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1.
Ross Hill Christine Fernance Shaun P. Wilkinson Simon K. Davy Anna Scott 《Marine Biology》2014,161(12):2931-2937
The sea anemone Entacmaea quadricolor simultaneously harbours multiple symbiont types from the genus Symbiodinium, while providing essential habitat for anemonefish. This anemone lives close to its upper thermal threshold and experiences bleaching under elevated temperature and light stress. Here, we determine whether E. quadricolor experienced a shuffling in the abundance of two genetically distinct symbiont types (Symbiodinium C25 and C3.25) during bleaching and recovery. Anemones were exposed to control (22.9 °C) or elevated temperature (28.5 °C) for 42 days, whereas for the following 75 days, all anemones were exposed to 22.9 °C. By day 47, a more pronounced bleaching occurred via symbiont expulsion in the elevated temperature treatment than the control, and the proportion of C25 to C25 + C3.25 increased by 6.2 and 13.2 % in the control and bleached anemones, respectively. The increased relative abundance of C25 to C3.25 after exposure to thermal stress may indicate that C3.25 performs poorly when temperature is elevated. Although no significant recovery in symbiont density was detected, a revival of the C3.25 genotype was found at day 117, which may indicate that it is either more competitive or has qualities that are beneficial to the symbiosis when thermal stress is no longer apparent. This work demonstrates the potential for this anemone species to shuffle its symbiont types in response to environmental change and could provide resilience during times of stress. 相似文献
2.
Carlos Ruiz Sebastián Kerry J. Sink Timothy R. McClanahan Donald A. Cowan 《Marine Biology》2009,156(10):2049-2062
The high-latitude coral communities of southern Africa suffered minimal impacts during past mass bleaching events. Recent
reports indicate an increase in bleaching frequency during the last decade, yet the actual levels of thermal stress and contributing
factors in these bleaching events, and the degree of acclimatisation or adaptation on these reefs are poorly understood. During
the 2005 warm-water anomaly in the southern Indian Ocean we conducted bleaching surveys and collected samples for genotyping
of the algal symbiont communities at 21 sites in southern Mozambique and South Africa. Coral bleaching reached unprecedented
levels and was negatively correlated with both latitude and water depths. Stylophora pistillata and Montipora were the most susceptible taxa, whereas three common branching corals had significantly different bleaching responses (Stylophora > Acropora > Pocillopora). Temperature records indicated that localised strong upwelling events coupled with persistent above-average seawater temperatures
may result in accumulated thermal stress leading to bleaching. Symbiodinium in 139 scleractinian corals belonged almost exclusively to clade C, with clade D symbionts present in only 3% of the colonies. Two atypical C subclades were present in Stylophora and Pocillopora colonies and these were more abundant in shallow than deeper sites. Taxon-specific differences in bleaching responses were
unrelated to different clades of algal symbionts and suggest that Symbiodinium C subtypes with diverse thermal tolerance, coupled with acclimatisation and morphology of the host colony influence the bleaching
response. Additionally, the predominance of putatively thermal-sensitive Symbiodinium in southern African corals may reflect a limited experience of bleaching and emphasises the vulnerability of these reefs
to moderate levels of thermal stress. 相似文献
3.
Sebastian J. Hennige Michael P. McGinley Andréa G. Grottoli Mark E. Warner 《Marine Biology》2011,158(11):2515-2526
It is speculated that differences in coral bleaching susceptibility may be influenced by the genotype of in hospite Symbiodinium and their differential responses to bleaching stressors. Photoinhibition of photosystem II (PSII), damage to the D1 (psbA)
PSII reaction centre protein and production of reactive oxygen species by in hospite Symbiodinium are likely precursors of coral bleaching. In order to assess whether photorepair rates of in hospite Symbiodinium underlie the bleaching susceptibility of their hosts, photoinhibition (net and gross), photoprotection and photorepair rates
were assessed in a bleaching-‘tolerant’ coral (P. astreoides) and a bleaching-‘sensitive’ coral (M. faveolata) using non-invasive fluorometric techniques and by blocking de novo synthesis of psbA. Previous studies using such techniques
have demonstrated that in vitro Symbiodinium types ‘sensitive’ to bleaching stressors had reduced rates of photorepair relative to ‘tolerant’ Symbiodinum types. Our measurements demonstrated that Symbiodinium in the more bleaching tolerant P. astreoides had higher photorepair rates than Symbiodinium in M. faveolata. Higher repair rates in P. astreoides resulted in lower net photoinhibition relative to M. faveolata, where both corals exhibited similar susceptibility to photodamage (gross photoinhibition). Photoprotective mechanisms were
observed in both corals; M. faveolata exhibited higher antennae-bed quenching than P. astreoides at low-light intensities, but at and above light-saturating intensities, which are different for each coral species, P. astreoides displayed more efficient non-photochemical quenching (Stern–Volmer quenching) of chlorophyll fluorescence than M. faveolata. Increased NPQ by P. astreoides at E/E
k ≥ 1 was not driven by antennae-bed quenching. The ability of in hospite Symbiodinium in P. astreoides to mitigate the effects of photoinhibition under high light conditions compared with Symbiodinium in M. faveolata, and their high repair capacity following photoinhibition, may be a key factor to consider in future bleaching studies and
may underlie the relative bleaching tolerance of P. astreoides compared to M. faveolata. 相似文献
4.
Corals harbouring genetically mixed communities of endosymbiotic algae (Symbiodinium) often show distribution patterns in accordance with differences in light climate across an individual colony. However, the
physiology of these genetically characterised communities is not well understood. Single stranded conformation polymorphism
(SSCP) and real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analyses were used to examine the genetic diversity of
the Symbiodinium community in hospite across an individual colony of Acropora valida at the spatial scale of single polyps. The physiological characteristics of the polyps were examined prior to sampling with
a combined O2 microelectrode with a fibre-optic microprobe (combined sensor diameter 50–100 μm) enabling simultaneous measurements of O2 concentration, gross photosynthesis rate and photosystem II (PSII) quantum yield at the coral surface as a function of increasing
irradiances. Both sun- and shade-adapted polyps were found to harbour either Symbiodinium clade C types alone or clades A and C simultaneously. Polyps were grouped in two categories according to (1) their orientation
towardps light, or (2) their symbiont community composition. Physiological differences were not detected between sun- and
shade-adapted polyps, but O2 concentration at 1,100 μmol photons m−2 s−1 was higher in polyps that harboured both clades A and C symbionts than in polyps that harboured clade C only. These results
suggest that the acclimatisation of zooxanthellae of individual polyps of an A. valida colony to ambient light levels may not be the only determinant of the photosynthetic capacity of zooxanthellae. Here, we
found that photosynthetic capacity is also likely to have a strong genetic basis and differs between genetically distinct
Symbiodinium types. 相似文献
5.
Mass coral bleaching events have occurred on a global scale throughout the worlds tropical oceans and can result in large-scale coral mortality and degradation of coral reef communities. Coral bleaching has often been attributed to periods of above normal seawater temperatures and/or calm conditions with high levels of ultraviolet radiation. Unusually high shallow-water temperature (>29°C) in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, USA, in late summer (20 August–9 September) and fall (1–7 October) of 1996 produced visible bleaching of two dominant corals, Porites compressa Dana, 1864 and Montipora verrucosa Dana, 1864. The present study examined chlorophyll a (chl a), total lipid concentrations, and lipid class composition in corals of both species in which the entire colony was non-bleached, moderately bleached, or bleached. Skeletal, host tissue, and algal symbiont 13C values were also measured in non-bleached and bleached colonies. In additional unevenly bleached colonies, paired samples were collected from bleached upper surfaces and non-bleached sides. Samples were collected on 20 November 1996 during the coral recovery phase, a time when seawater temperatures had been back to normal for over a month. Chl a levels were significantly lower in bleached colonies of both species compared with non-bleached specimens, and in bleached areas of unevenly bleached single colonies. Total lipid concentrations were significantly lower in bleached P. compressa compared with non-bleached colonies, whereas total lipid concentrations were the same in bleached and non-bleached M. verrucosa colonies. The proportion of triacylglycerols and wax esters was lower in bleached colonies of both species. Both bleached and non-bleached M. verrucosa had from ~17% to 35% of their lipids in the form of diacylglycerol, while this class was absent in P. compressa. 13C was not significantly different in the host tissue and algal symbiont fractions in non-bleached and bleached samples of either species. This suggests that the ratio of carbon acquired heterotrophically versus photosynthetically was the same regardless of condition. Skeletal 13C was significantly lower in bleached than in non-bleached corals. This is consistent with previous findings that lower rates of photosynthesis during bleaching results in lower skeletal 13C values. The two species in this study displayed different lipid class compositions and total lipid depletions following bleaching, suggesting that there is a difference in their metabolism of lipid reserves and/or in their temporal responses to bleaching and recovery.Communicated by J.P. Grassle, New Brunswick 相似文献
6.
Ross J. Jones 《Marine Biology》2008,154(1):65-80
Coral bleaching events are often associated with higher levels of coral mortality but when this occurs in the chronology of
individual bleaching events is poorly documented. Knowing when mortality occurs is important for understanding molecular mechanisms
and the putative adaptive significance of the response (the Adaptive Bleaching Hypothesis). In a detailed study of a coral
bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef, involving weekly and twice weekly repetitive observations of >200 individually
marked corals over an 18 month period (∼16,000 observations), it is shown that bleaching in Acropora latistella, A. subulata and Turbinaria mesenterina was an acute, rapid response, occurring within days of a peak in seawater temperatures exceeding previously described thresholds.
Subsurface light levels, measured over the duration of the event, were not anomalous. Full bleaching (i.e. whole colonies
turning bone-white) and partial bleaching (white patches) was observed in the Acropora spp. whilst the T. mesenterina colonies typically paled to a light brown colour. Algal densities in bleached corals were 10–30% of those of normally pigmented
corals (∼2.5 × 106 algae per cm2), and in this instance bleaching was clearly a sudden, isolated, stress event and not an extreme low-point in the seasonal
fluctuation of the density of symbiotic algae. Bleached corals were associated with high levels of partial and whole-colony
mortality, but mortality was exclusively limited to the two Acropora spp. Importantly, most of this mortality was recorded in surveys conducted 1 and 2 weeks after bleaching was first observed,
and for A. latistella as little as 1 week after bleaching was first observed. This suggests that in this particular bleaching event, for the Acropora species, that bleaching and mortality were intimately linked: this in turn suggests it was a pathological phenomenon. The
study highlights a problem in the adaptive bleaching hypothesis, whereby significant levels of mortality can occur in a bleaching
event before any chance for subsequent recombination of the host-symbiont unit. It is argued that in order to further evaluate
the significance of bleaching as a potentially adaptive mechanism, bleaching-induced and bleaching-related mortality have
to be fully considered. It is necessary to incorporate the cost (in terms of mortality) of a bleaching event, the recurring
cost of reverting to the original, mortal, stress–prone combination after the event, and the higher cost associated with forming
a maladaptive combination. 相似文献
7.
Colony size is an important life-history characteristic of corals and changes in colony size will have significant effects
on coral populations. This study summarizes ∼21,000 haphazard colony size measurements of 26 common coral taxa (mostly coral
genera) collected annually between 1992 and 2006 in seven Kenyan reef lagoons. There was a major coral bleaching and mortality
event in early 1998 and all seven reefs were affected. The seven locations include two long-protected Marine National Parks
(Malindi and Watamu), one relatively recently established park (Mombasa), and four unprotected locations (Vipingo, Kanamai,
Ras Iwatine, and Diani). They span about 150 km and represent three distinct fishery management regimes: old protected (OP),
newly protected (NP), and unprotected (UP). Seventeen taxa had statistically significant different sizes for comparisons of
the management regimes, with only one genus, Pavona, having larger sizes in the unprotected reefs. The size of eight coral genera showed a significant time and management interaction,
and size frequency differences that existed in management areas prior to 1998 were further increased after the bleaching event.
Time alone was a significant factor for eleven genera, and in all cases colonies were smaller after 1998. For most taxa, colony
size distributions were significantly skewed and had right-tailed distributions. After 1998, the right-tailed distributions
of Acropora, Hydnophora, and Montipora were significantly reduced. Most taxa had peaky distributions and only Acropora experienced a statistically significant change from peaky to flat. The mean sizes of taxa were not related to their mortality
across 1998, which indicates that the size effect was within rather than between taxa. Astreopora and Platygyra were well-sampled taxa that did not show an effect of management, but had reduced median sizes across 1998. Consequently,
no taxa were tolerant of both fishing and bleaching disturbances and the combined effect was to reduce the size of all corals. 相似文献
8.
Climate change is a major threat to coral reef ecosystems worldwide. A key determinant of the fate of reef corals in a warming
climate is their capacity to tolerate increasing thermal stress. Here, an increase in thermal tolerance is demonstrated for
three major coral genera (Acropora, Pocillopora and Porites) following the extensive mass bleaching event that occurred on the Great Barrier Reef (Australia) in 1998. During the subsequent
and more severe thermal stress event in 2002, bleaching severity was 30–100% lower than predicted from the relationship between
severity and thermal stress in 1998, despite higher solar irradiances during the 2002 thermal event. Coral genera most susceptible
to thermal stress (Pocillopora and Acropora) showed the greatest increase in tolerance. Although bleaching was severe in 1998, whole-colony mortality was low at most
study sites. Therefore, observed increases in thermal tolerance cannot be explained by selective mortality alone, suggesting
a capacity for acclimatization or adaptation. Although the vulnerability of coral reefs remains largely dependent on the rate
and extent of climate change, such increase in thermal tolerance may delay the onset of mass coral mortalities in time for
the implementation of low-emission scenarios and effective management. 相似文献
9.
Wiebke E. Krämer Verena Schrameyer Ross Hill Peter J. Ralph Kai Bischof 《Marine Biology》2013,160(3):563-577
This study examined the capacity for photoprotection and repair of photo-inactivated photosystem II in the same Symbiodinium clade associated with two coexisting coral species during high-light stress in order to test for the modulation of the symbiont’s photobiological response by the coral host. After 4 days exposure to in situ irradiance, symbionts of the bleaching-sensitive Pocillopora damicornis showed rapid synthesis of photoprotective pigments (by 44 %) and strongly enhanced rates of xanthophyll cycling (by 446 %) while being insufficient to prevent photoinhibition (sustained loss in F v/F m at night) and loss of symbionts after 4 days. By contrast, Pavona decussata showed no significant changes in F v/F m, symbiont density or xanthophyll cycling. Given the association with the same Symbiodinium clade in both coral species, our findings suggest that symbionts in the two species examined may experience different in hospite light conditions as a result of different biometric properties of the coral host. 相似文献
10.
Coral bleaching (the loss of symbiotic dinoflagellates from reef-building corals) is most frequently caused by high-light and temperature conditions. We exposed the explants of the hermatypic coral Stylophora pistillata to four combinations of light and temperature in late spring and also in late summer. During mid-summer, two NOAA bleaching warnings were issued for Heron Island reef (Southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia) when sea temperature exceeded the NOAA bleaching threshold, and a ‘mild’ (in terms of the whole coral community) bleaching event occurred, resulting in widespread S. pistillata bleaching and mortality. Symbiotic dinoflagellate biomass decreased by more than half from late spring to late summer (from 2.5×106 to 0.8×106 dinoflagellates cm2 coral tissue), and those dinoflagellates that remained after summer became photoinhibited more readily (dark-adapted F
V : F
M decreased to (0.3 compared with 0.4 in spring), and died in greater numbers (up to 17% dinoflagellate mortality compared with 5% in the spring) when exposed to artificially elevated light and temperature. Adding exogenous antioxidants (d-mannitol and l-ascorbic acid) to the water surrounding the coral had no clear effect on either photoinhibition or symbiont mortality. These data show that light and temperature stress cause mortality of the dinoflagellate symbionts within the coral, and that susceptibility to light and temperature stress is strongly related to coral condition. Photoinhibitory mechanisms are clearly involved, and will increase through a positive feedback mechanism: symbiont loss promotes further symbiont loss as the light microenvironment becomes progressively harsher. 相似文献
11.
Evidence that reef-wide patterns of coral bleaching may be the result of the distribution of bleaching-susceptible clones 总被引:5,自引:3,他引:5
P. J. Edmunds 《Marine Biology》1994,121(1):137-142
The hypothesis that intraspecific variation in coral bleaching is a result of the distribution of bleaching-susceptible clonal genotypes (genets) was addressed using photoquadrats recorded during the 1987 Caribbean bleaching event on a reef dominated by Montastraea annularis (Morphotype I), together with manipulative experiments with Porites porites. Nearest-neighbor analysis showed that bleached colonies (ramets) of M. annularis at 10 m depth had a high probability (0.80) of having a nearest bleached neighbor of the same genet rather than a bleached ramet of a different genet. Furthermore, the frequency distributions of bleached ramets of M. annularis in the photoquadrats was significantly different from a Poisson distribution, suggesting that bleached ramets were aggregated on the reef. Manipulative experiments with P. porites from 15 m depth showed that some genets were more susceptible to thermal bleaching than others, since three genets had significantly different rates of zooxanthellae loss when exposed to elevated temperatures in tanks receiving irradiances similar to those found in situ. These results suggest that the in situ patchy distribution of bleached ramets could correspond to the distribution of certain genets, and that adjacent genets can exhibit sufficiently different phenotypes to account for intraspecific variation in bleaching. Further studies of genet-specific coral bleaching may provide valuable insights into the causes and consequences of bleaching. 相似文献
12.
Loss of zooxanthellae (dinoflagellate Symbiodinium) from corals will sometimes lead to mass mortality of corals. To detect and quantify Symbiodinium released from corals, we developed a zooxanthellae “trap” and a quantitative PCR (qPCR) system with Symbiodinium clades A–F-specific primer sets. The trap was attached to a branch or the surface of several wild stony corals, and the water
samples within the traps, including released Symbiodinium, were subjected to qPCR. All tested corals released clade C Symbiodinium at estimates of ~5,900 cells h−1 cm−2 of coral surface. Although all tested Pocillopora eydouxi harboured both clades C and D, some of these colonies released only clade C or released a lesser amount of clade D than that
in the tissues. Our Symbiodinium quantification system revealed that wild hermatypic corals constantly release Symbiodinium to the environment. Our result suggests that some corals may discharge certain clades of Symbiodinium alternatively. 相似文献
13.
The existence of “free-living” Symbiodinium that can form symbioses with hosts is implied by the presence of hosts that produce Symbiodinium-free gametes and expulsion and/or expelled symbiotic algae from host. However, it is still unclear if potentially symbiotic
Symbiodinium are found “free-living” in the coral reef environment. Sixteen Symbiodinium strains were established from samples taken from three sampling locations of coral reef sand in Okinawa, Japan. Phylogenetic
analyses of the partial large subunit ribosomal DNA (28S-rDNA) and the internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA (ITS-rDNA)
conclusively showed that all 16 isolates belonged to Symbiodinium clade A sensu Rowan and Powers (1991). The lack of other Symbiodinium clades besides clade A in this study may be due to other clades not being readily culturable under culture conditions used
here. The new isolates could be phylogenetically divided into four groups, though no sequences were identical to previously
reported Symbiodinium. Two of the four groups were closely related to symbiotic Symbiodinium clade A isolated from a variety of host species. One isolate group formed a highly supported monophyly with Symbiodinium types that have previously been characterized as “free-living”. The remaining isolate group, although within clade A, was
quite divergent from other clade A Symbiodinium. These results indicate that novel diversity of free-living Symbiodinium exists in coral sand. 相似文献
14.
Esther Rubio-Portillo Maite Vázquez-Luis Carlos Valle Andrés Izquierdo-Muñoz Alfonso A. Ramos-Esplá 《Marine Biology》2014,161(10):2333-2343
The success that the putative alien species Oculina patagonica is able to survive under different environmental conditions may be benefiting its establishment and spreading along the Mediterranean Basin. Our objectives were to determine the response of this species, in terms of growth and bleaching, under different environmental conditions. Field data on colony growth and bleaching were obtained for a period of 18 months (from June 2010 to December 2011), in the Alicante Harbour (38°20′11″N, 00°29′11″W) and the Marine Protected Area of Tabarca (38°09′59″N, 00°28′56″W). Additionally, data on sedimentation rates, chlorophyll a concentration and organic matter were also collected. Moreover, the role of light over growth and bleaching of the coral was also studied with a field experiment. Our results showed that growth rates were similar among localities (eutrophic and oligotrophic environments), decreasing with increasing perimeter of the colony. Growth rates were at a minimum during cold months (13 °C) and enhanced during warm months until a threshold temperature; thereafter, bleaching was observed (>28 °C), being adverse for coral growth. In addition, light attenuation could act such as local stress, increasing the coral bleaching with the increase in seawater temperature. Our findings confirmed that O. patagonica has a broad tolerance to seawater temperature, irradiance and trophic water conditions, in addition to its ability to thrive through bleaching events, mainly in eutrophic environments, probably related to food availability. 相似文献
15.
Little is known concerning the fine-scale diversity, population structure, and biogeography for Symbiodinium spp. populations inhabiting particular invertebrate species, including the gorgonian corals, which are prevalent members of reef communities in the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean, and the western Atlantic. This study examined the Symbiodinium sp. clade B symbionts hosted by the Caribbean gorgonian Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae (Bayer). A total of 575 colonies of P. elisabethae were sampled in 1995 and 1998–2000 from 12 populations lying along an ~450 km transect in the Bahamas and their Symbiodinium sp. clade B symbionts genotyped at two polymorphic dinucleotide microsatellite loci. Twenty-three unique, two-locus genotypes were identified in association with these P. elisabethae colonies. Most colonies hosted only a single Symbiodinium sp. clade B genotype; however, in some instances ( n=25), two genotypes were harbored simultaneously. For 10 of the 12 populations, 66–100% of the P. elisabethae colonies hosted the same symbiont genotype. Added to this, in 9 of the 12 populations, a Symbiodinium sp. clade B genotype was either unique to a population or found infrequently in other populations. This distribution of Symbiodinium sp. clade B genotypes resulted in statistically significant ( P<0.05 or <0.001) differentiation in 62 of 66 pairwise comparisons of P. elisabethae populations. Tests of linkage disequilibrium suggested that a combination of clonal propagation of the haploid phase and recombination is responsible for maintaining these distinct Symbiodinium sp. clade B populations. 相似文献
16.
Widespread thermal anomalies in 1997-1998, due primarily to regional effects of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and possibly augmented by global warming, caused severe coral bleaching worldwide. Corals in all habitats along the Belizean barrier reef bleached as a result of elevated sea temperatures in the summer and fall of 1998, and in fore-reef habitats of the outer barrier reef and offshore platforms they showed signs of recovery in 1999. In contrast, coral populations on reefs in the central shelf lagoon died off catastrophically. Based on an analysis of reef cores, this was the first bleaching-induced mass coral mortality in the central lagoon in at least the last 3,000 years. Satellite data for the Channel Cay reef complex, the most intensively studied of the lagoonal reefs, revealed a prolonged period of elevated sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) in the late summer and early fall of 1998. From 18 September to 1 October 1998, anomalies around this reef averaged +2.2°C, peaking at 4.0°C above the local HotSpot threshold. In situ temperature records from a nearby site corroborated the observation that the late summer and early fall of 1998 were extraordinarily warm compared to other years. The lettuce coral, Agaricia tenuifolia, which was the dominant occupant of space on reef slopes in the central lagoon, was nearly eradicated at Channel Cay between October 1998 and January 1999. Although the loss of Ag. tenuifolia opened extensive areas of carbonate substrate for colonization, coral cover remained extremely low and coral recruitment was depressed through March 2001. High densities of the sea urchin Echinometra viridis kept the cover of fleshy and filamentous macroalgae to low levels, but the cover of an encrusting sponge, Chondrilla cf. nucula, increased. Further increases in sponge cover will impede the recovery of Ag. tenuifolia and other coral species by decreasing the availability of substrate for recruitment and growth. If coral populations are depressed on a long-term basis, the vertical accretion of skeletal carbonates at Channel Cay will slow or cease over the coming decades, a time during which global-warming scenarios predict accelerated sea-level rise. 相似文献
17.
O. Barneah I. Brickner M. Hooge V. M. Weis T. C. LaJeunesse Y. Benayahu 《Marine Biology》2007,151(4):1215-1223
Epizoic worms were found to occur on certain coral colonies from reefs off the coast of Eilat (Red Sea). We identified 14
coral species infested by acoelomorph worms at a depth range of 2–50 m. The host corals were all zooxanthellate and included
both massive and branching stony corals and a soft coral. Worms from all hosts were identified as belonging to the genus Waminoa and contained two distinct algal symbionts differing in size. The smaller one was identified as Symbiodinium sp. and the larger one is presumed to belong to the genus Amphidinium. Worm-infested colonies of the soft coral, Stereonephthya cundabiluensis, lacked a mucus layer and exhibited distinct cell microvilli, a phenotype not present in colonies lacking Waminoa sp. In most cases, both cnidarian and Acoelomorph hosts displayed high specificity for genetically distinctive Symbiodinium spp. These observations show that the epizoic worms do not acquire their symbionts from the “host” coral. 相似文献
18.
Many corals obtain their obligate intracellular dinoflagellate symbionts from the environment as larvae or juveniles. The
process of symbiont acquisition remains largely unexplored, especially under stress. This study addressed both the ability
of Fungia scutaria (Lamarck 1801) larvae to establish symbiosis with Symbiodinium sp. C1f while exposed to elevated temperature and the survivorship of aposymbiotic and newly symbiotic larvae under these
conditions. Larvae were exposed to 27, 29, or 31°C for 1 h prior to infection, throughout a 3-h infection period, and up to
72 h following infection. Exposure to elevated temperatures impaired the ability of coral larvae to establish symbiosis and
reduced larval survivorship. At 31°C, the presence of symbionts further reduced larval survivorship. As sea surface temperatures
rise, coral larvae exposed to elevated temperatures during symbiosis onset will likely be negatively impacted, which in turn
could affect the establishment of future generations of corals. 相似文献
19.
A. P. Rodríguez-Troncoso E. Carpizo-Ituarte D. T. Pettay M. E. Warner A. L. Cupul-Magaña 《Marine Biology》2014,161(1):131-139
Coral bleaching events are associated with abnormal increases in temperature, such as those produced during El Niño. Recently, a breakdown in the coral–dinoflagellate (genus Symbiodinium) endosymbiosis has been documented in corals exposed to anomalously cold-water temperatures associated with La Niña events. Given the ecological significance of such events, as well as the threat of global climate change, surprisingly little is known about the physiological response of corals to cold stress. This study evaluated some physiological effects of continuous temperature decline in colonies of the eastern Pacific reef-building coral Pocillopora verrucosa. Twenty days of incubation at 18.5–19.0 °C resulted in a substantial decrease in holobiont lipid and Chla content, as well as an increase in Symbiodinium density. These observations suggest a combination of symbiont acclimation due to the temperature decline and reallocation of carbon toward algal growth as opposed to translocation to the host coral. With a decreased availability of symbiont-derived carbon, the coral likely catabolized storage lipids in order to survive the stress event. Despite this stress and some tissue necrosis, no mortality was noted and corals recovered quickly when returned to the ambient temperature. As these results are in marked contrast to similar studies investigating elevated temperature on this coral from this same location, Pocillopora in the Mexican Central Pacific may be more prone to long-term damage and mortality during periods of ocean warming as opposed to ocean cooling. 相似文献
20.
Extreme tidal events are one of the most predictable natural disturbances in marine benthic habitats and are important determinants
of zonation patterns in intertidal benthic communities. On coral reefs, spring low tides are recurrent disturbances, but are
rarely reported to cause mass mortality. However, in years when extremely low tides coincide with high noon irradiances, they
have the potential to cause widespread damage. Here, we report on such an event on a fringing coral reef in the central Great
Barrier Reef (Australia) in September 2005. Visual surveys of colony mortality and bleaching status of more than 13,000 corals
at 14 reef sites indicated that most coral taxa at wave-protected sites were severely affected by the event. Between 40 and
75% of colonies in the major coral taxa (Acropora, Porites, Faviidae, Mussidae and Pocilloporidae) were either bleached or suffered partial mortality. In contrast, corals at wave-exposed
sites were largely unaffected (<1% of the corals were bleached), as periodic washing by waves prevented desiccation. Surveys
along a 1–9 m depth gradient indicated that high coral mortality was confined to the tidal zone. However, 20–30% of faviid
colonies were bleached throughout the depth range, suggesting that the increase in benthic irradiances during extreme low
tides caused light stress in deeper water. Analyses of an 8-year dataset of tidal records for the area indicated that the
combination of extended periods of aerial exposure and high irradiances occurs during May–September in most years, but that
the event in September 2005 was the most severe. We argue that extreme low-tide, high-irradiance events are important structuring
forces of intertidal coral reef communities, and can be as damaging as thermal stress events. Importantly, they occur at a
time of year when risks from thermal stress, cyclones and monsoon-associated river run-off are minimal. 相似文献