基于中亚气候数据的开都河流域历史气候资料重建

20世纪被认为可能是近千年中气候最暖的时期,但由于20世纪前50余年西北干旱区没有或少有实测气候资料,因此该区域20世纪气候变化评估存在很大的不确定性。重建这一时期气候资料有助于提高20世纪干旱区气候变化评估可靠性。论文应用Delta方法和典型相关分析(CCA)方法,结合1961-1990年开都河流域以及中亚3个气象站点1901-1990年逐月气温和降水资料重建开都河流域1901-1960年气候资料,并分析比较两种方法的精度和适用性。研究结果表明:Delta方法重建的各气象站逐月气温整体上优于CCA方法;CCA方法重建的降水整体上优于Delta方法。Delta方法重建的1901-1960年逐月气温序列不同年份之间变化幅度大,CCA方法重建的气温序列相对比较平缓。两种方法重建的降水序列中均表现出各个年份年内分布差异大的特征。     

Protection of Antarctic soil environments: A review of the current issues and future challenges for the Environmental Protocol

2016 marked the 25th anniversary of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. Terrestrial ice-free areas constitute approximately 0.18% of Antarctica, but represent the most biologically active, historically rich, and environmentally sensitive sites. Antarctic soils are easily disturbed and environmental legacies of human activities are scattered across the continent; many are remnants of the 1950s-1980s when environmental protection was less comprehensive than today. Adoption of the Environmental Protocol in 1991 represented an important and proactive shift in Antarctic governance, securing environmental protection as a fundamental tenet of the Treaty System. Twenty five years on standards of environmental management have greatly improved, yet environmental pressures are compounding. Shortcomings in the implementation of the Environmental Protocol exist due to disparities in cultural values, operational realities, and inconsistent environmental impact assessments among governments and National Antarctic Programs. Non-native species management remains underdeveloped; and there is inadequate representation of all biogeographic regions within the Protected Area system; therefore jeopardizing conservation of Antarctic biodiversity and the integrity of the soil environment. Fundamental improvements are required to address the current shortcomings and ensure effective environmental protection for the next 25 years, including: (1) increased multinational and multidisciplinary collaboration to answer targeted research questions addressing contemporary management challenges, (2) effective communication of science to policy makers and environmental managers to inform decision- making, and (3) making the mandate of long-term monitoring of the terrestrial environment a high priority for all governments signatory to the Antarctic Treaty.     

南极普里兹湾沉积物重金属分布特征

普里兹湾是南极科学考察和海洋环境研究的重点区域之一。本文对中国第29次南极科学考察在普里兹湾及其周边海域获取的3 个短柱样品进行了粒度、210Pb、常量和微量地球化学元素等测试分析,探讨了沉积物中重金属元素的分布特征及其控制因素。结果表明:普里兹湾及周边海域沉积物沉积速率为0.05～0.18 cm/a,沉积物中重金属元素含量等垂向变化不明显,研究海域近百年来沉积物中主要重金属元素的来源无大变化。沉积物中重金属元素与多种物源指标的相关性显示其主要来源于南极大陆陆源物质的输入。样品粒度分布显示了其具有典型的冰筏沉积的特征。研究结果是普里兹湾环境基线的重要组成,为我国南极海洋科考提供了不可或缺的基础数据。     

The Early Miocene Cape Melville Formation fossil assemblage and the evolution of modern Antarctic marine communities

The fossil community from the Early Miocene Cape Melville Formation (King George Island, Antarctica) does not show the archaic retrograde nature of modern Antarctic marine communities, despite evidence, such as the presence of dropstones, diamictites and striated rocks, that it was deposited in a glacial environment. Unlike modern Antarctic settings, and the upper units of the Eocene La Meseta Formation on Seymour Island, Antarctica, which are 10 million years older, the Cape Melville Formation community is not dominated by sessile suspension feeding ophiuroids, crinoids or brachiopods. Instead, it is dominated by infaunal bivalves, with a significant component of decapods, similar to present day South American settings. It is possible that the archaic retrograde structure of the modern community did not fully evolve until relatively recently, maybe due to factors such as further cooling and isolation of the continent leading to glaciations, which resulted in a loss of shallow shelf habitats.     

Sustainability and environmental enhancement in changing cirumstances

Natural environment has endured fast economic growth and population explosion sine the 20th century,which has soil erosion,land desertification,ozone layer depletion,bio-diversity reduction and persistent toxic and harmful pollutants are among the major environmental challenges.     

Sustainability and environmental enhancement in changing circumstances

Natural environment has endured fast economic growth and population explosion since the 20th century, which has brought a lot of problems. Global environmental change, soil erosion, land desertification, ozone layer depletion, bio-diversity reduction and persistent toxic and harmful pollutants are among the major environmental challenges.     

A map-based method for exploring responses to different levels of grazing pressure at the landscape scale

At the beginning of the last century European landscapes were a mosaic of open and forested habitats formed by centuries of human use. During the 20th century, however, this mosaic was altered. Changes in grazing pressure from domestic animals have been suggested as one of the drivers of these alterations. This paper presents a methodology developed to calculate an index of potential grazing pressure change at the landscape level. Information about location, type and number of grazing animals is used to produce detailed Geographical Information System (GIS) maps of potential grazing pressure change. Spatial information from these maps can then be geographically linked to vegetation maps such that the effect of grazing pressure changes on vegetation can be statistically analyzed. This methodology was applied to a Norwegian mountain landscape to test if decreased grazing pressure by domestic animals leads to woodland establishment in open habitats. Canonical Correspondence Analyzes (CCA) were performed and the results showed significant effects. Decreased grazing pressure increased the probability of woodland establishment in heathlands. The methodology described in this paper might be a useful tool in planning strategies both for conservation efforts and sustainable resource use.     

Ultraviolet radiation received in Antarctica in comparison with the Indian region

The decrease in atmospheric ozone over Antarctica during September–October 1987 implies enhanced u.v. radiation received at the ground in the region of the ozone hole. At the ozone hole in Antarctica the decrease in total ozone is enormous and sometimes the ozone level reaches as low as 120–130 DU, whereas the normal value of total ozone is around 300 DU. The decrease in ozone will not only increase u.v.B radiation several-fold but will also shift the cut-off wavelength to lower wavelengths. A model calculation for u.v.B radiation reaching ground level for different total ozone content (100–340 DU) has been carried out for several solar zenith angles appropriate to Indian as well as Antarctic stations. The u.v.B radiation received at Antarctica during the ozone-hole period are comparable to our equatorial stations over the summer period.     

Zur Geschichte des Umweltbegriffs

Historically, the biological concept of living organisms from the early 19th century was a precondition for the evolution of the modern concept of the environment. The connection with the hermeneutic concept of the environment qua “landscape” was made through A. v. Humboldt's “physiognomy of plants” and the geographical sciences. At the turn of the 20th century, ecology was established as the “science of communities”. These are primarily considered to have formed through the adaptation of organisms to one another, and, therefore, to an inner environment of a superordinate system.     

淮河盱眙段柱状沉积物中PAHs分布及生态风险评价

通过对淮河盱眙段柱状沉积物中16种优先控制的PAHs污染物进行GC-MS定量分析,结合210Pb同位素定年,重现了该区域多环芳烃的污染历史. 研究表明, 在柱状沉积物中整个沉积剖面(0～45 cm)w(PAHs)为102.9～306.9 　ng/g(以干质量计). 20世纪30年代以后w(PAHs)总体呈下降趋势,但自进入21世纪以来w(PAHs)呈逐年上升趋势,并在2008年达到最高值. 从柱状沉积物的w(2～3环PAHs)/w(4环PAHs)来看,淮河盱眙段沉积物中PAHs污染的历史来源主要是石油类污染. 对照有关沉积物的生态风险评价标准,表层与底层芴出现了负面生态效应,而其他层面的潜在生态风险很小.      

扬州市2010年-2015年生态环境遥感监测研究

利用2010年-2015年的卫星遥感监测数据进行土地利用分类解译,并结合地面调查统计资料,依据生态环境状况评价系统,对扬州市"十二五"期间的生态环境进行动态监测和评价.结果显示:在2010年-2015年期间,扬州市各区县市生态环境状况等级为"良",保持不变;"十二五"末与"十一五"末相比,扬州市所辖市区和高邮市生态环境状况略有变差,其它3个区县市则无明显变化;扬州市级生态环境状况略有变差,生态环境状况指数降低1.11;在扬州地区,生态环境质量的变化主要与植被覆盖程度和水的丰度变化有关.     

20世纪初以来沂蒙山区森林植被动态及其对气候变化的响应——基于遥感和树轮的研究

遥感能够直接反映植被生长信息,但目前观测时间较短;树轮资料可以弥补遥感手段的不足,但往往缺乏与植被生长状况（如植被生产力）的直接关联。已有研究往往计算不同植被指数指标和树轮指数的相关性,并基于此来重建长时间尺度的植被动态信息。但基于相关性所选取的指标在不同地区存在较大差异,不利于空间对比研究。以沂蒙山区为研究区,选取能够有效表征植被年初级生产力的生长季NDVI累积值指标,利用Bootstrap法建立了其与树轮宽度的关系,重建了20世纪初期以来植被动态时间序列,并分析了变化特征及其与气候变化的关系。结果表明：沂山地区生长季NDVI累积值的多年平均值为7.36,低于蒙山和塔山地区;蒙山地区植被状况呈现好转趋势,特别是20世纪90年代之后植被好转趋势更加明显,而塔山和沂山地区植被无显著变化。小波分析结果表明研究区植被动态存在较显著的2 a、4 a或8 a尺度的周期变化,与生长季帕尔默干旱指数及平均温度的周期变化相一致,但干旱指数与植被动态具有更高的相关性。本研究综合运用树轮与遥感技术发展了长时间尺度植被动态时间序列重建方法,有助于更好地理解植被动态及其对气候变化的响应。     

A 50-year record of dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethanes and hexachloro-cyclohexanes in lake sediments and penguin droppings on King George Island, Maritime Antarctic

Since the ban on the use of organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） such as dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane （DDT） and hexachlorocyclohexane（HCH） in agriculture, their levels have generally dropped. In a number of cases, however, the levels of these OCPs were found to be unchanging or even increasing after the ban. With the aim to unveil the possible causes of these exceptions, we collected two lake cores from King George Island, West Antarctica, and determined their accumulation flux profiles and temporal trends of these OCPs. In the lake core sediments with glacier meltwater input, the accumulation flux of DDT shows an abnormal peak around 1980s in addition to the expected one in 1960s. In the lake core sediments without glacier meltwater input, the accumulation flux of DDT shows a gradual decline trend after the peak in 1960s. This striking difference in the DDT flux profiles between the two lake cores is most likely caused by the regional climate warming and the resulted discharge of the DDT stored in the Antarctic ice cap into the lakes in the Antarctic glacier frontier. Furthermore, to investigate the change of OCPs loadings in the Antarctic coastal ecosystem, we reconstructed the HCH and DDT concentration profiles in penguin droppings and observed a gradual increase for the former and a continuous decrease for the latter during the past 50 years. The increase of HCH seems to be due to the regional warming from the early 1970s and the resulted HCH discharge to the coastal ecosystem by glaciers＇ meltwater and the illegal use of HCH in the Southern Hemisphere in the recent decade. The different temporal trends of HCH and DDT accumulation rate in the lake core with glacier meltwater input and the aged penguin droppings can be explained by their different water-soluble property.     

实现科学技术与环境保护的双赢

20世纪以来,科技的双刃剑效应已日益为人们所认识到。一方面,科技是造成环境问题的重要原因之一;另一方面,科技又是解决环境问题的最有效措施,是环境保护的最有效手段。科学地认识科学技术带来环境负效应的内在原因,准确地把握科学技术在环境保护中的作用,寻求科学技术与环境保护的双赢互动,既促进科学技术的发展,又推进环境保护事业的发展,是现时代人类必须深入思考的一个重要课题。实现科学技术与环境保护的双赢是时代的迫切要求。     

南京外秦淮河河岸带原生植被初步调查

对南京外秦淮河河岸带原生植被进行了初步调查.外秦淮河河岸带原生植被共有28科、50属、53种,其中漂浮植物4种,占7.55%,沉水植物1种,占1.89%,挺水和湿生植物13种,占24.53%,陆生草本和藤本植物24种,占45.28%,乔木和灌木11种,占20.75%.在概括外秦淮河自然环境和分析原生植被主要特征的基础上,提出在进行河岸带植被群落重建时应注重闸下段河岸带植被群落的重建,增加沉水植物、浮叶植物和观赏性植物的种植.另外,植被群落可按河道垂向的常水位以下区域、变化水位区域和洪水位以上区域来构建.     

生物芯片技术及其在环境科学领域的应用

生物芯片技术是20世纪以来发展迅速且引人瞩目的一个前沿领域。文章主要介绍了生物芯片技术在环境化学、环境生物学、环境毒理学、分子生态学以及环境医学领域中的应用。并对生物芯片在环境领域的应用前景做出了展望。     

稀土矿废弃地植被恢复过程中土壤微生物演变

以福建长汀典型离子型稀土矿堆浸冶炼废弃地作为研究对象，采取"空间代时间"的方法，对堆浸废弃地不同植物恢复年限样地土壤理化性质及微生物进行调查测定，分析植物恢复对稀土矿堆浸废弃地土壤理化特性及微生物的影响.结果表明：在植被恢复第3a和4a土壤理化性质显著高于未治理废弃地，但仍显著低于矿区周边未开采对照（P<0.05）.植被恢复年4a以后，长汀稀土矿废弃地土壤理化性质则呈下降趋势，但仍显著高于未治理废弃地（P<0.05）.长汀稀土矿堆浸废弃地不同植被恢复年限土壤细菌丰度及多样存在一定差异.随植被恢复年限的增加，土壤细菌多样性及丰度降低，但一些特殊细菌群如γ-变形菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）、a-变形杆菌纲（Alphaproteobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、蓝藻菌门（Cyanobacteria）等在不同植被恢复年限样地中其相对丰度明显增加.具有固氮作用的蓝藻菌门（Cyanobacteria）随着植被恢复年限的增加，其相对丰度降低.广古菌门（Euryarchaeota）仅存在于未开采对照样地；土壤寡营养细菌酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）随植被恢复年限的增加，相对丰度呈增大趋势.土壤中优势菌群广古菌门（Euryarchaeota）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、β-变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、Methanobacterium属、罗尔斯通菌属（Ralstonia）与土壤pH、全磷、全钾、速效磷等呈正相关.土壤pH值、全磷、全钾等是影响广古菌门（Euryarchaeota）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）等细菌菌群多样性及相对丰度变化的重要因素.以上结果表明，离子型稀土矿堆浸废弃地植被恢复治理到3~4a时，应采取防治措施对其进行人工抚育管理，否则可能会出现前期恢复后期退化的问题.     

黑龙江省各市（地）生态环境状况评价

以黑龙江省各市（地）为研究单元,通过建立生态环境评价指标体系,运用生态综合指数法对生态环境状况进行评价,初步判定出各市（地）的生态环境等级：大兴安岭地区、伊春市、牡丹江市和黑河市生态环境状况为优,哈尔滨市、鹤岗市、鸡西市、双鸭山市,七台河市、佳木斯市和绥化市生态环境状况为良,大庆市和齐齐哈尔市生态环境状况为一般。经初步分析,各市（地）生物丰度和植被覆盖程度不同是其生态环境状况差异的主要原因。而生物丰度和植被覆盖程度相差不大的市（地）,其生态环境状况的差异主要是由水的丰贫程度和土地退化程度决定的。     

面向二十一世纪的环境管理工具——物质与能量流动分析

随着可持续发展研究的深入，20世纪80年代后，在经济系统特别是工业系统与自然环境相互作用的研究中形成了物质与能量流动分析。作为工业生态学的重要研究内容之一。它已成为重要的环境管理工具，本文介绍了物质与能量流动分析的主要观点，分析方法及其在经济领域中的应用情况。随着研究的深入和分析方法的完善，物质与能量流动分析将会在工业领域得到越来越多的应用，这些研究成果将对减缓和消除人类经济活动对环境的不利影响发挥重要的指导作用。     

环境变化对鸟类种群结构的影响研究

文章将镇江市域内主要优势种树麻雀作为指示种,通过对种群数量、时空分布、不同生境分布、栖息地和森林植被等方面对树麻雀的生态影响进行了调查研究。结果表明：各生境中,分布密度以乡村与城镇最高,农田次之,森林、灌丛及水域最低;植被变化、城乡建设、以及农药、化肥的施用是引起某些鸟类数量变化的重要原因;以鸟类为代表的野生动物与环境关系密切,其分布区域和种群数量的变化以及群落参数变化反映和预示了环境的变化趋势。