表面活性剂用量对有机膨润土稳定性的影响

为研究有机膨润土的稳定性,通过添加不同用量的表面活性剂(十六烷基三甲基溴化铵)对有机膨润土进行改性处理.将制成的有机膨润土加入清水中,通过不同振荡时间、振荡强度、超声处理时间、温度、pH值及不同浓度盐溶液的处理后,测定离心得到的上清液中总有机碳(TOC)的含量.结果表明,相同处理条件下(超声处理除外),有机膨润土的稳定性均随着改性时表面活性剂用量的增加而逐渐降低.当表面活性剂用量小于或等于膨润土阳离子交换量(CEC)时,制备的有机膨润土比较稳定.振荡时间、振荡强度及反应温度对有机膨润土稳定性的影响不明显;增加超声波处理时间、pH值过高或过低均会降低有机膨润土的稳定性;提高处理溶液中的NaCl、CaCl2浓度.可增加有机膨膨润土尤其是高表面活性剂用量的改性有机膨润土的稳定性.因此,为避免有机膨润土的二次污染,在利用表面活性剂制造有机膨润土时,应根据膨润土的阳离子交换量确定适宜的表面活性剂用量,并使溶液pH值处于中性范围.     

黄土中石油污染物的协同增溶作用研究

研究了腐殖酸钠以及阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)在单独使用及混合溶液体系去除黄土中柴油的解吸效应,探讨了振荡时间、腐殖酸钠质量浓度、pH值等因素对柴油解吸的影响.实验结果表明,两种阴离子表面活性剂对黄土中的柴油都有很好的解吸效果.投加LAS质量浓度为1.0g/L和10.0g/L后的柴油解吸质量浓度分别达到44.934 mg/L和915.171 mg/L,解吸量分别是同等实验条件下清水作用的1.7倍和34.4倍.投加SDS的质量浓度为10.0 g/L后,柴油解吸率也会比清水振荡解吸增大22.3倍.加入单一腐殖酸钠的质量浓度为1g/L时,柴油的最大解吸量是清水冲洗时的5.3倍.腐殖酸钠(0.2g/L)和LAS(8g/L)混合溶液体系对柴油的解吸量是单独使用LAS解吸量的2.4倍,腐殖酸钠(0.2g/L)-SDS(8 g/L)体系的最大解吸量是单独使用SDS解吸量的2.6倍.在pH值为8.6的条件下,腐殖酸钠-LAS混合溶液体系对柴油的解吸量达到最大值.     

2,4-二氯苯酚在黄土中的吸附-解吸行为研究

本以自制的模拟系统研究了溶液浓度、离子强度、pH值和常见金属离子对2，4-二氯苯酚在黄土中迁移行为的影响，并对实验数据用Freudlich和Langmuir经验公式进行了拟合。结果表明，2，4-二氯苯酚在黄土中的吸附／解吸过程包括两个阶段：渗滤液浓度在初始阶段降低迅速，在第二阶段变化缓慢逐渐达到平衡。用分布活性模型能很好地解释这一结果。在实验条件下，离子强度对迁移行为影响不显。在实验的pH范围内，随着pH的升高，吸附量降低，相应的解吸量加大；与碱金属离子Mg^2 、Ca^2 相比，过渡金属离子Zn^2 、Mn^2 和Cd^2 的存在能显促进黄土对2，4-二氯苯酚的滞留能力。但滞后因子尺始终较低，表明天然黄土对如2，4-二氯苯酚这样的水溶性有机物染物的滞留能力较差。在对被这类有机物污染的土壤进行修复过程中，有机物对地下水可能造成的影响是必须予以考虑的因素。     

菲和萘在黄土上的吸附等温线和吸附热力学

研究了菲和萘在黄土上的吸附行为,比较分析了Linear方程、Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程描述吸附等温线的准确性.结果表明,菲和萘在黄土上的吸附等温线呈非线性,Freundlich方程最符合其吸附行为.菲和萘在天然黄土上的吸附量随温度升高而降低.其吸附是一个放热过程,吸附热分别为0.017 74 kJ·mol-1和-0.061 25 kJ·mol-1; 吸附的标准自由能改变量分别为-9.939 kJ·mol-1和-7.333 kJ·mol-1.标准自由能的变小是菲和萘在黄土上吸附的推动力.经过阳离子表面活性剂改性后的黄土对菲和萘的吸附能力,随加入的表面活性剂占原土阳离子交换容量(CEC)的百分数增大明显增强,能更加有效地去除水环境中的多环芳烃类污染物.     

海洋沉积物吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的特性研究

以黄海海洋沉积物作为研究对象,研究了Pb在沉积物上的吸附行为,探讨了pH值、时间、温度和沉积物上不同成分对吸附作用的影响.并讨论了其吸附热力学性质和吸附机理,同时还进行了解吸研究.结果表明,pH值显著影响沉积物对Pb2+的吸附,pH=6.0时吸附效果最好.其动力学行为符合Lagergren准二级动力学模型.Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附量随着温度的升高而升高,Langmuir和Freundlich模型均能很好拟合等温吸附试验数据.热力学分析表明,该吸附过程是自发的吸热过程.沉积物中存在的碳酸盐、氧氧化物对沉积物吸附Pb的贡献最大.沉积物中的有机质与Pb2+结合更加牢固,使其不容易解吸.     

表面活性剂润湿煤层效果的研究

通过对煤层、表面活性剂性质的分析研究，确定了适应煤层注水使用的表面活性剂类型；通过煤样吸液速度与表面活性剂分子结构关系的研究，提出了螺层吸水速度不仅与表面活性剂的表面张力和接触角有关，而且还与其分子结构和煤层的基本结构单元及组份有关的观点。     

鼠李糖脂对多环芳烃的增溶作用及影响因素研究

生物表面活性剂因其环境友好的特点(可生物降解、低毒和有效增强生物降解)而有利于有机污染土壤的修复.在提高疏水性有机物在水相中的溶解度方面,生物表面活性剂的增溶效果尤为重要.通过试验研究了鼠李糖脂(RL)对多环芳烃(PAHs)菲和芘的增溶作用及溶液pH值、温度和无机盐离子浓度对增溶的影响.根据增溶倍数(Sw*/Sw)、摩尔增溶比(MSR)和胶束-水分配系数(Km)定量描述了RL对PAHs的增溶能力.结果表明,在鼠李糖脂临界胶束浓度(CMC)上下,RL对菲和芘均有增溶能力,尤其是在RL质量浓度超过其CMC时,增溶作用更加明显.Sw*/Sw显著增加,MSR随被增溶物相对分子质量增加而减小.Km随被增溶物疏水性增强而增大.pH值、温度、无机盐离子浓度对RL增溶PAHs的作用具有一定的影响.RL对菲和芘的增溶作用随pH值升高而降低;升高温度使RL对PAHs的增溶作用有所增加;无机盐离子对RL增溶PAHs的影响根据所添加的阳离子种类而异,K+促进RL对多环芳烃的增溶作用,而Ca2+的作用与此相反.     

腐殖酸钠和表面活性剂对黄土中石油污染物解吸增溶作用

选用十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和十二烷基磺酸钠(SAS)对污染的土壤进行解吸实验,研究了这3种阴离子表面活性剂和腐殖酸钠对黄土中柴油类污染物的协同增溶作用.结果表明,腐殖酸钠和3种阴离子表面活性剂对黄土中柴油的解吸均有显著增溶作用,使柴油的解吸量明显增加,柴油的去除率最高可达63%.SDS对柴油的解吸量随腐殖酸钠浓度增大呈线性增加关系;但腐殖酸钠浓度增加对 LAS和SAS的解吸曲线有突越点,超过此浓度后反而会抑制解吸作用.     

含油污泥石油醚浸提技术研究

采用石油醚浸提技术对含油率为50.1%的污泥进行处理,以回收原油.当温度为45 ℃,搅拌时间为5 min,水加入量为20 mL(pH值为9),石油醚加入量为9 mL时,油去除率为93.70%.采用气相-质谱(GC-MS)联用仪对石油醚浸提回收的废油进行定性分析并与原油进行了对比,证明该工艺可以有效保证回收废油的油品质量.     

氟碳表面活性剂对空心微珠三相泡沫抗溶抗烧性能影响研究

研究了氟碳表面活性剂添加量、氟碳表面活性剂性质和泡沫液浓度等对空心微珠三相泡沫在油面稳定性的影响,并在模拟燃烧装置上对比了添加氟碳表面活性剂前后三相泡沫的抗烧能力.结果表明,加入氟碳表面活性剂后,三相泡沫在油面的稳定性显著增强,且阴离子氟碳表面活性剂优于阳离子和两性离子表面活性剂.当阴离子氟碳表面活性剂、空心玻璃微珠和蛋白泡沫浓度分别为0.02%、6%和10%时,三相泡沫受热后表面形成黑色致密覆盖层,可有效隔绝热量向内部传递,使抗烧性得到明显提高.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。