前寒武纪大陆地壳构造──大陆壳体并合构造模式

根据星子理论和地球的星子堆积模型．以及地质演化两阶段模式和区域演化序列的差异，提出一种综合地质构造单元：大陆壳体。大陆克拉通内部壳体具独特的共合构造特征．文章将该构造模式称为大陆壳体并合构造（Juxtaposition-Coales-enceContinental-CrustoterraneTectonics），作为研究大陆克拉通地壳形成、演化的工作模式。作者在系统分析全球大陆克拉通地质、地球化学资料和对中国东部板内地壳构造研究基础上，将大陆克拉通地壳划分为若干类型．并总结了不同类型地壳区的区域演化序列，及并合带的类型、特征和演化，对全球大陆克拉通地壳构造以并合构造模式作了初步分析。     

陆内造山带“开”“合”时序演化的地球化学表征──桐柏北坡二郎坪群例析

陆内送带的火山岩岩石学和地球化学特征与俯冲、碰撞、增生造山带的不同．其构造环境往往不是单一的，会随时间的推移而转化。因此，研究陆内造山带构造环境要与时序结合起来。本文通过从火山岩地球化学的角度对桐柏山北坡二朗坪群的剖析，揭示出该火山岩蒂曾经历过早期和晚期的“开”“合”旋回。对时序上这种“开”“合”旋回规律的认识，无疑有助于深入研究陆内造山带，并且对利用火山岩地球化学来判断构造环境么有所启迪。     

江南造山带北缘鄣公山地区逆冲-推覆构造特征

江南造山带东端北缘皖赣相邻的鄣公山地区广泛分布一套浅变质强变形的新元古代早期火山-沉积岩系。区内自晋宁主造山期以来历经多期构造变形、岩浆活动、变质作用和沉积作用。本文着重对鄣公山地区陆内造山阶段形成的逆冲-推覆构造进行讨论,区内北东-北东东向展布的、自北向南多层次中高角度叠瓦式逆冲-推覆构造为最显著的构造变形,由瑶里-鄣源-江潭为主逆冲-推覆断层的北部平里-凫峰逆冲-推覆系和以清华-官坑-五城断裂为主逆冲-推覆断层的南部鄣公山-漳前逆冲-推覆系,以及它们内部次级叠瓦状逆冲断层组合而成。逆冲-推覆构造主体形成于早燕山期。逆冲-推覆体自北向南增生,具前展式扩展方式,推覆体属未脱离"母体怀抱"的短距离运移。逆冲-推覆构造形成于印支-南海板块向北强烈推挤的区域动力学背景下。     

滇西北宁蒗地区喜山期斑岩带形成的构造机制

宁蒗地区地处扬子准地台西缘与松潘-甘孜褶皱系的接合部位．其东为南北向的康滇地轴．西为近南北向的三江构造带。这种特定的区域构造背景决定着本区基本的菱形构造格局。区内北东向金棉-木里断裂将本区划为两个不同的建造-构造区：宁蒗西北区和宁蒗东南区。宁蒗东南区受四条北东向与北西向深断裂为界的宁南菱形构造控制，形成了叙方对称型的宁南反凸双孤联合构造。该宁南反凸双孤联会构造东弧带追踪基底南北向构造所形成的包都-波罗弧形断裂构造，控制了本区喜山期斑岩带的形成和分布。区内斑岩群（体）主要分布于该主干控岩断裂带与其它多方向构造的复合系统中。通过模拟实验，进步验证了区内斑岩带的控岩造机制。     

扬子板块东北缘中元古代的大地构造划分

扬子板块东北缘存在四条主要的中元古代变质带,自南向北依次为江南变质带、沿江变质带、云台-张八岭变质带和连云港-泗阳变质带.它们分别为中元古代的古弧后盆地、火山岛弧、裂谷及弧前盆地,扬子板块东北缘中元古代为活动大陆边缘构造体系.苏(北)胶(南)变质造山带应解体,其中一部分属扬子大陆边缘体系.     

津巴布韦绿岩带中构造型铁矿成矿特征

津巴布韦铁矿层分布普遍,是组成太古界津巴布韦克拉通绿岩带地层常见岩性单元,其岩石特征类似于"硫化物相"含铁建造层,实际上是一种伴有硅化和硫化物矿化的剪切带.过去这种构造成因的铁矿层被认为是一种原始沉积岩层,但从野外露头上可明显辨别出呈交织状分布的片理化带、褶皱变形带、石香肠构造和糜棱岩带;区域上铁矿层与层理或片理相交切,岩层呈交织状分布,同一岩层单元会重复出现.在花岗岩底辟上升作用导致岩石发生变形之前,一系列逆推断层使得原始火山沉积岩单元层产生水平伸展、叠瓦状构造推覆以及岩层重复出现.因此绿岩带地层中这种包含有构造型铁矿层的"馅饼状"岩层模式,愈来愈成为地质工作者研究的焦点.     

韧性剪切带的地球化学变异研究──以胶南造山带北缘剪切带为例

胶南造山带北缘剪切带，随着变形程度的增强，其构造岩的岩石化学成分发生明显的变异；在总结成分变异特征的基础上，分析了成分变异与体积变化、渗流流体作用的关系．确定了体积变化是造成构造岩成分变异的主要原因；同时存在大量的渗流流体作用，造成一些组分的迁移。在此基础上，讨论了花岗质构造岩在韧性变形过程中成分的迁移规律。     

中国东南大陆中、新生代岩浆作用与壳幔演化动力学

本文论述了中国东南大陆中、新生代岩浆作用的多旋回性和迁移性，构造演化与岩石系列和岩石组合的关系。前寒武纪岩石圈制约本区中、新生代岩浆作用和成矿作用，并在三种岩石围岩石学一地球物理综合模型中反映。总结了四个主要构造期岩浆作用源区特征和构造背景，并根据不同大地构造单元在碰撞造山后近南北向刊近北东向伸展裂解，从造山带挤压碰撞向伸展裂解机制转换过程探讨了中、新生代岩浆作用和壳幔演化动力学。     

西昆仑山构造格架与成矿堆积环境

本文在对西昆仑山广布的岩浆岩尤其是花岗岩研究取得的成果基础上 ,结合区域构造、沉积建造等其它地质特征 ,再造了西昆仑山地质构造发展历程 ,进而研究了区内成矿堆积环境及其矿床地质特征。结果表明 ,西昆仑山经历了复杂的地质构造演化 ,是一条由北而南分别由加里东造山带、华力西造山带和燕山早期造山带组成的复合型造山带。区内存在以下 5种主要成矿堆积环境 :洋脊 (蛇绿岩 )成矿堆积环境 (塞浦路斯型含铜黄铁矿矿床 ,豆荚状铬、镍矿床 ) ,被动陆缘成矿堆积环境 (MVT铅锌矿床 ,Sedex型铅铜矿床 ) ,火山弧成矿堆积环境 (斑岩型铜矿床 ,黑矿型铜锌铅矿床 ,矽卡岩型铜铅锌多金属矿床 ) ,弧后盆地成矿堆积环境 (海底火山喷发沉积型铁铜金矿床 ,气液充填型铜金铁矿床 )和同碰撞成矿堆积环境 (伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床 ,伟晶岩型多金属银矿床 )     

江南造山带东段鄣源枕状玄武岩的年代学与构造属性研究

江南造山带东段鄣源地区广泛发育呈构造岩块产出的镁铁质岩浆岩,包括空间上密切共生的蚀变枕状-块状玄武岩、辉长岩、辉绿岩等。玄武岩地球化学特征上总体富集轻稀土,亏损重稀土和高场强元素(Nb,P,Ti),类似于岛弧环境下岩浆活动的产物。SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年结果显示,枕状玄武岩形成于(832±19)Ma,与伏川蛇绿岩和庐山地区枕状玄武岩形成时代一致。结合区域资料,认为鄣源枕状玄武岩形成于弧后小洋盆环境,与其东侧的伏川蛇绿岩和西侧的庐山地区枕状熔岩同属新元古代中期弧后洋盆的产物。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.