三峡库区水质和水龄数值模拟研究

三峡水库是我国重要的生态屏障和水资源战略储备库,保护水库的水质安全对于国家经济发展和社会稳定具有重要战略意义.本文基于EFDC模型模拟了2010-2014年三峡库区及主要支流的水动力水质过程,重点研究上游来水和重点支流对库区水质的影响及水龄变化特征,结果表明:①模型可定量研究重点支流输入对库区水质的影响,17条支流中仅...     

三峡库区水资源污染问题及对策研究

三峡工程是举世闻名、倍受世人关注的跨世纪工程。2008年三峡大坝蓄水,江水流速将大大减缓,长江的自净能力下降,污染物的环境容量急剧下降,库区水资源的污染程度将不断增加。三峡工程的生命力不仅仅决定于三峡工程本身的工程质量,最终决定于三峡库区的生态环境质量。库区的环境质量越高,三峡工程的使用寿命就越长,库区的环境质量越差,三峡工程的使用寿命就越短。三峡库区水资源污染问题是三峡工程寿命周期的致命因素。应高度重视三峡库区水资源污染问题,尽快制定三峡库区水资源保护制度,加大库区水资源保护资金的投入,完善库区水污染治理机制。     

Development and application of a water pollution emergency response system for the Three Gorges Reservoir in the Yangtze River, China

There are many watercraft and production accidents in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) of the Yangtze River in China every year. Accidents threaten the water quality of the 1085 km2 surface area of the TGRA and millions of local people if oil and chemical leakage were to occur. A water pollution management system for emergency response (WPMS ER) was therefore designed for the management of pollution in this area. An integrated geographic information system (GIS)-based water pollution management information system for the TGRA, called WPMS ER TGRA, was developed in this study. ArcGIS engine was used as the system development platform, and Visual Basic as the programming language. The models for hydraulic and water quality simulation and the generation of body-fitted coordinates were developed and programmed as a dynamically linked library file using Visual Basic, and they can be launched by other computer programs. Subsequently, the GIS-based information system was applied to the emergency water pollution management of a shipwreck releasing 10 tons of phenol into the Yangtze River during two hours. The results showed that WPMS ER TGRA can assist with emergency water pollution management and simulate the transfer and di usion of accidental pollutants in the river. Furthermore, it can quickly identify the a ected area and how it will change over time within a few minutes of an accident occurring.     

三峡库区消落带湿地生态过程及生态安全分析—以开县澎溪河湿地自然保护区为例

三峡库区的生态安全与长江中下游的生态环境问题有着直接关系,同时也涉及整个长江流域的可持续发展。本文从库区蓄水后形成的消落带湿地入手,对三峡库区的国土安全、水安全和生物安全等进行分析。基于以上研究,本文提出一些建议,促使消落带湿地的保护及三峡库区生态安全得以保障。     

三峡库区EFDC模型集成与应用

为满足三峡库区大尺度的水质预测需求,降低专业水质模型使用门槛,实现模型业务化运行,采用涵盖"模型封装-接口服务-系统集成"全过程的模型封装集成技术方法,开展了EFDC模型集成研究,并在三峡库区水质安全评估与预警系统中进行验证和应用.结果表明:①基于实例化模型建立的模型预置参数库,是模型业务化运行中参数简化的前提,可有效解决模型本地驯化及模型实例的基础数据复用问题;②依据参数识别结果,将模型参数识别为"必调参数、可调参数、默认参数"三类,并采用B/S架构对输入文件、输出文件和主控文件中的不同参数进行分类封装,达到参数简化目的;③采用半紧密型方式建立的基于Web services的EFDC模型集成接口服务及标准,可为信息系统提供通用的EFDC模型计算服务;④该方法在EFDC模型与三峡库区水质安全评估与预警系统集成中得到验证,实现了全库区干流及主要支流COD_Cr、总磷、总氮等污染因子的长时间序列水动力水质预测联机在线运算,满足了用户在水质影响预测预警中低修改量、高运算效率和良好用户体验等需求,实现了模型的业务化运行.      

密云库区1991～2011年水质变化趋势研究

运用多元统计方法分析密云库区1991~2011年17个指标3个监测点的水质时间变异特征.应用聚类分析划分年际尺度上的年际Ⅰ(1991~1993,1995年),年际Ⅱ(1994,1996~2000,2002~2006年),年际Ⅲ(2001,2007~2011年)和季节尺度上的非汛期(11~12月、1~4月),汛期(5-10月).基于此,运用判别分析阐释影响年际及季节水质变异的环境因素,最后运用因子分析识别不同年际段的污染来源和组成.密云水库21年间TP均值(0.03mg/L)略高于地表水Ⅱ类标准,TN均值(0.98mg/L)超过国家Ⅱ类标准的0.96倍,NO3--N是TN均值超标的主要原因,氮磷污染问题仍需要重点监测和治理;库区植物生长状况和密度不均等及人为排放的不固定性使得TP变异系数较大;NO3--N的较大变异系数体现在年际及季节变异性,非点源污染的控制(水土保持、化肥使用量减少、生活污水减少)和网箱养鱼的取消改善了库区21年水质,NO3--N浓度降低,其季节变异发生在特定季节;另外,年际尺度上,气候变化引起了库区T增加;酸性点源减少使p H升高;工业活动、化肥使用等人为影响的SO42-显著上升促进了碳酸盐岩溶解,使EC、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO42-、T-Hard、T-Alk浓度增加;内源污染减少致使BOD5浓度下降;季节尺度上,季节性气温变动促使非汛期T低于汛期;非汛期碳酸盐岩溶解使Mg2+浓度高于汛期.对比不同年际段的水体污染来源,点源-非点源复合污染转化为以非点源污染为主,21年间非汛期地下水补给过程中碳酸盐岩的溶解作用一直影响水体化学特性,汛期降水径流携带的污染物直接影响水质状况,氮素污染组成简化,以NO3--N为主.控制流域水土流失、畜禽养殖、化肥使用等非点源污染,增强水利流通性,及时清理底泥及沉积物,能够有效减少库区氮磷,有机物及离子污染.     

巫山地区三类黄土沉积物的粒度特征及物源启示

长江三峡地区的巫山黄土位于润湿地区,其来源及成因具有重要的古气候意义。黄土的粒度常用于指示其成因及源区,目前关于巫山黄土成因和来源还是存在许多争议,并且过去对巫山黄土粒度的研究主要集中于单一剖面,缺乏空间上的系统对比研究。基于此,对长江三峡巫山地区三个海拔梯度变化明显的黄土剖面进行系统的粒度组成分析,结果表明:顶部望天坪、中部圣泉和底部江东嘴剖面的粒度频率曲线大多表现为不对称的多峰特征。圣泉剖面以粉砂级粒径含量为主的特点说明它的风成成因,物源主要来自近缘河谷;江东嘴剖面呈现出两种完全不一样的峰型,可能由两种不同成因混合而成;位于望天坪剖面沉积物粒径要细得多,推测为远源风成物质。     

大气氮沉降对三峡库区消落带土壤呼吸的影响

以三峡库区消落带落干期土壤为研究对象,采用室内模拟培养的方法,探讨了大气氮沉降通量及其组成对土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明,土壤呼吸速率对氮添加的响应为短期效应.1倍当前大气氮沉降添加下,无机氮和有机氮对土壤累积CO₂释放分别表现为无影响和抑制作用.除NH₄⁺-N在2倍氮沉降添加下表现为抑制作用外,2、3倍氮沉降添加均促进了土壤累积CO₂释放.与硝态氮相比,2、3倍氮沉降添加的铵态氮对土壤累积CO₂释放具有抑制作用.     

Comparison of two methods for detection of fecal indicator bacteria used in water quality monitoring of the Three Gorges Reservoir

Scientifically sound methods to rapidly measure fecal indicator bacteria are important to ensure safe water for drinking and recreational purposes.A total of 200 water samples obtained from the Three Gorges Reservoir during three successive one-year study periods(October 2009 to September 2012) were analyzed using multiple-tube fermentation(MTF)and most probable numbers combined with polymerase chain reaction(MPN–PCR).The MPN–PCR method was found to be significantly more sensitive than the MTF method for detecting Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp.,and of equal sensitivity for detecting total coliforms when all surface water samples were grouped together.The two analytical methods had a strong,significant relationship,but MPN–PCR took only 12–18 hr,compared with the 3–8 days needed using the MTF method.Bacterial concentrations varied per sampling site but were significantly lower in the mainstream of the Yangtze River than those in the backwater areas of tributaries.The water quality of 85.8% of water samples from the mainstream was suitable for use as a centralized potable water source,while the water quality of 52.5% of water samples from the backwater areas was unsuitable for recreational activities.Relationships between fecal indicator bacteria showed significant correlation(r = 0.636–0.909,p 0.01,n = 200),while a weak but significant correlation was found between fecal indicators and water turbidity,water temperature,daily inflow,and total dissolved solids(r = 0.237–0.532,p 0.05,n = 200).The study indicated that MPN–PCR is a rapid and easily performed deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)-based method for quantitative detection of viable total coliforms,E.coli,and Enterococcus spp.in surface water.     

三峡水库蓄水前后大宁河水体中营养盐时空分布及水质变化趋势探讨

通过分析历年监测资料,研究了三峡工程蓄水前后大宁河水质时空变化状况。结果表明：整体上三峡工程蓄水前后大宁河水质类别未发生变化,营养盐指标中氨氮较蓄水前有明显的下降;其它营养指标变化较复杂;从上游至下游,各营养盐指标呈上升趋势,较长江干流营养盐水平要低;另外受干流回水顶托,致使水流回水区流速变缓,部分河段出现了富营养化现象。     

三峡库区水量水质综合数据库系统开发与应用

三峡库区空间跨度大、数据海量且格式类型多样,亟需建立三峡库区水量水质综合数据库系统,为库区综合管理与研究提供有效数据支持。该研究通过集成最新的ArcGIS Server、Microsoft Silverlight、Microsoft SQL Server和Microsoft NET等技术,开发了基于Web-GIS的三峡库区水量水质综合数据库系统,实现水量水质数据综合管理、可视化展示和数据共享。该系统友好易用,不仅可以为三峡库区水量水质综合研究提供数据支撑和结果可视化,也可用于三峡库区水资源综合管理,提高工作效率,为科学决策提供可靠的信息支持。     

三峡水库运行对洞庭湖北部地区水资源开发利用的影响

依据实测原型水文序列,在辨析三峡水库运行与四水流域水利工程运行对江湖水文关系演变特征影响的基础上,重点剖析了三峡水库运行对洞庭湖北部地区水资源开发利用的影响。结果表明:①在江湖水文关系演变过程中,三峡水库运行对洞庭湖水情演变的影响要大于四水水利工程运行的影响;②洞庭湖区水资源比三峡水库运行前(1951—2002年)类似来水情景下减少了185.60×10⁸ m³;③三峡水库蓄水调度运行期,枯水年、丰水年9月15日至10月31日荆南三口入湖平均径流依次减少67.99×10⁸、23.14×10⁸ m³,补水运行期枯水年、丰水年1—3月三口入湖平均径流依次减少4.93×10⁸、11.51×10⁸ m³;④三峡水库运行对洞庭湖区水资源开发利用影响的地区是澧县、安乡县、沅江市、南县、华容县等县市,影响时间为每年10—12月或1—3月,影响的后果是因季节性和工程性缺水造成该区平均每年经济损失约57 359×10⁴元。     

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on the water quality in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area during and after its construction

A survey concerning the concentration of the nutrients in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area was carried out. This paper presents the parameters(NO3^- -N, NO2^- -N, KjeldahI-N, non-ionic ammonia, P-PO4 and TP)determined at 16 sampling sites from 1997 to 1999. The dominant soluble nitrogen form was NO3^- -N followed by KjeldahI-N, NO2^- -N and non-ionic ammonia. Mean values of NO3^- -N, NO2^- -N, Kjeldahl-N and non-ionic ammonia ranged from 0.50 to 2.37 mg/L, 0.022 to 0.084 mg/L, 0.33 to 0.99 mg/L and 0.007 to 0.092 mg/L respectively.Mean values of P-PO4 at most sampling sites were higher than 0.1 mg/L for subject to eutrophication. The major factors influencing the concentrations of N and P might be agricultural runoff, municipal and industrial effluents. In addition, 6 kinds of soil were sampled at the area where would inundated after the dam completed. Two approaches were adopted to simulate the N and P release from the inundated soils. The results showed that the soils would release nitrogen and phosphorus to the overlying water when the soils were inundated. The characteristics of soil affected the equilibrium concentrations of N and P between the soil and the overlying water.     

三峡水库支流回水区营养状态季节变化

三峡水库成库后,对三峡水库13条主要支流回水区有机物、营养盐、生物量含量季节变化进行了初步研究.结果表明,支流高锰酸盐指数、化学耗氧量（COD）、总氮（TN）、氨氮（NH⁺₄-N）、总磷（TP）、叶绿素a（Chl-a）含量季节间差异较大.高锰酸盐指数范围为0.20～9.61　mg·L^-1,COD含量范围4.58～42.0　mg·L^-1,TN含量范围为0.601～10.1　mg·L^-1,NH⁺₄-N含量范围0.044～6.82　mg·L^-1,TP含量范围为0.011～0.756　mg·L^-1,Chl-a值范围为2.0～161　mg·m^-3.支流回水区受到不同程度污染,水体中N含量丰富,部分支流富营养化的限制因子为P.双因子方差分析表明,营养因子在时间、空间分布上均有不同程度差异.回水区Chl-a含量高于上游区,季节分布有丰水期>平水期>枯水期.Chl-a与COD、高锰酸盐指数、TN、TP呈显著正相关关系.利用综合营养状态指数法评价了回水区富营养化程度,综合营养指数范围在35～72,所有支流达到中营养以上水平,不同季节营养状态表现为丰水期>平水期>枯水期.支流回水区富营养化程度较成库前严重,该区域水体富营养化应引起重视.     

三峡库区消落带表层沉积物生物标志物时空变化与来源分析

受三峡大坝季节性“蓄水-放水”影响,三峡库区消落带每年呈“淹没-落干”周期性变化,库区内有机质环境地球化学过程也随之改变.基于此,于2018年3月和9月带采集淹没期和落干期表层沉积物成对样品(n=16×2=32),GC-MS分析生物标志物(正构烷烃、未分离复杂混合物、藿烷和甾烷),探讨不同时期有机质时空变化与来源组成.结果表明,落干期和淹没期正构烷烃(C₁₀~C₄₀)浓度分别为(14.09±4.05)μg/g和(16.25±3.91)μg/g,UCM为4.28~28.62μg/g,表明存在石油烃类污染.正构烷烃短链与长链比(L/H)在落干期和淹没期平均值分别为(0.90±0.56)、(0.74±0.15),指示落干期为低等生物与陆源高等植物的混合有机质输入,淹没期则以陆源输入为主.碳优势指数CPI平均值分别为(1.66±0.32)、(1.70±0.33),指示化石燃料与高等植物的混合贡献.正构烷烃主峰碳数(Cmax)与浓度特征揭示落干期藻类、细菌和水生植物源输入比淹没期高.库区上游多以水生、高等植物源为主,而下游则以细菌、浮游藻类低等输入居多.藿烷类(C₂₇、C₂₉~C₃₂) Ts/Tm,C₃₁(S/S+R)以及甾烷类(C₂₇~C₂₉) C₂₉ααα S/(S+R)比值结果均可指示高成熟度石油烃输入.主成分分析结果表明落干期以石油源和水生、陆生植物源混合输入为主,淹没期以低等生物与水生植物混合源输入居多.本研究探讨了季节性水位调节对消落带沉积物生物标志物的影响机制,获得了示踪信息,为进一步研究库区生物标志物环境地球化学循环提供基础数据.     

三峡库区巫山段175m试验性蓄水前后水质时空分布变化

分析了三峡库区长江巫山段2006～2009年枯、平、丰水期和2008年175m试验性蓄水加密监测水质监测数据,结果表明：长江干流水质保持相对稳定,而支流由于回水顶托,各项水文要素均发生了变化,这些水文要素的变化相应地会带来水环境要素的改变。     

三峡蓄水期间汉丰湖消落区营养状态时间变化

为探明三峡蓄水后汉丰湖消落区水质营养状态的变化特征,于2013年10月至2014年2月对水质进行连续观察,测定了水质物理参数、营养盐与叶绿素(Chl-a)的质量浓度.结果表明,水体中营养盐与Chl-a质量浓度的增加,在淹水后营养程度有升高现象,2014年2月与2013年10月相比,TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数与Chl-a质量浓度分别增加了4.7、1.0、0.2、3.27倍,TN、TP质量浓度均超过藻类生长限值,随滞留时间延长易造成水体富营养化,应引起重视.Chl-a单因子评价反映出水质由贫营养向富营养演变.TN/TP结果表明,TN、TP分别在不同时间内制约着藻类的生长;2013年10~12月与2014年2月,藻类生长受TN限制;2014年1月,藻类生长受TP限制.Chl-a与p H、DO、NH+4-N、NO-3-N、TN、高锰酸盐指数及TP呈显著正相关,而与SD、水温呈显著负相关;蓄水期间,水质受到了同一污染源的影响.因子分析结果表明,汉丰湖消落区水质主要受p H、DO、NO-3-N、TN的影响,同时Chl-a、TP、NH+4-N与好氧性有机物的污染不可忽视;在蓄水稳定初期水体具有自净能力,随蓄水滞留时间的延长,水质污染程度整体上呈现逐步恶化的趋势,应加以控制;三峡蓄水期间,南河、东河营养程度相对较高,应加强治理.     

Reductions in non-point source pollution through different management practices for an agricultural watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Non-point source water pollution generated by agricultural production is considered a major environmental issue in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area(TGRA) of China.The Annualised Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution(AnnAGNPS) model was selected to assess the impact of the application of various management treats,including seven crops,five fertilizer levels and three-group management practice scenarios,on water quality from Heigou River Watershed in TGRA.The scenario subsets include conservation tillage practice(CTP),conservation reserve program(CRP) and conversion of cropland into forestland program(CCFP).Results indicated that tea can not be replaced by other crops because comparatively tea resulted in a higher sediment yield.CTP with no-tillage was more effective to reduce sediment yield,but could increased nutrient loss.CRP reduced sediment yield significantly,but slightly benefited on nutrient loss.CCFP reduced not only sediment yield but also the nutrient loss significantly.The conversion of cropland with a slope greater than 10 ° into forestland was found to be the best scenario as the sediment yield export is less than 5 tons/ha and nutrient loss is within the permissible limit.     

三峡库区农村填埋垃圾渗滤液污染物含量评价

为了研究农村填埋垃圾渗滤液污染物含量和组成,选取了三峡库区10个垃圾填埋场渗滤液作为研究对象,对其无机阴离子、重金属含量及组成成分和pH值进行了分析.结果发现,垃圾填埋场渗滤液p H值均呈碱性,同时,SO_4~(2-)浓度均普遍高于Cl~-浓度.此外,受氧化还原电位和p H值的影响,呈现出NO_3~--N浓度NO_2~--N浓度的分布趋势.通过指数和单因子评价法对填埋垃圾的重金属含量进行了分析和评价.结果表明,Cr无污染现象,但Cd污染现象普遍十分严重,Pb、Zn和Cu污染则在不同的地点呈现出空间差异性.研究表明,三峡库区农村填埋垃圾特异性高,污染物来源构成差异性大.     

Occurrence and infection risk of waterborne pathogens in Wanzhou watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), formed by China’s Yangtze Three Gorges Project, is the largest lake in the world, but there is too little information available about fecal contamination and waterborne pathogen impacts on this aquatic ecosystem. During two successive 1-year study periods (July 2009 to July 2011), the water quality in Wanzhou watershed of the TGR was tested with regard to the presence of fecal indicators and pathogens. According to Chinese and World Health Organization water quality standards, water quality in the mainstream was good but poor in backwater areas. Salmonella, Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), Giardia and Cryptosporidium were detected in the watershed. Prevalence and concentrations of the pathogens in the mainstream were lower than those in backwater areas. The estimated risk of infection with Salmonella, EHEC, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia per exposure event ranged from 2.9 × 10 -7 to 1.68 × 10-5 , 7.04 × 10-10 to 2.36 × 10-7 , 5.39 × 10-6 to 1.25 × 10-4 and 0 to 1.2 × 10-3 , respectively, for occupational divers and recreational swimmers exposed to the waters. The estimated risk of infection at exposure to the 95% upper confidence limit concentrations of Salmonella, Cryptosporidium and Giardia may be up to 2.62 × 10-5 , 2.55 × 10-4 and 2.86 × 10-3 , respectively. This study provides useful information for the residents, health care workers and managers to improve the safety of surface water and reduce the risk of fecal contamination in the TGR.