室内空气中多环芳烃的污染特征、来源及影响因素分析

采集并测定了杭州市8户家庭中具有代表性的多环芳烃，测得居民室内空气中12种PAHs平均浓度为1.91-29.08μg/m^3,BaP浓度为5－19ng/m^3，污染十分严重，受季节及通风条件等的影响，室内空气中PAHs浓度变化较大，居民室内空气中萘主要来源于卫生球的挥发，其余PAHs主要来自燃烧，而BaP主要来自室内吸烟。     

城市道路交通PAHs污染现状及来源解析

分析并讨论了杭州市大气中ＰＡＨｓ的浓度、存在形态及其与车流量、气温、风速、ＮＯ、ＳＯ２总悬微粒浓度之间的关系。结果表明，杭州市城区交通干线空气中ＰＡＨｓ污染十分严重，９种ＰＡＨｓ含量平均达３．３９－１３．８２μｇ／ｍ＾３，其主要排放源为汽车尾气。     

Survey of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in arterial street air of Hangzhou

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胶州湾表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布及来源

利用气相色谱-质谱方法对胶州湾沉积物中23种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析测定。结果表明，PAHs的总含量范围为82～4567ng／g。PAHs总量在表层沉积物中总趋势是东部高于西部，以东岸附近处最大，远离东岸浓度降低，在胶州湾人海口处最低。造成这种格局的原因有：(1)绝大部分污染源集中在胶州湾东岸；(2)胶州湾的环流系统使东部的污染物很难向西部扩散；(3)沉积物粒度及有机质含量对PAHs含量分布有一定的影响。P／A、PL／PY比值、PAHs环数以及烷基化PAHs表明胶州湾表层沉积物中PAHs几乎全部由人类活动产生，来源为煤炭、木材燃烧、石油类高温裂解及油类污染。与国内外同类研究结果相比，判定为中等污染水平。     

过硫酸盐氧化修复多环芳烃污染土壤的研究

介绍了过硫酸盐氧化作用的活化方法和机理,在此基础上设置了对比试验,分析了氢氧化钠和硫酸亚铁活化过硫酸钠氧化修复多环芳烃污染土壤的效果,探究了pH、硫酸亚铁与过硫酸钠物质的量之比及反应时间对硫酸亚铁/过硫酸钠体系去除多环芳烃的影响,并分析了反应产物的组分。结果表明:硫酸亚铁比氢氧化钠活化过硫酸钠氧化修复多环芳烃污染土壤的效果好;在pH为酸性或中性、硫酸亚铁与过硫酸钠物质的量之比为1∶2.0、反应时间为5 d时,对多环芳烃的去除效果最佳。在控制反应条件的基础上,过渡金属离子活化过硫酸钠是修复多环芳烃污染土壤的可行方法之一。     

Mixed uncertainty analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon inhalation and risk assessment in ambient air of Beijing

This article presents the application of an integrated method that estimates the dispersion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air, and assesses the human health risk associated with PAHs inhalation. An uncertainty analysis method consisting of three components were applied in this study, where the three components include a bootstrapping method for analyzing the whole process associated uncertainty, an inhalation rate (IR) representation for evaluating the total PAH inhalation risk for human health, and a normally distributed absorption fraction (AF) ranging from 0% to 100% to represent the absorption capability of PAHs in human body. Using this method, an integrated process was employed to assess the health risk of the residents in Beijing, China, from inhaling PAHs in the air. The results indicate that the ambient air PAHs in Beijing is an important contributor to human health impairment, although over 68% of residents seem to be safe from daily PAH carcinogenic inhalation. In general, the accumulated daily inhalation amount is relatively higher for male and children at 10 years old of age than for female and children at 6 years old. In 1997, about 1.73% cancer sufferers in Beijing were more or less related to ambient air PAHs inhalation. At 95% confidence interval, approximately 272–309 individual cancer incidences can be attributed to PAHs pollution in the air. The probability of greater than 500 cancer occurrence is 15.3%. While the inhalation of ambient air PAHs was shown to be an important factor responsible for higher cancer occurrence in Beijing, while the contribution might not be the most significant one.     

空调滤网灰尘中多环芳烃分布特征及来源研究

利用气相色谱-质谱法对6台置于不同室内环境的空调滤网灰尘中16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)进行分析测定.结果表明,6台置于不同室内环境的空调滤网灰尘中16种PAHs均可检出,且总浓度水平差异显著,∑PAHs为0.475~13.090μg/g,平均浓度4.345μg/g,其中餐馆∑PAHs的浓度最高;PAHs单体浓度也存在着较大的差异,其中苯并[a]蒽(BaA)的含量最高,其次为 (Chr),苊(AcP)含量最低;6台置于不同室内环境的空调滤网灰尘中PAHs的环数分布特征较为相似,4环和5环PAHs占优势,平均比例分别为38.3%和28.3%;家居室ρ(BaA)/ρ(Chr)为0.680,餐馆中ρ(BaA)/ρ(Chr)为1.564,初步判定2类主要的PAHs污染源分别是烟草烟气的燃烧源和烹饪源;6台置于不同室内环境的空调滤网灰尘中PAHs毒性当量差异明显,其中苯并[a]芘(BaP)的毒性当量平均占55.7%.     

南京大气气溶胶中多环芳烃源识别及污染评价

采用GC、GC-MS等方法,研究了南京市不同功能区夏、冬季大气气溶胶中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染状况和污染来源,并对不同功能区的PAHs进行了污染评价.结果表明,南京市各功能区气溶胶中PAHs总量在19.73～497.40ng/m³之间,且冬季高于夏季,细颗粒中含量高于粗颗粒.通过一些特征标志PAHs的比值,可判断夏季各功能区的PAHs污染主要来自于汽车尾气(主要是柴油型)的排放,冬季则为汽车尾气和燃煤污染.采用苯并(a)芘(BaP)及苯并(a)芘等效致癌浓度(BaPE)来评价5个功能区气溶胶中PAHs的污染状况,夏季除交通干道超过国家标准(BaP,10ng/m³),居民区细颗粒中略超过居民区标准(BaP,5ng/m³)外,空气质量良好.而冬季各功能区PAHs基本上均严重超标.     

青岛市城郊蔬菜中多环芳烃污染特征和健康风险评估

2016年5月在青岛市城郊的蔬菜基地采集表层土壤和蔬菜的可食部位,采用高效液相色谱紫外/荧光检测器串联方法对美国环保署优先控制的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行检测,分析了土壤和蔬菜中PAHs的含量、组成及两者含量间的关系,并评价了蔬菜中PAHs的健康风险.结果表明,土壤中16种PAHs的总含量(∑16PAH)范围为277.0~1548.1μg·kg~(-1),主要呈现PAHs轻、中度污染.蔬菜中∑16PAH的平均含量为222.6μg·kg~(-1),叶菜类、瓜果类和根茎类蔬菜中∑16PAH含量没有显著性差异.3类蔬菜中PAHs的组成均是以3环PAHs为主,比例达到51.4%~56.2%,但根茎类蔬菜中致癌PAHs所占比例高于叶菜类和瓜果类.叶菜类蔬菜中PAHs含量与土壤中PAHs含量具有显著的正相关关系(r=0.434,p0.05).蔬菜中PAHs的毒性主要来自于7种致癌PAHs,成年人通过摄食蔬菜产生的日平均PAHs暴露量高于其他人群,青岛市城郊部分品种蔬菜中的PAHs对人群存在潜在的致癌风险.     

成都市PM10中多环芳烃来源识别及毒性评估

对成都市2009年冬夏两季可吸入颗粒物(PM10)中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)含量进行了研究,并进一步分析其空间分布、组成特征及来源.结果表明,16种PAHs中15种被普遍检出(Nap未检出),冬季和夏季的ΣPAHs浓度范围分别为40.25~150.68ng/m3和44.51~71.16ng/m3,平均浓度分别为88.36ng/m3和64.21ng/m3.空间分析表明,PAHs浓度在工业区较高,背景点较低.从PAHs组分分析结果显示,低环含量较低,4~6环所占比例较大,其比例范围为86.7%~96.1%.各组分含量季节差异不明显.利用特征化合物比值法、等级聚类法、PCA解析法分析了污染源类型,结果表明成都市PM10中PAHs的主要来源是机动车尾气排放源,以及煤与木材燃烧源.通过BaP当量(BaPE)进行了毒性评估,结果显示成都市冬夏两季的BaPE均值分别为13.41ng/m3和9.54ng/m3.     

有机污染物多环芳烃检测方法及进展

就近年来有机污染物多环芳烃检测方法及进展作一综述,方法包括高效液相色谱法、气相色谱一质谱联用法、毛细管电泳分析法、荧光法、免疫检测法以及表面增强拉曼散色光谱检测法,为在环境监测、食品检测等方面的应用提供了依据。     

Soil pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A comparison of two Chinese cities

Soil samples from Huizhou and Zhanjiang, China were analyzed for 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with harmonized sampling, sample extraction and analysis quantification methods. The concentrations and sources of PAHs in soil samples of the two cities were compared. Almost all of the PAH components were detectable in 103 soil samples. The concentrations of ΣPAHs ranged from 35.40 to 534.5 g/kg in soil samples from Huizhou, and ranged from 9.50 to 6618.00 g/kg in samples from Zhanjiang. Evident differences of concentrations, compositions and sources of PAHs in soils were observed between the two cities. The average concentrations of individual component and the sum of a group of PAHs in soil samples from Zhanjiang were significantly higher than those in Huizhou (P < 0.05). Phe, Flu, Pyr, Bbf and Baa were the dominant PAH components both in soil samples from Huizhou and Zhanjiang. Except for these five components, Bap, I1p, Daa and Bgp were also the dominant PAH components in soil samples from Zhanjiang. Coal combustion and liquid fossil fuel combustion were the same sources of PAHs in the two cities with different contributions, and petroleum played a key role in PAHs release in Zhanjiang.     

Source and deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to Shanghai, China

Despite recent efforts to investigate the distribution and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air, water, and soil, very little is known about their temporal change in wet deposition. As a result of increased attention to public health, a large-scale survey on the deposition flux and distribution of PAH contamination in rainwater was urgently conducted in Shanghai, China. In this study, 163 rainwater samples were collected from six sites, and 15 PAH compounds were detected by the use of a simple solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The dominant PAH species monitored were naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and fluoranthene. The concentration of total PAHs per event was between 74 and 980 ng/L, with an average value of 481 ng/L, which is at the high end of worldwide figures. The annual deposition flux of PAHs in rainwater was estimated to be 4148 kg/yr in the Shanghai area, suggesting rainfall as a major possible pathway for removing PAHs from the atmosphere. Diagnostic analysis by the ratios of An/178 and Fl/Fl+Py suggested that combustion of grass, wood, and coal was the major contributor to PAHs in the Shanghai region. Back trajectory analysis also indicated that the pollutant sources could be from the southern part of China.     

多环芳烃在水/有机膨润土间的分配行为

用阳离子表面活性剂（DTMAB、BDTDAB、CTMAB、OTMAB）改性膨润土制得一系列有机膨润土．研究了萘、菲、蒽、苊４种多环芳烃（PAHs）在水／有机膨润土间的分配行为;描述了多环芳烃在水／有机膨润土间的分配系数（K_oc）与有机物本身性质（K_oc、S）之间的关系．结果表明,萘、菲、蒽、苊在水／有机膨润土间的分配系数（K_oc）基本为一常数,与有机膨润土吸附介质无关,相应的分配系数为 2.247×10⁴、2.621×10⁵、2.106×10⁵、5.085×10⁴,其值比多环芳烃在土壤（沉积物）的K_oc大约高10～20倍,这是有机膨润土可用于污染土壤和地下水修复的必要条件之一．     

石化企业周边儿童多环芳烃内暴露负荷的时间变异性

为了研究空气低质量数多环芳烃污染对儿童内暴露负荷的影响,选取华南地区某石化企业为污染区,上风向15km处为对照区,在污染区和对照区各自选取一所小学中的80名儿童为内暴露采样对象,连续采集3d的尿样.研究石化企业多环芳烃污染对儿童内暴露负荷的影响以及多环芳烃内暴露的时间变异性.结果表明：3d中,污染区儿童羟基多环芳烃（OHPAHs）浓度的几何平均值为0.06~5.09μg/g;对照区儿童OHPAHs浓度几何均值为0.04~4.00μg/g.污染区儿童OHPAHs浓度略高于对照区,并且存在显著影响（P<0.05）;除对照区2d以外,污染区与对照区儿童尿液中OHPAHs组成特征均表现出羟基萘 > 羟基菲 > 羟基芴 > 羟基芘的规律;OHPAHs之间的相关性分析表明,只有污染区3d的OHPAHs之间存在显著相关（P<0.01,R²=0.74~0.97）,污染区OHPAHs之间的相关性好于对照区;仅在污染区3d的1-羟基芘与其它OHPAHs单体之间均为显著性相关（P<0.01,R²=0.82~0.95）.     

Influence of fuel moisture, charge size, feeding rate and air ventilation conditions on the emissions of PM, OC, EC, parent PAHs, and their derivatives from residential wood combustion

Controlled combustion experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of fuel charge size, moisture, air ventilation and feeding rate on the emission factors (EFs) of carbonaceous particulate matter, parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pPAHs) and their derivatives from residential wood combustion in a typical brick cooking stove. Measured EFs were found to be independent of fuel charge size, but increased with increasing fuel moisture. Pollution emissions from the normal burning under an adequate air supply condition were the lowest for most pollutants, while more pollutants were emitted when an oxygen deficient atmosphere was formed in the stove chamber during fast burning. The impacts of these factors on the size distribution of emitted particles was also studied. Modified combustion efficiency and the four investigated factors explained 68%, 72%, and 64% of total variations in EFs of PM, organic carbon, and oxygenated PAHs, respectively, but only 36%, 38% and 42% of the total variations in EFs of elemental carbon, pPAHs and nitro-PAHs, respectively.     

煤矸石堆放对土壤环境PAHs污染的影响

为探讨煤矸石堆放对土壤环境的有机污染效应,以典型煤矸石区——平煤十二矿为例,利用GC-MS技术对煤矸石、表层土壤及降尘样品中多环芳烃(PAHs)含量及化学组成特征进行了检测,将PAHs空间分布、环数分布、优势组成与分子标志物参数相结合,定性剖析了煤矸石堆放对表层土壤PAHs污染的贡献.煤矸石、降尘和土壤表层中PAHs综合分析表明,煤矸石堆积区表层土壤US EPA 16种优控PAHs(PHA₁₆)总量为0.94~5.66 μg·g^-1,属严重污染;表层土壤PAH₁₆总量与煤矸石山距离呈负相关关系;煤矸石、降尘及表层土壤中PAHs均为富3环特征,以菲、苯并荧蒽、、荧蒽及芘为优势组成;煤矸石扬尘直降、煤矸石燃烧、原煤煤尘降落和燃烧对土壤环境PAHs均有输入,但近源区煤矸石扬尘直降贡献明显,煤矸石扬尘使煤矿区土壤环境中PAHs污染具有面源贡献的特点,应引起重视.     

长江重点江段水体中多环芳烃及其衍生物的分布及健康风险

研究了长江攀枝花、宜宾、泸州、重庆、涪陵、三峡、岳阳、武汉、九江和南京共计10个重点江段枯水期和丰水期表层水中19种多环芳烃(PAHs)及其15种衍生物(SPAHs)的分布和来源,评估了长江PAHs类污染的健康风险及时空差异.结果表明,长江表层水中∑PAHs、∑SPAHs平均浓度分别为(147.3±59.8)、(73.2±29.7) ng·L^-1,检出率分别为82.9%、69.5%,其中2~3环(S)PAHs所占比例为79%.在SPAHs中,∑NPAHs(硝基取代PAHs)、∑MPAHs(甲基取代PAHs)、∑OPAHs(氧化PAHs)的平均浓度分别为(27.0±4.5)、(24.7±15.5)、(17.1±11.9) ng·L^-1.根据分子比值法及主成分分析可知,长江重点江段PAHs主要来源于生物质、化石及液体燃料燃烧,SPAHs主要来源于燃烧源和光化学转化,SPAHs及PAHs通过大气沉降汇入水体.采用毒性当量因子浓度计算对长江重点江段PAHs进行健康风险评估,结果表明在枯水期具有致癌性PAHs的∑TEQ_BaP值(苯并芘毒性当量)较高,其中岳阳、武汉江段的BaP毒性当量浓度高于我国地表水规定阈值,应当高度重视长江流域PAHs在枯水期引起的健康风险.     

多环芳烃的微生物降解与生物修复

生物修复在治理多环芳烃污染环境中的作用日益突出，其应用越来越受到重视。文中概述了生物修复技术发展的基础－多环芳烃微生物降解，论述了降解微生物分离、驯化、咱类、降解机制等，探讨了提高多环芳烃降解速率的途径及其存在的一些问题，并对今后的发展进行了展望。     

大清河流域表层土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源分析

采集大清河流域72个表层七壤(0～20cm)样品,利用GC/MS分析技术,研究了土壤中16种优控多环芳烃的含量和组分特征,根据多环芳烃分布特征和苯并[a]蒽/(苯并[a]蒽+麓)和荧葸/(荧蒽+芘)比值分析了其污染来源,并初步评价了其污染水平.结果表明,表层土壤中16种多环芳烃含量范围为54.2-3231.6μg·kg-1,均值和中位数分别为405.1和233.2μg·kg-1.多环芳烃组分特征表现出以萘、菲等2-3环多环芳烃为主,其含量占到总含量的49%,4环和5～6环含量分别为31%和20%.大清河流域土壤多环芳烃污染主要来自于燃烧源,并表现出以生物质和煤的燃烧为主要来源的特征.相对于国内外其它地区多环芳烃检测结果和土壤标准,大清河流域土壤多环芳烃处于中等偏低污染水平,Nap和Fla是主要的超标化合物.