基于响应面优化条件下柚皮对Pb2+的吸附

采用Plackett-Burman(P-B)法和中心复合设计(Central Composite Design,简称CCD)对影响柚皮吸附Pb2+的6个条件进行筛选优化.P-B实验设计与统计学分析表明:pH值、Pb2+初始浓度、吸附剂用量是影响吸附率的3个关键因素.以吸附率为响应目标,对3因素进行中心复合设计,并经响应面法优化分析得到影响吸附率的二阶模型,确定了Pb2+吸附实验的最优操作条件:pH值5.4.Pb2+初始浓度为265.86mg·L-1,吸附剂用量为2.56 g·L-1,实测吸附率达到92.47%,吸附量为96.01 mg·g-1;整个吸附过程吸附剂柚皮没有经过任何化学预处理.效果优于一般的天然吸附剂.研究结果表明,柚皮是一种很具潜力的环保型廉价吸附剂.     

巯基乙酸改性橘子皮对Cu2+的吸附性能

研究了经巯基乙酸改性的橘子皮吸附剂对Cu2+的吸附性能,并考察了溶液pH值、吸附时间、Cu2+初始浓度及温度对吸附性能的影响.结果表明,吸附过程可以很好地用准二级动力学方程描述,吸附等温线用Langmuir方程的拟合效果优于Freundlich方程;;在pH=5.3、25℃条件下的最大吸附容量为70.671mg·g-1;;吸附过程为化学吸附,且经巯基乙酸改性的橘子皮可重复使用5次以上.     

酸和热处理对海泡石结构及吸附Pb2+、 Cd2+性能的影响

通过X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱及比表面积分析等研究了酸和热处理对天然海泡石结构的影响,并考察不同处理后的海泡石样品吸附重金属Pb2+、Cd2+性能.结果表明,海泡石比表面积均随盐酸浓度、处理时间的增加而略有增大,而结构无明显变化,0.5 mol·L-1 HCl处理时,天然海泡石中的CaCO3未能被完全去除,6.0 mol·L-1 HCl处理72 h时,海泡石比表面积达到最大301.47 m2·g-1.盐酸热处理并不能提高海泡石的比表面积,也不会使海泡石结构产生明显变化.不同类型酸处理对海泡石比表面积提高顺序依次为:HCl>HNO3>H2SO4;海泡石经焙烧后比表面积迅速下降,由100℃的21.44 m2·g-1下降到900℃的0.17 m2·g-1.重金属吸附实验表明,盐酸处理浓度和时间对海泡石吸附Pb2+、Cd2+离子性能无明显影响;不同酸处理对海泡石吸附Pb2+、Cd2+离子性能存在一定影响,H2SO4处理后海泡石对Pb2+、Cd2+离子吸附量明显高于HCl和HNO3处理.海泡石焙烧处理后对Pb2+离子吸附量无明显影响,但对Cd2+离子吸附量在焙烧700℃以上时增加明显.     

壳聚糖对Cu~(2+)的吸附与解吸

研究了溶液pH值、Cu2+初始浓度、吸附剂投加量、吸附时间及温度对壳聚糖吸附Cu2+的影响,并对达到吸附平衡的壳聚糖进行了解吸研究。结果表明,壳聚糖对Cu2+的吸附量随pH值的升高而增大,在pH值为4.7时,基本达到吸附平衡;吸附过程同时符合Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型,最大吸附量为142.9 mg/g;与拟一级动力学模型相比,拟二级动力学模型可以更好地描述吸附过程;吸附剂最佳投加量为1 g/L。用0.03 mol/L H2SO4溶液做脱附液,搅拌10 min,脱附率为73.4%;经过4次脱附-吸附循环,壳聚糖平衡吸附量变化不大,具有良好的重复使用性。     

钢渣-蒙脱石复合吸附剂对水中Cd~(2+)的吸附去除

研究了钢渣-蒙脱石复合吸附剂对废水中Cd2+的吸附性能,并探讨了影响吸附的因素和吸附机理.结果表明,钢渣蒙脱石质量比为1∶1的复合吸附剂对Cd2+的吸附效果优于钢渣及蒙脱石对Cd2+的单一吸附.当温度为25℃,废水pH=6~7时,1.2 g钢渣-蒙脱石复合吸附剂对100 mL Cd2+溶液(100 mg·L-1)吸附60 min后,Cd2+的去除率可达到96.99%.钢渣-蒙脱石复合吸附剂对镉离子的吸附反应符合二级动力学方程,可决系数为0.9991;符合Langmuir方程,可决系数为0.9725.对Cd2+的理论饱和吸附量为12.45 mg·g-1.溶液中Pb2+、Cu2+的存在会降低复合吸附剂对Cd2+的吸附量,且Cd2+受Cu2+的影响较大.吸附饱和的钢渣-蒙脱石颗粒材料用1 mol·L-1的氯化钠溶液再生效果好.     

啤酒酵母吸附重金属离子铅的研究

采用北京啤酒厂的啤酒酵母自制生物吸附剂,用于吸附重金属离子铅.考察了啤酒酵母吸附Pb2+过程中的影响因素,包括pH值、初始Pb2+质量浓度及酸碱预处理方法等.实验结果表明,啤酒酵母对Pb2+的吸附量随pH值的增加而增大,当pH=6时达到吸附最大值,吸附的最佳pH范围是4～7;随着初始Pb2+质量浓度增加,吸附量有所提高:当溶液初始Pb2+质量浓度为500 mg/L,pH=6时达到实验条件下的最大吸附量,为每g酵母吸附Pb2+ 107 mg;啤酒酵母对Pb2+的吸附过程遵循Langmuir方程;啤酒酵母经酸处理后吸附量增大.      

质子化交联壳聚糖对水中高氯酸根的吸附特性研究

通过合成质子化交联壳聚糖,采用静态试验方法对水中高氯酸根(ClO4-)的吸附效果及机制进行了研究,考察了pH、温度和初始浓度对吸附过程的影响以及吸附剂的重复使用性能.结果表明,质子化交联壳聚糖吸附ClO4-过程属放热反应;当pH在3.0~6.0之间时,对ClO4-均有较好的吸附作用;随着ClO4-初始浓度的增加,吸附容量增加,当初始浓度为100 mg.L-1时,吸附容量在34.39~37.98 mg.g-1之间;当ClO4-为400 mg.L-1时,吸附容量达128.78 mg.g-1.质子化交联壳聚糖对水中ClO4-的吸附过程符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型,ClO4-在质子化交联壳聚糖小球上的吸附过程中化学吸附为速率控制步骤.质子化交联壳聚糖小球可在pH为12.8的NaOH溶液中再生,反复使用10次其吸附容量无明显变化,表现出较好的吸附/解吸性能,这为有效地去除水中的ClO4-提供了新的方法.     

改性壳聚糖重金属生物质吸附剂的制备及表征

为改善壳聚糖的耐酸性及对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附容量,将壳聚糖与丙烯酰胺接枝,再与戊二醛进行交联,制备出了壳聚糖改性聚合物(G-CAM)。研究了制备条件对接枝率和接枝效率的影响,结果表明,在T=70℃;单体浓度(m壳聚糖:m丙烯酰胺)为1:3;引发剂浓度为0.10g;接枝反应时间为4h时,可制得较为满意的接枝壳聚糖产物。对交联剂的用量通过耐酸性实验和Pb2+吸附实验进行了考察,结果表明,当m壳聚糖:m丙烯酰胺=1:3(m壳聚糖=1g)时,交联剂戊二醛的加入量为0.6mL,得到的产物制备成的吸附剂不但有较好的耐酸性,而且对Pb(Ⅱ)吸附效果最佳。经吸附剂再生实验,G-CAM对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附量变化幅度小于1%,可重复使用。     

耐受铅真菌的筛选及其对Pb2+吸附的初步研究

从铅锌矿周围土壤样品中分离、筛选出一株耐铅真菌(命名为PY),对菌株进行了形态观察、生理生化实验及18SrRNA序列分析,并对该菌株的生物吸附性能进行了分析试验.结果表明,菌株PY为镰刀菌属(JQ267373),该菌株在Pb2+浓度550mg·L-1、湿菌量10g·L-1、pH=5.5、25℃、160r·min-1的条件下振荡吸附75min时,对Pb2+的吸附率可达到84%,吸附量为46.2mg·g-1.在Pb2+浓度为750mg·L-1时,其吸附率为77.9%.在25℃时,菌株PY对Pb2+的吸附模型符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程.     

纳米Fe3O4负载的浮游球衣菌去除重金属离子的工艺研究

以纳米Fe3O4负载浮游球衣菌(Sphaerotilus natans)制备复合生物吸附剂,对此吸附剂进行表征并考察了其吸附水中重金属离子的性能.红外光谱分析表明,此复合生物吸附剂表面的主要活性基团为酰胺基(-CONH-)和羟基(-OH).吸附性能研究表明,菌含量和流量是影响复合生物吸附剂吸附重金属离子的主要因素,在Cu2 初始浓度c0＜20 mg/L,菌含量1.5 g/L(菌/Fe3O4=3:2),流量0.96 L/h时吸附剂对Cu2 的吸附效果最好;用稀盐酸对复合生物吸附剂进行再生,吸附剂可重复使用10次以上,再生液可重复使用3次;吸附选择性为:Pb2 ＞Cu2 ＞Zn2 ＞Cd2 .     

Enhanced adsorption of Methylene Blue from aqueous solution by chitosan-g-poly （acrylic acid）/vermiculite hydrogel composites

A series of chitosan-g-poly (acrylic acid)/vermiculite hydrogel composites were synthesized and used as adsorbents for the investigation of the e ect of process parameters such as vermiculite content, pH of dye solution, contact time, initial concentration of dye solution, temperature, ionic strength and concentration of surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate on the removal of Methylene Blue (MB) from aqueous solution. The results showed that the adsorption capacity for dye increased with increasing pH, contact time and initial dye concentration, but decreased with increasing temperature, ionic strength and sodium dodecyl sulfate concentration in the present of the surfactant. The adsorption kinetics of MB onto the hydrogel composite followed pseudo second-order kinetics and the adsorption equilibrium data obeyed Langmuir isotherm. By introducing 10 wt.% vermiculite into chitosan-g-poly (acrylic acid) polymeric network, the obtaining hydrogel composite showed the highest adsorption capacity for MB, and then could be regarded as a potential adsorbent for cationic dye removal in a wastewater treatment process.     

Using a novel adsorbent macrocyclic compound cucurbit[8]uril for Pb~(2+) removal from aqueous solution

In this study, cucurbit[8]uril(CB[8]) was utilized as a kind of new adsorbent to remove Pb~(2+) ions from aqueous solution. With the solution p H increased from 2 to 6, the removal efficiency of adsorption increased from 55.6% to 74.5%correspondingly. The uptake of Pb~(2+) increased rapidly in the initial 30 min, and then the adsorption rate became slower. The Pseudo-second order model could be used to interpret the adsorption kinetics satisfactorily;and the rate determining step in Pb~(2+) adsorption onto CB[8] was the external mass transfer step. Equilibrium isotherm study reveals that the Langmuir model gave a better fitting result than Freundlich model. The maximum adsorption capacity calculated by the Langmuir model was 152.67 mg/g for 298 K, 149.70 mg/g for 313 K and 136.42 mg/g for 323 K, respectively.The adsorption is a spontaneous process of exothermic nature. The effect of the adsorbent dosage and the influences of solution p H and co-existing cations were also investigated.The CB[8] was synthesized and characterized by ~(1)H NMR, IR, ESI-MS spectra, SEM-EDAX,Zeta-potential and BET-analysis. The adsorption mechanism was due to the coordination between CB[8] molecule and Pb~(2+) ions.     

膨润土-白云石复合吸附剂对Fe2+和Mn2+的吸附性能

针对煤矿排出的大量含重金属离子的酸性矿山废水污染问题,采用自制膨润土-白云石复合颗粒吸附剂对含Fe2+和Mn2+的酸性矿山废水进行吸附试验研究。结果表明:膨润土-白云石复合颗粒吸附剂释放总碱度达118.39mg/g(以CaCO3计),可中和酸性矿山废水;随着废水中Fe2+和Mn2+浓度增加,膨润土复合颗粒吸附剂的吸附量在不断增加,且大于原膨润土颗粒吸附剂;建立了膨润土复合颗粒吸附剂对Fe2+和Mn2+的吸附等温式和吸附动力学方程式:膨润土复合颗粒吸附剂对Fe2+的吸附符合BET吸附,对Mn2+的吸附符合Freundlich吸附,对Fe2+、Mn2+的吸附动力学均符合准二级动力学。膨润土-白云石复合颗粒吸附剂既能释放碱度、又对Fe2+和Mn2+具有优良的吸附性能,可作为处理含重金属离子酸性矿山废水的绿色环保矿物材料应用于实际。     

Removal of Methyl Violet from aqueous solutions using poly （acrylic acid.co-acrylamide）/attapulgite composite

The adsorption of Methyl Violet (MV) cationic dye from aqueous solution was carried out by using crosslinked poly (acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/attapulgite (Poly(AA-co-AM)/ATP) composite as adsorbent. The factors influencing adsorption capacity of the composite such as pH, concentration of the dye, temperature, contact time, adsorbent dosage, ionic strength and surfactant were systematically investigated. The equilibrium data fitted very well to the Langmuir isotherm and the maximum adsorption capacity reached 1194 mg/g at 30°C. The thermodynamic parameters including G0, △H0 and △S 0 for the adsorption processes of MV on the composite were also calculated, and the negative △H0 and △G0 confirmed that the adsorption process was exothermic and spontaneous. The kinetic studies showed that the adsorption process was consistent with the pseudo second-order kinetic model and the desorption studies revealed that the regeneration of the composite adsorbent can be easily achieved.     

A green method to synthesize flowerlike Fe(OH)3 microspheres for enhanced adsorption performance toward organic and heavy metal pollutants

Dyestuffs and heavy metal ions in water are seriously harmful to the ecological environment and human health.Three-dimensional(3 D) flowerlike Fe(OH)_3 microspheres were synthesized through a green yet low-cost injection method,for the removal of organic dyes and heavy metal ions.The Fe(OH)_3 microspheres were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA),Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR),and transmission electron microscopy(TEM) techniques.The adsorption kinetics of Congo Red(CR) on Fe(OH)_3 microspheres obeyed the pseudo-second-order model.Cr~(6+) and Pb~(2+) adsorption behaviors on Fe(OH)_3 microspheres followed the Langmuir isotherm model.The maximum adsorption capacities of the synthesized Fe(OH)_3 were 308,52.94,and 75.64 mg/g for CR,Cr~(6+),and Pb~(2+) respectively.The enhanced adsorption performance originated from its surface properties and large specific surface area of 250 m~2/g.The microspheres also have excellent adsorption stability and recyclability.Another merit of the Fe(OH)_3 material is that it also acts as a Fenton-like catalyst.These twin functionalities(both as adsorbent and Fenton-like catalyst) give the synthesized Fe(OH)_3 microspheres great potential in the field of water treatment.     

Modification of a magnetic carbon composite for ciprofloxacin adsorption

A magnetic carbon composite, Fe₃O₄/C composite, was fabricated by one-step hydrothermal synthesis, modified by heat treatment under an inert atmosphere (N₂), and then used as an adsorbent for ciprofloxacin (CIP) removal. Conditions for the modification were optimized according to the rate of CIP removal. The adsorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction measurements, vibrating-sample magnetometry, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and N₂ adsorption/desorption isotherm measurements. The results indicate that the modified adsorbent has substantial magnetism and has a large specific area, which favor CIP adsorption. The effects of solution pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, initial CIP concentration, ion strength, humic acid and solution temperature on CIP removal were also studied. Our results show that all of the above factors influence CIP removal. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm fits the adsorption process well, with the pseudo second-order model describing the adsorption kinetics accurately. The thermodynamic parameters indicate that adsorption is mainly physical adsorption. Recycling experiments revealed that the behavior of adsorbent is maintained after recycling for five times. Overall, the modified magnetic carbon composite is an efficient adsorbent for wastewater treatment.     

Synthesis of linear low-density polyethylene-g-poly (acrylic acid)-co-starch/organo-montmorillonite hydrogel composite as an adsorbent for removal of Pb(Ⅱ) from aqueous solutions

The purpose of this work is to remove Pb(II) from the aqueous solution using a type of hydrogel composite. A hydrogel composite consisting of waste linear low density polyethylene, acrylic acid, starch, and organo-montmorillonite was prepared through emulsion polymerization method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Solid carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (CNMR)), silicon^-29 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (Si NMR)), and X-ray diffraction spectroscope ((XRD) were applied to characterize the hydrogel composite. The hydrogel composite was then employed as an adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II) from the aqueous solution. The Pb(II)-loaded hydrogel composite was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)), scanning electron microscopy (SEM)), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ((XPS)). From XPS results, it was found that the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of the hydrogel composite participated in the removal of Pb(II). Kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption of Pb(II) followed the pseudo-second-order equation. It was also found that the Langmuir model described the adsorption isotherm better than the Freundlich isotherm. The maximum removal capacity of the hydrogel composite for Pb(II) ions was 430 mg/g. Thus, the waste linear low-density polyethylene-g-poly (acrylic acid)-co-starch/organo-montmorillonite hydrogel composite could be a promising Pb(II) adsorbent.     

Synthesis of linear low-density polyethylene-g-poly(acrylic acid)-co-starch/organo-montmorillonite hydrogel composite as an adsorbent for removal of Pb(Ⅱ) from aqueous solutions

The purpose of this work is to remove Pb(II) from the aqueous solution using a type of hydrogel composite. A hydrogel composite consisting of waste linear low density polyethylene, acrylic acid, starch, and organo-montmorillonite was prepared through emulsion polymerization method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), Solid carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(CNMR)), silicon-29 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(Si NMR)), and X-ray diffraction spectroscope((XRD) were applied to characterize the hydrogel composite. The hydrogel composite was then employed as an adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II) from the aqueous solution. The Pb(II)-loaded hydrogel composite was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy((XPS)). From XPS results, it was found that the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of the hydrogel composite participated in the removal of Pb(II). Kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption of Pb(II)followed the pseudo-second-order equation. It was also found that the Langmuir model described the adsorption isotherm better than the Freundlich isotherm. The maximum removal capacity of the hydrogel composite for Pb(II) ions was 430 mg/g. Thus, the waste linear low-density polyethylene-g-poly(acrylic acid)-co-starch/organo-montmorillonite hydrogel composite could be a promising Pb(II) adsorbent.     

腐殖酸负载羟基磷灰石对废水中Cd2+吸附性能的影响

以硝酸钙、磷酸氢二铵和腐殖酸为原料,制备了腐殖酸负载羟基磷灰石(HA/HAP)复合吸附剂.同时,利用SEM、BET、FT-IR、XRD对复合吸附剂结构和形貌进行表征,研究了HA/HAP对废水中Cd~(2+)的吸附工艺.结果表明,腐殖酸使羟基磷灰石孔容和孔径增大、比表面积减小,从而提高了羟基磷灰石的吸附性能.在pH=6、吸附剂投加量为800 mg、接触时间为180 min时吸附率最佳,为98.3%.HA/HAP对废水中Cd~(2+)的吸附是自发的、吸热的、可持续的化学吸附,反应前120 min适合采用准一级动力学伴随着内扩散模型描述,后120 min适合采用准二级动力学伴随着内扩散模型描述,Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)等温线模型拟合的吸附数据在不同温度下效果最好(R~20.98),吸附量分别为259.15、266.05和264.66 mg·g~(-1).研究表明,静电吸附到腐殖酸活性位点后Cd~(2+)主要以络合反应被吸附到羟基磷灰石的表面和两个羟基中间.     

高分子改性黄原胶/羟基磷灰石复合水凝胶的制备及其吸附金属离子性能

以黄原胶为接枝骨架,丙烯酸为单体,羟基磷灰石为无机组分,通过氧化还原聚合反应,制备了高分子改性黄原胶/羟基磷灰石复合水凝胶(XG-g-PAA/HAP).红外光谱和扫描电镜表征发现,在低温条件下(50℃)成功制备了XG-g-PAA/HAP.将XG-g-PAA/HAP用作水体重金属离子吸附剂,结果表明:当pH1时,XG-g-PAA/HAP吸附容量较小,随着pH增大,吸附容量快速增大,当pH4时,吸附容量达到平衡;90%以上的金属离子在30 min内可被清除.当[Cu~(2+)]=300 mg·L~(-1)和[Pb~(2+)]=600 mg·L~(-1)时,XG-g-PAA/HAP吸附容量达到最大值.重复吸附-脱吸附5次后,吸附容量仍可保持初始的80%,所制备的XG-g-PAA/HAP有望成为一种有效的水体重金属离子吸附剂.