainable transport-related air quality policies: a case study in Hanoi City,Vietnam

Recognition has grown among policy-makers that early in the decision-making process, there is a need for an environmental assessment of the effects of the policy, plan, and program (PPP) and their alternatives. Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is widely recognized as a supporting tool that systematically integrates environmental aspects into strategic decision-making processes, thereby contributing to sustainable development. In this study, SEA was applied for an integrated assessment of environmental, social, and economic impacts of a wide range of scenarios for transport-related air quality policies to help decision-makers in identifying the most sustainable scenario with the purpose of reducing carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations from transport emissions in Hanoi City, Vietnam. In conducting SEA process, the urban air dispersion model MUAIR was used as a quantitative tool in prediction of CO concentrations. To evaluate the predicted impacts of scenarios, the SEA objectives concerning sustainability and the corresponding sustainable indicators were identified. Based on the likely significant predicted impacts on landscape, biodiversity, and health benefits, mitigation measures were proposed. These included planning in infrastructure development and implementation of public education campaign. The results of predicted and evaluated impacts of scenarios as well as proposed mitigation measures were taken into account for supporting sound decision-making that is consistent with the principles of sustainable development. Considering sustainable impacts of the scenarios, the SEA result clearly indicates that a combination of policy for public transport development and policy for installation of oxidation catalytic converter for motorcycles is the most sustainable scenario for reducing CO concentrations from transport emissions.     

Scientific Basis and Technological Path of Regional Strategic Environmental Assessment

Abstract

The study tries to set up a system to extract strategic environmental assessment (SEA) in exploitation of regional development based on the present situation of environmental assessment in China. First, the article summarizes the emphasis and deficiency of international academic community’s SEA research in the past 10 years. Based on this, the article puts forward the concept and evaluation principles of regional strategic environmental assessment (RSEA). Then the article expounds the necessity of carrying out RSEA. After that, the article discusses in detail the process of RSEA, which includes defining evaluation scope, describing regional background, combing strategic behavior, designing development scenarios, predicting the pressure on environment, assessing environmental impact, screening alternatives and proposing regulation and control schemes.     

Scientific Basis and Technological Path of Regional Strategic Environmental Assessment

The study tries to set up a system to extract strategic environmental assessment (SEA) in exploitation of regional development based on the present situation of environmental assessment in China. First, the article summarizes the emphasis and deficiency of international academic community’s SEA research in the past 10 years. Based on this, the article puts forward the concept and evaluation principles of regional strategic environmental assessment (RSEA). Then the article expounds the necessity of carrying ...     

Study Progress and Trends of Strategic Environmental Assessment in China

Strategic environmental assessment （SEA） in China has developed rapidly since it was introduced into China in the 1990s. Chinese government promulgated the Environmental Impact Assessment Law of China （hereinafter referred to as the EIA Law） in 2002. In this law, it is stipulated clearly that regional and sector plans should be assessed. Through investigating materials and analyzing literatures, this article analyses the practical and academic study achievements of SEA in China that have been achieved since the EIA Law was implemented, probes into the current situation of the main level of SEA in China-plan EIA, then summarizes the development characteristics, and eventually, puts forward the development trends of SEA in China. The research conclusions can offer the foundations for comprehending systematically the progress of SEA in China.     

Study Progress and Trends of Strategic Environmental Assessment in China

Abstract

Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) in China has developed rapidly since it was introduced into China in the 1990s. Chinese government promulgated the Environmental Impact Assessment Law of China (hereinafter referred to as the EIA Law) in 2002. In this law, it is stipulated clearly that regional and sector plans should be assessed. Through investigating materials and analyzing literatures, this article analyses the practical and academic study achievements of SEA in China that have been achieved since the EIA Law was implemented, probes into the current situation of the main level of SEA in China—plan EIA, then summarizes the development characteristics, and eventually, puts forward the development trends of SEA in China. The research conclusions can offer the foundations for comprehending systematically the progress of SEA in China.     

我国公路网规划环境影响评价

我国正处于公路交通飞速发展的历史阶段,公路建设在促进社会经济发展的同时也带来了显著的生态环境问题。由于目前建设项目环境影响评价的局限性日益突出,环评法以及相继出台的部门规章都要求从战略层次科学评估交通规划造成的潜在环境影响,促使交通战略的决策过程充分考虑环境因素。然而,我国交通战略环境评价起步较晚并较多关注于内容框架的研究,因此从宏观层面上对公路网规划的环境评价方法还有待完善和深入研究。以融合国际经验的湖北省骨架公路网规划战略环境评价为例,从规划分析、现状调查、指标体系、影响预测、制度分析和公众参与等方面,详细分析了我国公路网规划环境影响评价的技术路线确定、评价要点识别以及评价方法选取等内容,并从层次性和介入时机等方面讨论了我国交通战略环境评价存在的不足,为完善交通规划战略环境评价提供参考