西部农村中小学环境教育之我见

正我国开展环境教育已有三十多年了,针对中小学生环境教育的讨论主要集中在城市地区,并取得了一定的成效,积累了很多经验,但针对农村特别是西部农村的中小学环境教育的研究还比较薄弱,学生的环境意识较低,教师对环境教育概念还比较模糊,环境教育专业能力较弱。因此,如何解决西部农村小学环境教育问题,提高西部农村中小学的环境教育水平已迫在眉睫。目前西部农村中小学环境教育存在的主要问题表现为:一是观念落后环境意识不强。当地教育主管领导、学校领导到教师、学生对环境教育的认识都不够,认     

关于农民环境教育的若干思考

我国农村自实行家庭联产承包责任制以来，农民已成为农业生产的主体，他们的生产决策具有相对的独立性，并将直接影响农业环境资源和农产品的质量，因此农民环境教育是我国环境教育工作中极其重要的组成部分。农民环境教育现状及重要性我国农民受教育程度普遍较低，对保护环境意义的认识远远落后于城市居民，而且中国农村的环境教育基础极其薄弱。河北农业大学资环学院的张玲敏等对农民施肥与环境意识等问题做过调查，结果表明：农民对大量施肥所产生的环境问题认识不够，有近一半的农民不知道大量施肥造成的环境风险。在被调查的农民中，28…     

农村中小学环境教育的几点思考

中小学环境教育是基础教育的组成部分,首要任务是培养青少年爱护环境、保护环境的意识。在农村进行中小学环境教育,方式和方法要适合农村特点。为此,对农村中小学环境教育进行初步探讨,提出方法和措施。     

新民居建设中农村环境教育的发展思路

新民居建设是建设社会主义新农村的重要举措,发展农村环境教育能有效促进农村环境的改善。我国农村环境教育目前存在重视程度不够、教育主体和方式相对单一以及缺乏必要的教育目标等问题。在发展农村环境教育方面明确受教育的主体,并从扩大教育实施主体、开展直接教育和间接教育以及增加政府财经投入等方面入手,才能实现经济发展与农村环境改善的协调发展。     

以农为本,开展农村环境教育——运河高等师范学校环境教育纪实

圈定以农村环境为大背景开展环保综合实践活动,让学生走进农村社区,考察农村环境,了解新农村建设中存在的问题,培养农村学生未来小学环境教育能力和扎根农村教育事业的专业思想素质。     

加强农村环境教育的几点建议

农村环境教育在农村环境保护中起着先导作用,是事关农村可持续发展大局的基础性工作。各级政府与教育部门应转变思想观念,充分认识到农村环境教育对于农村环境保护的重要意义。     

新农村建设背景下农村环境教育对策研究

目前我国新农村环境形势十分严峻,环境教育薄弱是一个重要的原因.农村环境教育是我国环境教育的重要组成部分,也是当前我国环境保护和环境教育工作的重点.设计切实可行的教育方案是成功实施农村环境教育的关键.在论述环境教育意义的基础上,分析了强化平台基地建设和推进环境信息公开,在农村环境宣传教育中的基础作用.设计了领导干部和公务员、乡镇企业领导和员工、农民、城镇居民、大学生和未成年人等五大重点群体环境教育方案,提出了确保环境教育取得实效的长效保障机制对策建议.     

试论农村环境教育

我国是有9亿多农民的发展中国家,农村环境教育是我国环境教育工作的重要组成部分。加强农村环境教育是搞好自然保护和生态保护工作的一项重要举措,对从根本上改善农村环境将产生深远的影响;同时也将加快贫困地区农民脱贫致富的步伐。一、农村环境教育的必要性和迫切性目前我国农业环境形势十分严峻,全国农田污染面积不少于1．5亿亩,造成每年粮食损失大约100亿公斤,经济损失150亿元;全国水土流失面积367万平方公里,年流失土壤50亿吨,相当流失4000多万吨化肥;草原退化面积达10亿亩,受荒漠化威胁的耕地达5900万亩。同时,随着乡镇企…     

西部农村公众环境意识调查与环境教育刍议

西部农村地区公众对环境问题和有关环保政策法规缺乏必要的了解，环境意识水平普遍较低。本在把握西部农村地区公众环境意识的基本现状及发展趋势的基础上，寻求具有西部农村特色的环境教育发展对策，进而为西部大开发战略的顺利实施提供保障。     

扬农村环境优势 兴环境教育事业

漕泾中学是上海远郊的一所农村中学，也是市级环境教育特色学校之一，几年来，学校在构思环境教育计划时，坚持“扬农村环境优势，兴环境教育事业”的原则，使学校环境教育紧紧围绕一个“农”字作文章，达到环境教育既面向农村经济发展，又促进学校素质教育，学校环境教育不断向纵深方向发展。l以农村经济远景制定环境教育目标港径乡是上海远郊的一个富裕乡镇，在“九五”规划时，提出农工副三业发展近期目标与远景目标均要成为市郊一流乡镇。我们从这一要求出发，制定环境教育具体目标。我校学生gO％来自农家子女，培养有一定环保素质人才…     

Projected Changes in Discharge in an Agricultural Watershed in Iowa

Our improved capability to adapt to the future changes in discharge is linked to our capability to predict the magnitude or at least the direction of these changes. For the agricultural United States Midwest, too much or too little water has severe socioeconomic impacts. Here, we focus on the Raccoon River at Van Meter, Iowa, and use a statistical approach to examine projected changes in discharge. We build on statistical models using rainfall and harvested corn and soybean acreage to explain the observed discharge variability. We then use projections of these two predictors to examine the projected discharge response. Results are based on seven global climate models part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). There is not a strong signal of change in the discharge projections under the RCP 4.5. However, the results for the RCP 8.5 point to a stronger changing signal related to larger projected increases in rainfall, resulting in increased trends, in particular, in the upper part of the discharge distribution (i.e., 60th percentile and above). Examination of two hypothetical agricultural scenarios indicates that these increasing trends could be alleviated by decreasing the extent of the agricultural production. We also discuss how the methodology presented in this study represents a viable approach to move forward with the concept of return period for engineering design and management in a nonstationary world.     

Pesticides in rain in four agricultural watersheds in the United States

Rainfall samples were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at four agricultural locales across the USA in Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska, and California. The samples were analyzed for 21 insecticides, 18 herbicides, three fungicides, and 40 pesticide degradates. Data from all sites combined show that 7 of the 10 most frequently detected pesticides were herbicides, with atrazine (70%) and metolachlor (83%) detected at every site. Dacthal, acetochlor, simazine, alachlor, and pendimethalin were detected in more than 50% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and diazinon were the only insecticides among the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Of the remaining pesticide parent compounds, 18 were detected in fewer than 30% of the samples, and 13 were not detected. The most frequently detected degradates were deethylatrazine; the oxygen analogs (OAs) of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion; and 1-napthol (degradate of carbaryl). Deethylatrazine was detected in nearly 70% of the samples collected in Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska but was detected only once in California. The OAs of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were detected primarily in California. Degradates of the acetanilide herbicides were rarely detected in rain, indicating that they are not formed in the atmosphere or readily volatilized from soils. Herbicides accounted for 91 to 98% of the total pesticide mass deposited by rain except in California, where insecticides accounted for 61% in 2004. The mass of pesticides deposited by rainfall was estimated to be less than 2% of the total applied in these agricultural areas.     

Investment in human capital in Africa

Summary The author analyses the problems currently faced by the African continent, recognises six factors which he believes are important in influencing the analysis, and argues that the only secure, renewable asset any country or continent has, is its people. He maintains that people development, rather than the classical economic forms of encouraging development, offers Africa a viable way forward. He then identifies a number of specific issues within such a strategy of investment in human capital.Brian Walker is the President of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), and this address was given at the inaugural meeting of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, in London, on 18th April, 1985. A second, earlier, associated address was published inThe Environmentalist 5(3) 167–170.     

Environmental assessment in countries in transition: evolution in a changing context

Over the last fifteen years, Environmental Assessment systems of transitional societies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have undergone dramatic change from appraisals integrated into centrally planned economies to formal procedures aimed to ensure interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts and linked to publicly accountable decision-making. In most Central European nations, EA systems have been radically reformed to approximate the procedures used in developed countries, particularly in the European Union. In contrast, EA in most of the former Soviet republics has been reformed more gradually and is still based on the so-called State Environmental Review procedure inherited from the USSR and substantially different from 'Western' EA. About one-third of the transitional countries (in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia) have, so far, failed to establish functioning EA systems. Throughout the region, there has been a gap between EA legislation and practice, especially concerning interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts, public participation, and utilisation of EA findings in decision-making. A key driving force in the reform of EA systems has been the change in their societal context, the so-called 'process of transition'. Three main policy agendas--environmental protection, reforms of decision-making, and conforming to international requirements--along with the institutional context of EA regulations and practice have influenced both the change of EA systems over time and the regional variations in the patterns of their evolution. This study suggests that an effective reform of an EA system should be context-sensitive, or be 'in gear' with the political and economic transition. Future EA research should consider their changing societal contexts and focused on practical effects of applying EA procedures.     

Private participation in isolated grids in Mozambique

This article presents a case study from Mozambique of the electrification of two selected towns under a World Bank financed project. Low-cost electricity services were extended to the two isolated areas after an enabling framework had been created for private sector participation. The World Bank project also demonstrates that the private sector can be attracted to participate in rural electrification schemes even in a poor country. The example shown in this article is one of the few of its kind in SubSaharan Africa.     

我国城市生态评价研究进展

城市建设带来了越来越多的生态环境问题,生态城市建设是解决这些问题的良好途径。生态城市的建设要有一定的评价体系作为支撑,本文综述了国内基于AHP方法建立的应用较为广泛的城市生态评价体系和方法,并对国内城市生态评价的现状做了分析。     

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术研究进展

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术已得到了广泛关注.本文从电极材料与应用,电极结构及反应器形状,以及与其它处理方法联用等综述了最新研究进展,并在此基础上总结出了电催化氧化技术今后的发展方向.     

Community-company relations in gold mining in Ghana

As a result of Structural Adjustment Programme from the 1980s, many developing countries have experienced an increase in resource extraction activities by international and transnational corporations. The work reported here examines the perceived impacts of gold mining at the community level in the Wassa West District of Ghana, Africa and discusses those perceived impacts in the context of globalization processes and growing multinational corporate interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Interview data compared community members' perceptions with those of company representatives in three communities. The results indicate that communities held companies responsible for a series of economic, social, and environmental changes. While recognizing some of the benefits brought by the mines, communities felt that the companies did not live up to their responsibility to support local development. Companies responded by denying, dismissing concerns, or shifting blame. Findings from this work show that lack of engagement and action by government agencies at all levels resulted in companies acting in a surrogate governmental capacity. In such situations, managing expectations is key to community-company relations.     

Water management problems in economies in transition

Ambitious programmes of reform in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) are threatened by a serious deterioration of the environment. Large-scale damage of the natural environment in many forms, including water pollution has created development barriers which adversely affect the living conditions of current and future generations. Despite similar patterns of environmental policy in the CEE countries compared with their Western counterparts, neither environmental legislation nor economic incentives have produced any significant improvement in water quality over the last 10–20 years. For that very reason in the transition period, it is necessary to identify existing deficiencies in the system and to build up a mixed system of new institutions of water management, more realistic legislation with a strong enforcement system, and market based incentives for water conservation and protection against pollution.