总汞、甲基汞和硒在汞暴露大鼠脑、肝、肾中的分布

利用自动汞分析仪、GC-ECD和原子荧光分析了汞污染暴露1,3,7,20,30,90d后,大鼠脑、肝、肾中的总汞、甲基汞和硒的含量.结果表明,总汞、甲基汞含量随暴露时间的延长而显著增加;各组织对总汞和甲基汞蓄积量的顺序是肾>肝>脑;从甲基汞和总汞的比率分析发现,甲基汞很容易透过血脑屏障,并且在脑中有较高的蓄积;硒能够拮抗汞在脑、肝、肾中的蓄积水平.     

Factors influencing mercury accumulation in three species of forage fish from Caddo Lake, Texas, USA

Most studies that have examined mercury (Hg) contamination of fish have focused on game species feeding near the top of the food web, while studies that examine forage fish that feed near the base of the food web are rare. We conducted a survey of Hg contamination in three species of forage fish, brook silverside (Labidesthes sicculus), threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense) and gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), from Caddo Lake, Texas, USA and found species-specific differences in Hg concentrations. We examined total length, age, trophic position (determined using δ15N), and growth rate of forage fish as factors that could have influenced within-and between-species differences in Hg concentration. Total length and age were the best predictors of within-species differences in Hg concentration. Between-species differences in Hg concentrations were most strongly influenced by trophic position.     

Distribution characteristics of total mercury and methylmercury in the topsoil and dust of Xiamen, China

The levels and distribution of mercury (Hg) species, including total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in the topsoil and dust collected from twenty sampling stations located in di erent land function areas of Xiamen, China, were investigated. The THg concentrations in topsoil ranged from 0.071 to 1.2 mg/kg, and in dust ranged from of 0.034 to 1.4 mg/kg. For stations where the THg of dust was less than 0.31 mg/kg, THg concentrations in the topsoil were significantly correlated to those in the corresponding dust (r = 0.597, n = 16, P = 0.014). The MeHg concentrations in topsoil were varied between 0.14 and 5.7 g/kg. The ratios of MeHg/THg in the topsoil ranged from 0.069% to 0.74%. The range of MeHg concentration in the dust were 0.092–2.3 g/kg. The ratios of MeHg/THg in the dust were at the same level as those in the topsoil. The MeHg concentrations in both topsoil and dust were linked to corresponding THg concentrations and soil organic matter. Neither THg nor MeHg concentration in the topsoil and dust was obviously linked to the land function.     

诺氟沙星和土霉素对汞在鱼体内积累和转化的影响研究

为阐明诺氟沙星和土霉素对汞(Hg)在鱼体内积累和转化的影响机制,探究了Hg单一暴露、诺氟沙星-Hg和土霉素-Hg复合暴露条件下,鱼体内各器官和组织中总汞(THg)和甲基汞(MeHg)的积累特征.结果表明：Hg单一暴露条件下,鱼体肌肉THg含量随着暴露时间呈先增加后降低的趋势,鱼头和内脏组织的THg含量随暴露时间增加而逐渐增加,内脏组织积累量高于鱼头(p<0.01).鱼体内的MeHg含量随着暴露时间的增加而不断增加,其中肌肉和内脏组织增加显著(p<0.05),鱼头无明显差异(p>0.05).在诺氟沙星-Hg和土霉素-Hg复合暴露条件下,鱼体内的THg和MeHg含量与Hg单一暴露处理相比均产生显著变化,诺氟沙星和土霉素均能促进THg在鱼体内的积累及抑制MeHg的形成(p<0.01).然而,无论对THg积累的促进作用还是对MeHg形成的抑制作用,诺氟沙星比土霉素作用都更为显著.     

广州市大气气态总汞含量季节和日变化特征

利用高时间分辨率自动测汞仪(tekran 2537B),于2010-11~2011-11对广州市大气气态总汞(TGM)进行了连续1a的观测.结果表明,广州市大气气态总汞的年平均含量为(4.86±1.36)ng/m3,表明该地区受到了一定程度的大气汞污染.TGM浓度按季节表现为:春季>冬季>秋季>夏季.TGM污染呈现春高夏低的现象,气象因素如边界层、静止风是影响其季节分布不同的主要原因.日变化趋势为中午最低,早晚出现2个高峰,边界层和温度对TGM日变化有很大影响.对广州市大气气态汞的可能来源分析结果表明,TGM主要来源于本地人为排放,其中市内燃煤电厂和水泥厂等人为源排放可能是广州市大气气态总汞的主要来源.     

鼎湖山大气气态总汞含量和变化特征的初步研究

利用高时间分辨率自动大气测汞仪(Tekran,2537B),于2009.10—2010.4对珠三角背景点鼎湖山大气气态总汞(TGM)进行了连续7个月的野外观测.结果表明,鼎湖山地区TGM的年均含量为(5.54±2.89)ng·m-3,含量明显高于全球大气汞含量的背景值(1.5～2.0ng·m-3)和国内部分地区的背景值,表明该地区大气受到了一定程度的汞污染.监测期间,4月TGM含量最高,11月最低.日变化特征显示白天TGM浓度比晚上高,属典型白天控制型.鼎湖山地区TGM主要受珠三角的区域污染影响,TGM含量变化与大气中NO2、SO2的相关性分析和与用电需求变化对比表明,珠三角人为源(尤其是燃煤的汞排放)对鼎湖山大气TGM有较大的贡献.     

剑湖沉积物、间隙水、鱼体砷汞分布及风险评价

为了解剑湖沉积物、间隙水、鱼体中砷（As）和汞（Hg）含量特征,评价其风险,使用双道原子荧光光度计测定了剑湖表层沉积物、间隙水、鱼体中As和Hg含量,并利用潜在生态风险指数法、目标危险系数法、致癌风险指数等评价了其风险状况.结果表明：①剑湖表层沉积物中As、Hg平均含量分别为（12.62±0.66）mg·kg^-1和（0.050±0.002）mg·kg^-1,As含量呈东高西低的分布特征,Hg含量呈北部高、中南部湖区低的分布特征.剑湖流域内农地对剑湖As含量影响较大,流域煤炭开采与堆积、水泥加工对剑湖Hg含量分布影响较大.②间隙水中As、Hg平均含量分别为（0.64±0.03）μg·L^-1和（0.020±0.001）μg·L^-1,As含量在湖区内呈东高西低的分布特征,Hg含量最高值出现在湖心区.③6种鱼体中As、Hg含量平均值分别为（0.21±0.04）mg·kg^-1和（0.020±0.003）mg·kg^-1,两者分布在食性方面均呈现杂食性>草食性特征,在活动范围上呈底栖 > 中层 > 上层特征.④据相关性分析可知,As、Hg各自在间隙水和表层沉积物中的含量呈显著正相关（r>0.5,p<0.01）,6种鱼体As、Hg含量也呈显著正相关（r=0.92,p<0.05）.⑤沉积物样品中As均为轻微风险,Hg元素除部分样点（19.35%）为中度风险外其余为轻微风险,因此,需要对Hg进行重点防控.剑湖所选食用鱼体目标危险系数值均小于1,表明其不会对人类健康造成潜在非致癌危害;剑湖鱼体As元素存在一定的潜在致癌风险,但尚在人体可接受范围内.     

松花江沉积物汞的新变化:分布、演化与现状及潜在生态风险评估

分析了第二松花江中下游和松花江干流表层沉积物中总汞的含量水平和分布规律,同期采集了牡丹江、黑龙江沉积物作为对照,并采用地累积指数法以及潜在生态风险指数法,初步评价了松花江沉积物中汞的污染状况和潜在的生态风险.结果表明,松花江10个断面沉积物总汞含量范围0.029~1.317 mg·kg~(-1),均值0.183 mg·kg~(-1).第二松花江3个典型断面沉积物总汞含量均显著高于松花江干流的7个典型断面(P0.05).地累积指数(Igeo)及潜在生态风险指数(Er)表明第二松花江3个典型断面沉积物汞污染程度为偏中度至重度污染,存在高度生态风险;松花江干流7个典型断面为轻度污染,具有较高生态风险.近10年松花江沉积物汞含量变化及空间分布结果显示,现阶段第二松花江沉积物汞含量有所下降,但松花江干流个别江段沉积物汞含量有所上升,应引起重视.     

松花江水中总汞的时空分布研究

为研究松花江水中总汞含量的时空分布特征,分别于2005年春汛期(4月)和夏汛期(8月)对松花江白山至同江江段进行了采样分析.结果表明,总汞含量为0.021～0.173μg·L-1,均值为0.096μg·L-1.总体上来讲,五棵树至白石江段江水中的总汞浓度较高.另外,由于附近金矿的汞排放,红石水库的总汞含量也较高,达到了0.111μg·L-1.总汞含量呈现明显的年内季节性变化和年际变化特征,主要表现为夏汛期总汞含量高于春汛期,1975～2005年总汞含量总体上呈下降趋势.经调查分析,沉积物再悬浮作用及其向水中的汞释放是导致松花江水总汞时空分布变化的主要原因,江水中较高的汞含量可能仍将维持较长的时间.     

贵州高原水库汞的分布特征及其对富营养化的响应

于2012年11~12月采集贵州不同营养状况的6座水库——三板溪水库、龙滩水库、万峰湖水库、百花湖水库、红枫湖水库和阿哈水库水样,分析水体中汞的形态分布及与水体富营养化之间的关系,探讨水体汞形态及其分布特征对水体富营养化的响应.结果表明:6座水库总汞浓度的平均值为(5.82±4.99)ng/L,其中在阿哈水库的库中和百花湖水库的岩脚寨采样点存在不同于其它点的局部污染源;MeHg浓度平均值为(0.08±0.07)ng/L,阿哈水库的MeHg浓度较高是其它水库的2~10倍,约为0.26ng/L.在枯水期,贵州6座水库的富营养化程度不同,其中三板溪水库和龙滩水库为表现为贫营养型;万峰湖水库表现为为贫中营养型;百花湖水库和红枫湖水库表现为为中富营养型;阿哈水库为富营养型.富营养化指数与总汞、甲基汞和溶解态甲基汞皆呈显著正相关(r=0.477,P<0.05; r=0.558, P<0.05;r =0.502, P< 0.05, n=19).富营养化对水库生态系统中形态汞之间的迁移和转化有着重要影响,为溶解态汞和甲基汞的生成提供了有利条件,对水体中汞的地球化学循环的影响不可忽视.     

太湖营养状态对沉积物中总汞和甲基汞分布特征的影响

为探讨营养状态对太湖沉积物汞的分布及其甲基化的影响,以太湖不同营养水平的湖区为研究对象,采用PSA和GC-CVAFS方法,分别测定了沉积物总汞(THg)、甲基汞(MeHg)含量;另测定了沉积物有机质含量和水体总氮、总磷浓度.结果显示,太湖表层沉积物THg含量为32.30~150.28ng/g,均值为62.94ng/g,含量高低与营养化程度一致,其垂向分布主要受到人为活动和有机质的影响;MeHg含量为0.32~1.01ng/g,均值为0.51ng/g,不同营养水平的湖湾区MeHg含量差别不大,其分布受有机质的影响,高含量富集在表层,随深度的增加逐渐降低并趋于稳定;甲基化比率比较低主要是太湖水体溶解氧含量高抑制了甲基化过程.     

Total mercury in wild fish in Guizhou reservoirs, China

The health hazard of mercury (Hg) compounds is internationally recognized, and the main pathways for methylmercury (MeHg) intake in humans are through consumption of food, especially fish. Given the large releases of Hg to the environment in China, combined with the fast development of hydropower, this issue deserves attention. Provided similar mobilization pathways of Hg in China as seen in reservoirs in North America and Europe one should expect increased Hg contamination in relation to future hydropower reservoir construction in this country. This study presents total Hg (THg) concentrations in wild fish from six Guizhou reservoirs, China. The THg concentrations in fish were generally low despite high background levels in the bedrock and depositions from local point sources. The over all mean ± SD concentration of THg was (0.066 ± 0.078) μg/g (n = 235). After adjusting for among-reservoir variation in THg, there were significant differences in THg among functional groups of the fish, assumed to re?ect trophic levels. Predicted THg- concentration ratios, retrieved from a mixed linear model, between the functional groups were 9:4:4:1 for carnivorous, omnivorous, planktivorous and herbivorous fish. This result indicated that MeHg accumulation may prevail even under circumstances with short food chains as in this Chinese water system. No fish exceeded recommended maximum THg limit for human consumption set by World Health Organization and the Standardization Administration of China (0.5 μg/g fish wet weight (ww)). Only six fish (2.5%) exceeded the maximum THg limit set by US Environmental Protection Agency (0.3 μg/g fish ww).     

Prediction model of mercury accumulation in fish of reservoirs

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沿海城市降水中总汞及汞同位素特征研究

大气汞沉降是汞从排放源进入地表系统最主要的迁移途径,利用汞同位素追踪汞在大气中的迁移转化规律及潜在来源对研究汞的生物地球化学循环具有重要意义.本研究于2012—2013年对厦门市小坪、坂头、鼓浪屿和洪文站点降水中总汞(THg)浓度和汞同位素的变化特征进行了研究.结果表明,厦门降水中THg浓度为1.0～59.4 ng·L~(-1),大气THg湿沉降量为13.1μg·m~(-2)·a~(-1).厦门冷、暖季降水中THg浓度相当,但由于暖季丰沛的降水量,导致暖季THg的湿沉降量约为冷季的2.5倍.降水样品中均表现出负的偶数汞同位素质量分馏(δ~(202)Hg,-2.2‰～-1.5‰)、正的奇数汞同位素非质量分馏(Δ~(199)Hg,0.08‰～0.22‰),以及轻微偏正的偶数汞同位素非质量分馏(Δ~(200)Hg,0.01‰～0.07‰).厦门降水中奇数汞同位素非质量分馏是大气汞液相光致还原反应的结果.偶数汞同位素非质量分馏不明显与其处于较低的纬度有关.厦门降水中δ~(202)Hg接近于厦门当地及贵州燃煤烟气中的δ~(202)Hg值,表明厦门降水中汞可能受到本地或传输过来的燃煤排放的影响.     

校园学生群体食物汞暴露现状及风险评价——以天津大学为例

通过测定校园学生主要食物中(包括主食、鱼类、肉类、蔬菜等)总汞和甲基汞浓度,同时采集志愿者头发作为生物指示物,结合外暴露和内暴露数据系统评估学生群体的汞暴露风险.校园食堂食物总汞浓度范围为0.57~207.50ng/g(以湿重计),甲基汞浓度范围为0.06~49.20ng/g(以湿重计),与已有研究相比处于较低水平.不同食物中汞浓度水平存在显著差异,如水产品中总汞和甲基汞浓度均比其他食物要高.所调查人发中总汞浓度为0.03~0.77 μg/g,甲基汞浓度为0.02~0.67 μg/g,男性发汞浓度要显著高于女性.人体汞浓度与个人饮食习惯存在一定联系,水产品食用频次较高的人群中发汞浓度也相对较高.男性学生总汞摄入量约为9200ng/d,女性约为7500ng/d.总汞摄入主要通过主食摄入,而甲基汞则主要通过水产品摄入.根据现行人群汞摄入风险评价标准,本研究中校园人群汞暴露风险较低,但水产品食用频次增加仍可能造成大量的汞摄入.     

小型化自动在线大气汞分析仪的开发及移动观测应用

基于金汞齐-冷原子荧光法开发了一套小型气态元素汞(TGM)在线监测仪,该仪器采用真空系统设计,体积小、重量轻,可实现无人值守自动运行,适用于车载移动观测.实验测试表明,仪器在典型时间分辨率4 min条件下的检出限能达到0.2 ng·m~(-3),优于商品化大气汞分析仪;且具有较高的精密度,标气重复实验相对偏差2%,工作曲线拟合优度R~20.999.将该仪器搭载于机动车内,对北京市四、五环路沿线气态元素汞进行了移动监测,测得四环路与五环路TGM平均浓度分别为2.25、2.63 ng·m~(-3).该仪器可提供高时空分辨率的大气汞浓度数据,可为气态元素汞的监测和污染控制提供技术支持.     

Umbilical cord blood mercury levels in China

Mercury (Hg) is a well-known neurotoxicant. Hg exposure at high levels can harm individuals of all ages. Even low level exposure to Hg can damage the brain of fetuses and young children, and affect their central nervous system and cognitive development. The aims of our study were to measure total Hg levels in infant umbilical cord blood and to investigate the risk factors associated with total Hg cord blood levels in various cities in China. Our goal was to provide clues for the prevention of Hg exposure in utero. The results indicated that the average cord blood mercury levels (CBMLs) were (1.81 ± 1.93) μg/L, which were lower than those found in most previous studies. The concentrations also differed according to geographic region. The CBMLs were not only associated with family economic and living conditions, but also with diet in pregnant women, especially the intake of marine fish, shellfish, poultry, formula milk and fruits.     

Spatial distribution and pollution assessment of mercury in sediments of Lake Taihu, China

Spatial distribution patterns of total mercury (THg) in 36 surficial sediment samples representing five regions of Lake Taihu were assessed using the ArcGis geostatistical analyst module. The pollution levels of THg were also evaluated from the same five lake regions. Concentrations of THg were in a ranged of 23-168 ng/g (mean 55 ng/g) in surfical sediments, which was significantly higher than those established baseline levels of the lake. Results of THg indicated that the northern region exhibited notably higher values, the bay regions showed elevated values relative to open areas, and the lakeside regions were higher than those observed in the central area. Lake Taihu suffered moderate to high Hg pollution, and expressed clear Hg enrichment status according to monomial pollution index I geo and human activity factors. The concentrations of THg in the surficial sediments of Lake Taihu showed moderate-strong variation (coefficient of variation 52%). Geostatistical analysis indicated a weak spatial self-correlation, suggesting the contamination of Hg in Lake Taihu is primarily the result of anthropogenic activities.     

Consumption of rice and fish in an electronic waste recycling area contributes significantly to total daily intake of mercury

<正>Mercury is a global pollutant due to its widespread use,emission,and long-range transport(Blum,2013;Pacyna et al.,2010).It is considered a priority pollutant due to its neurological toxicity,persistence,and bioaccumulation(Pacyna et al.,2010;Sharma et al.,2015).Mercury pollution can occur when products that contain mercury are improperly disposed of and mercury is released into the air,water,and soil(Zhang and Wong,2007).An estimated 22%of the annual world usage of mercury is in electrical equipment such as batteries,thermometers,and discharge lamps,and electronic devices such as monitors and     

渔业养殖区溶解性有机质的来源、组成及其对汞甲基化的影响

溶解性有机质（DOM）对水生环境中汞的赋存形态及转化过程具有极其重要的影响.但从更加微观的角度,如DOM的组成部分及其官能团特征等,却缺乏相关研究以阐明DOM影响汞形态转化的机制.为探究渔业养殖区来源于不同有机物（如残饵、鱼粪和底泥）的DOM各亚组分对水体中汞甲基化的影响,应用多级树脂联用技术,将渔业养殖区不同来源的DOM分离出6种亚组分,利用室内培养方式进行Hg²⁺的甲基化试验.傅里叶红外光谱分析结果表明,DOM中含有各种不同的官能团.亲水性组分主要包含羟基、羧基等极性较强的官能团;疏水性组分则包含一些无极性或者弱极性官能团如甲基、亚甲基和酚羟基等.疏水性亚组分是DOM的主要组成成分,其中又以疏水性碱性物质（HOB）为最,在有机物腐解过程中一直占有最大的比重.总体而言,疏水性有机组分对汞甲基化的促进作用显著高于亲水性有机组分;这主要是因为亲水性有机组分含有大量的羧基、羟基等官能团,可以更好地与活性Hg²⁺结合,降低甲基化反应的底物浓度,从而抑制甲基化发生.而疏水性组分对汞亲和性较弱,而且所含酚羟基以及还原性含硫基团等都可作为电子供体,从而促进汞甲基化的发生.从总体来说,在有机质腐解过程中,各种非同源有机质所形成的HOB对汞甲基化的促进作用不断增强.