用GC-ECD测定水中痕量溴酸根的方法

研究了用GC-ECD测定水中痕量溴酸盐浓度的方法,优化了用工程丙酮作溴酸根衍生化试剂的反应条件.在最佳衍生反应条件下、溴酸根浓度为3.8～92 μg·L-1范围内,溴酸根浓度和相应溴代衍生物的峰面积有良好的线性关系(R2=0.9954).本方法的检出限为0.75 μg·L-1,测定系列浓度溴酸根水溶液的相对偏差(RSD)均小于5%,样品加标平均回收率为105.1%～107.6%.在正常臭氧氧化时间内测定臭氧氧化后的过滤水中的溴酸根浓度时,只要臭氧投量与TOC比值大于0.8 mg·mg-1,溴酸根的测定就不受本底天然有机物的影响.     

臭氧生物活性炭工艺运行中产生溴酸盐的可能性分析

为合理评估应用臭氧生物活性炭工艺中溴酸盐的生成情况,提出既能保证出水水质又能降低溴酸盐超标风险的方案.进行了小试与中试试验,系统地从原水水质和工艺参数两个方面入手,研究水质因素、初始溴离子浓度和臭氧氧化条件等对溴酸盐生成的影响,同时分析生物活性炭对溴酸盐的去除能力.结果表明:高初始溴离子浓度水平和臭氧接触程度(Ct值)促使更多BrOx-生成.在相同Ct值条件下,升高臭氧投加浓度可使溴酸盐生成量增高200%左右.以长江南京段江心洲夹江下游原水进行臭氧生物活性炭深度处理不会产生溴酸盐超标风险.生物活性炭(BAC)对于溴酸盐去除效果并不明显.运用臭氧生物活性炭工艺进行深度处理时,工艺中应着重注意控制溴酸盐在臭氧化过程中的生成而非依靠后续生物活性炭将其去除.     

含溴水源水臭氧处理时溴酸盐的产生与控制

针对南方某含溴水库水(溴离子浓度15～38μg·L-1),利用连续运行实验装置研究了臭氧氧化时溴酸盐的产生条件,同时初步考察了后续生物活性炭(BAC)对溴酸盐的去除效果.研究结果表明,单独采用预臭氧方式时,在臭氧消耗量控制为2.0mg·L-1以内的条件下,溴酸离子浓度低于6 μg·L-1;而采用预臭氧与后臭氧联合处理时,在总臭氧消耗量为2.0mg·L-1的条件下,出现了溴酸离子超标(10μg·L-1)情况.长期运行结果表明,尽管新炭对溴酸离子没有去除效果,但系统连续运行3个月后,BAC上的微生物对溴酸盐具有一定的去除能力.     

Pilot plant study on ozonation and biological activated carbon process for drinking water treatment

A study on advanced drinking water treatment was conducted in a pilot scale plant taking water from conventional treatment process. Ozonation-biological activated carbon process （O3-BAC） and granular activated carbon process （GAC） were evaluated based on the following parameters： CODMn, UV254, total organic carbon （TOC）, assimilable organic carbon （AOC） and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon （BDOC）. In this test, the average removal rates of CODMn, UV254 and TOC in O3-BAC were 18.2%, 9.0% and 10.2% higher on （AOC） than in GAC, respectively. Ozonation increased 19.3-57.6 μg Acetate-C/L in AOC-P17, 45.6-130.6 μg Acetate-C/L in AOC-NOX and 0.1-0.5 mg/L in BDOC with ozone doses of 2 8 mg/L. The optimum ozone dose for maximum AOC formation was 3 mgO3/L. BAC filtration was effective process to improve biostability.     

HPLC-UV测定水中微量溴酸根的方法

针对水中微量溴酸盐的测定问题,建立了一种用苯酚为衍生试剂、用HPLC-UV检测的柱外衍生测定方法.本方法的检出限为0.82μg·L-1,在溴酸根浓度为5～50μg·L-1范围内具有良好的线性关系(R2=0.9986).测定系列溴酸根浓度的相对偏差(RSD)均小于5%,样品加标平均回收率为99.8%～110.9%.     

改性颗粒活性炭对水中溴酸根的吸附特性研究

采用阳离子表面活性剂氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)改性颗粒活性炭以提高活性炭对溴酸根的吸附能力.通过小试研究了改性颗粒活性炭(GAC-CPC)对溴酸根的吸附特性,考察了BrO-3初始浓度、pH、共存阴离子等因素对吸附过程的影响.结果表明,CPC改性能显著提高GAC对BrO-3的吸附能力,吸附量随着初始浓度升高而增大;在碱性条件下GAC-CPC对BrO-3的吸附量减小;共存阴离子与BrO-3在GAC-CPC上存在竞争吸附,其影响顺序为:NO-3SO2-4PO3-4CO2-3.用准一级、准二级和颗粒内扩散动力学模型拟合GAC-CPC吸附BrO-3的动力学过程,结果表明,准二级动力学能更好的描述吸附过程,且孔扩散可能是改性GAC吸附BrO-3初始阶段的主要速率控制因素.用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型拟合不同温度下BrO-3的吸附平衡过程,结果表明,Langmuir等温吸附模型能很好的描述吸附平衡过程,GAC-CPC吸附BrO-3的过程是自发且放热的,温度升高不利于吸附.     

活性炭催化臭氧氧化处理染料废水生化出水研究

采用饱和活性炭作为臭氧氧化催化剂,对染料废水生化出水进行深度处理.以废水COD、DOC去除率为指标,考察饱和活性炭对臭氧的催化效果.使用6种不同的活性炭作为催化剂(编号1^#~6^#),并将6^#活性炭采用KMnO₄、NaOH、ZnCl₂、H₂SO₄、H₃PO₄进行表面处理,在活性炭的孔体积、酸碱基团等表面性质测定的基础上,探讨活性炭性质与催化臭氧化效率的关系.结果显示,活性炭催化效果与大孔体积密切相关;另一方面,使用微孔膜片减小臭氧气泡尺寸,增大臭氧的传质面积,提高臭氧利用率,可以改善臭氧/活性炭催化氧化处理效果.     

饮用水源突发挥发酚污染应急处理中试研究

通过为期2个月规模为4m3·h-1的中试试验,考察了常规给水工艺(混凝、沉淀和过滤)对突发挥发酚污染原水的处理情况.重点考察了活性炭吸附、臭氧预氧化和高锰酸钾预氧化等3种应急工艺的除酚效能.结果表明,常规混凝沉淀对挥发酚的去除率低于10%,砂滤在12h内可起到拦截挥发酚的作用,3种应急工艺均可提高挥发酚的去除效果,起到应急的作用.其中活性炭吸附对挥发酚的去除率可达44%;在0.5mg·L-1的投量下高锰酸钾预氧化可达到50%的除酚效率;臭氧预氧化可使沉淀出水挥发酚达标(0.002mg·L-1),挥发酚去除率约99%.     

部分国家和地区碳达峰情况比较研究及对中国的启示

21世纪以来,中国碳排放量持续处于上升阶段。2030年前碳达峰、2060年前碳中和目标已明确,如何按期实现,面临着诸多挑战。截至2020年,全球约有50个国家实现能源活动二氧化碳排放达峰,排放总量约占全球排放量的36%。从经济水平、产业结构、工业化城镇化水平、能源消费情况、政策支持等角度,以比较分析法对发达国家和地区碳达峰进展进行梳理概述,结果表明：主要国家和地区碳达峰时人均GDP在1万美元以上,美国和日本均在3万美元以上;绝大多数国家和地区碳达峰前后第二产业占比稳步下降,第三产业占比逐步上升;主要国家和地区碳达峰时城镇化率均在53%以上,且1/2以上国家和地区达到75%以上;主要国家和地区碳达峰时能源消费强度多在1.0~4.7 t/万美元（以标准煤计）。从发布的中长期碳排放发展战略及碳中和目标角度,深入论证发达国家和地区实现深度脱碳、开展碳中和方面的经验,指出绝大多数国家和地区均将控制能源消费总量和能源低碳转型作为实现碳中和的重点;将发展循环经济、提升能效作为实现能源消费总量控制的具体措施;将科技创新作为战略竞争优势的重要研究领域和持续动力。结合能源消费情况,中国从碳达峰到碳中和时间仅约30年,意味未来碳达峰后,碳中和任务重。这要求中国的碳达峰不是单纯地攀高峰,而是理性地低位达峰。需加大力度推动经济产业结构调整,构建清洁低碳安全高效能源系统,强化绿色低碳技术的研发创新,有序推进碳排放权交易市场建设。

     

Fe-Al/Al2O3催化臭氧化去除水中有机污染物2,4-D过程中溴酸盐的生成控制研究

采用浸渍、强化水解和后续水浴加热的方法制得催化剂Fe-Al/Al2O3,并通过XRD和XPS等表征手段对其结构性能进行了研究.结果表明,催化剂中铁是以二价和三价存在,且以三价铁为主;铝则以Al2O3和AlOOH形态存在.与单独臭氧化相比,Fe-Al/Al2 O3既能高效矿化水中的难降解有机物2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D),又能明显抑制溴酸盐的生成,体现出很好的循环使用稳定性.进一步探讨了臭氧投加量和溴离子初始浓度对催化臭氧化效率和溴酸盐生成的影响.研究表明,在Fe-Al/Al2O3催化臭氧化过程中,水中溴酸盐浓度受臭氧投加量和溴离子初始浓度的影响较小,均可明显抑制溴酸盐的生成,且有机物的矿化效率随着臭氧投加量的增加而显著提高.     

Effect of Fe（Ⅲ） on the bromate reduction by humic substances in aqueous solution

Humic substances are ubiquitous redox-active organic compounds of environment. In this study, experiments were conducted to determine the reduction capacity of humic acid in the man-ix of bromate and Fe（Ⅲ） solutions and the role of Fe（Ⅲ） in this redox process. The results showed that the humic acid regenerated Fe（Ⅱ） and reduced bromate abiotically. The addition of Fe（Ⅲ） could accelerate the bromate reduction rate by forming humic acid-Fe（Ⅲ） complexes. Iron species acts as electron mediator and catalyst for the bromate reduction by humic acid, in which humic acid transfers electrons to the complexed Fe（Ⅲ） to form Fe（Ⅱ）, and the regenerated Fe（Ⅱ） donate the electrons to bromate. The kinetics study on bromate reduction further indicated that bromate reduction by humic acid-Fe（Ⅲ） complexes is pH dependent. The rate decreased by 2-fold with the increase in solution pH by one unit. The reduction capacity of Aldrich humic acid was observed to be lower than that of humic acid or natural organic matter of Suwanne River, indicating that such redox process is expected to occur in the environment.     

我国减污降碳与地区经济发展水平差异研究

我国正处于经济转型与快速发展时期,二氧化碳与大气污染物的协同减排是经济社会发展的挑战,同时也是推动经济结构绿色转型,加快形成绿色生产、生活方式,助推高质量发展的重大机遇。因此,全面了解我国各地区减污降碳与经济发展水平,有助于国家和地方政府因地制宜地制定减污降碳相关政策。构建了减污-降碳-经济综合评价指标体系,选择2016年和2018年30个省（自治区、直辖市）的能源经济与污染物及二氧化碳排放数据,利用灰色关联度法对各地区减污、降碳和经济指标进行综合评价,分析各项指标发展情况。通过对指标间二元、三元耦合协调度计算,分析各地区指标发展协调情况。根据各地评价指标得分及耦合协调度数据因地制宜地提出减污降碳与地区经济发展建议。

     

基于文献计量的减污降碳协同减排研究进展与展望

开展污染物和二氧化碳的协同减排是当前我国推进生态文明建设的关键途径和重要抓手,分析国内外研究热点与趋势,有助于为我国协同减排治理理论研究与实践路径提供参考。运用CiteSpace对Web of Science核心数据库和中国知网的中英文相关文献进行梳理分析,探讨该领域研究的发展态势。结果表明：该领域发文量呈上升趋势且有一定阶段性,美国和中国发文量较高,其他发文主要集中于欧美与东亚地区国家;除了环境科学类期刊发文较多外,国外的能源类期刊影响力较大,国内则是经济与管理类期刊有较大影响力;国内外研究关注该领域的应对策略和政策及其效应评估,此外国外研究关注排放模拟,国内研究关注特定行业和区域及减污降碳领域的体制机制构建。未来研究的重点是综合考虑区域协同发展背景及多重环境政策的影响机制,研究减污降碳、协同减排的路径及其政策体系。

     

Enriching blast furnace gas by removing carbon dioxide

Blast furnace gas (BF gas) produced in the iron making process is an essential energy resource for a steel making work. As compared with coke oven gas, the caloric value of BF gas is too low to be used alone as fuel in hot stove because of its high concentrations of carbon dioxide and nitrogen. If the carbon dioxide in BF gas could be captured efficiently, it would meet the increasing need of high caloric BF gas, and develop methods to reusing and/or recycling the separated carbon dioxide further. Focused on this, investigations were done with simple evaluation on possible methods of removing carbon dioxide from BF gas and basic experiments on carbon dioxide capture by chemical absorption. The experimental results showed that in 100 minutes, the maximum absorbed doses of carbon dioxide reached 20 g/100 g with ionic liquid as absorbent.     

Enriching blast furnace gas by removing carbon dioxide

Blast furnace gas (BF gas) produced in the iron making process is an essential energy resource for a steel making work. As compared with coke oven gas, the caloric value of BF gas is too low to be used alone as fuel in hot stove because of its high concentrations of carbon dioxide and nitrogen. If the carbon dioxide in BF gas could be captured efficiently, it would meet the increasing need of high caloric BF gas, and develop methods to reusing and/or recycling the separated carbon dioxide further. Focused on this, investigations were done with simple evaluation on possible methods of removing carbon dioxide from BF gas and basic experiments on carbon dioxide capture by chemical absorption. The experimental results showed that in 100 minutes, the maximum absorbed doses of carbon dioxide reached 20 g/100 g with ionic liquid as absorbent.     

水中有机物对紫外光催化还原溴酸盐的影响

通过一步水热法制备了 TiO2与TiOF2用于考察不同水质条件下紫外光催化控制还原BrO3-的效率.结果表明,TiO2在纯水中还原BrO3-的效率(120min还原78.5％)显著高于TiOF2(120min还原57.0％).但当体系中存在难降解有机物(莠去津)或天然有机物(腐殖酸)时,TiOF2还原BrO3-的效率则...     

全球二氧化碳浓度非均匀分布条件下碳排放与升温关系的统计分析

为定量评估全球二氧化碳浓度非均匀分布条件下碳排放与升温的关系,采用空间自相关分析与空间联立方程组模型,基于1度、2度与3度空间分辨率的全球二氧化碳浓度,碳排放与近地面气温等格点数据,揭示了2003—2015年全球二氧化碳浓度的空间分布聚集特征并估计了碳排放对升温的影响系数。结果发现：二氧化碳浓度在空间上表现为北半球高浓度值聚集与南半球低浓度值聚集的分布型。利用二氧化碳浓度非均匀分布的参数条件对碳排放与升温影响的估计结果表明,代入二氧化碳浓度非均匀分布这一参数会小幅拉低碳排放对升温影响的估计结果。研究表明,全球二氧化碳浓度非均匀分布是当前评估碳排放升温影响亟待引入的参数;同时由于估计结果的空间尺度效应的存在,相关参数的空间范围与分辨率的选择也需要关注。     

Advanced oxidation of bromide-containing drinking water：A balance between bromate and trihalomethane formation control

Addition of H2O2 has been employed to repress bromate formation during ozonation of bromide-containing source water. However, the addition of H2O2 will change the oxidation pathways of organic compounds due to the generation of abundant hydroxyl radicals, which could affect the removal efficacy of trihalomethane precursors via the combination of ozone and biological activated carbon （O3-BAC）. In this study, we evaluated the effects of H2O2 addition on bromate formation and trihalomethane formation potential （THMFP） reduction during treatment of bromide-containing （97.6-129.1 μg/L） source water by the O3-BAC process. At an ozone dose of 4.2 mg/L, an H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio of over 1.0 was required to maintain the bromate concentration below 10.0 μg/L, while a much lower H2O2/O3 ratio was sufficient for a lower ozone dose. An H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio below 0.3 should be avoided since the bromate concentration will increase with increasing H2O2 dose below this ratio. However, the addition of H2O2 at an ozone dose of 3.2 mg/L and an H2O2/O3 ratio of 1.0 resulted in a 43% decrease in THMFP removal when compared with the O3-BAC process. The optimum H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio for balancing bromate and trihalomethane control was about 0.7-1.0. Fractionation of organic materials showed that the addition of H2O2 decreased the removal efficacy of the hydrophilic matter fraction of DOC by ozonation and increased the reactivity of the hydrophobic fractions during formation of trihalomethane, which may be the two main reasons responsible for the decrease in THMFP reduction efficacy. Overall, this study clearly demonstrated that it is necessary to balance bromate reduction and THMFP control when adopting an H2O2 addition strategy.     

Effects of amine, amine salt and amide on the behaviour of carbon dioxide absorption into calcium hydroxide suspension to precipitate calcium carbonate

The amount of carbon dioxide （CO2） absorption and calcium ion （Ca^2＋） concentration besides the pH of aqueous solution were observed during the COz absorption to precipitate calcium carbonate （CaCO3） from calcium hydroxide （Ca（OH）2）. A reaction rate-limiting effect of an amount of CO2 absorption without any organic additives in the early stage of the precipitation was observed, which was attributed to an interruption effect of bicarbonate ion （HCO3） on the precipitation of CaCO3. The improvement for the reaction rate was achieved not only by amine additives but also by neutral additives such as ε-caprolactam or amine salt. When the hexamethylene diamine was dissolved in the solution, successive change of crystal forms of CaCO3 aragonite to calcite in aqueous suspensions, confirmed by Ca^2＋ concentration change and X-ray diffraction, was concluded that a local environment around the amine group in aqueous solution and an interaction of the diamine with precipitated CaCO3 particles were important factors for these reactions.     

中国水泥工业CO2排放现状及减排对策

水泥工业是中国制造业中温室气体CO2的主要排放源,因此,根据水泥生产的基本原理和工艺特点,建立了CO2排放的数学模型并确定排放强度,计算了2001—2010年中国水泥工业CO2的排放量,分析了影响CO2排放量的主要因素及其发展趋势,并提出水泥工业CO2减排对策.结果表明,中国水泥工业CO2排放总量逐年增长,与水泥产量和单位产品原料、燃料消耗定额呈线性关系;在CO2排放总量中,原料煅烧和燃料燃烧阶段的排放量分别占49%和51%;"十一五"期间单位水泥产品CO2排放强度由0.69t.t-1下降到0.65t.t-1.万元GDPCO2排放量呈下降趋势,2008年达到最低值为0.3054t,平均每年万元GDPCO2排放量下降10.69%,说明水泥工业10年间实施节能降耗、资源循环利用、提高经济效益等措施对于减少CO2排放具有明显效果.