Responses of Sesbania rostrata and S. cannabina to Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd toxicities

Responses of Sesbania rostrata and S. cannabina to Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd toxicities were assessed by a seed-suspending seedbed(SSS) approach. The results showed that the SSS approach was suitable for testing the tolerance of a plant to the stress of toxic metals. The endpoints include seed germination success, straightened radicle and hypocotyl of the seedlings from the seeds. The measurements could be done easily and accurately. It was found that the elongation of radicle was the most sensitive indicator to the stress of heavy metals among the endpoints. When exposure to lower or medium concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd, the development of the lateral roots were favorable. Species of S. rostrata was more tolerant than S. cannabina to the heavy metals, especially to Zn and Cd. The ED50 of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd were 32.90, .5.32, 4.40 and 12.00 μg/ml for S. rostrata,respectively, and they were 30.11, 2.87, 4.0.5 and 4.94 μg/ml respectively for S. cannabina.     

废弃尾矿库15种植物对重金属Pb、Zn的积累和养分吸收

在废弃的铅锌尾矿库进行人工植被恢复试验.对3年生15种植物重金属积累和养分吸收特性的研究表明,植物对土壤重金属和养分的吸收积累因植物种类、部位、金属种类和种植时间的不同而有显著差异.树木不同器官Pb质量浓度高低的总趋势为根〉叶〉茎,部分树种Zn质量浓度表现为叶〉根和茎;在15种参试植物中,加拿大紫荆根系Pb和Zn质量浓度均处于最高水平（分别为1 803 mg.kg-1和2 120 mg.kg-1）,盐肤木具有最高的茎枝Pb、叶片Pb和Zn质量浓度（分别为280、546和1 507 mg.kg-1）,旱柳具有最高的茎枝Zn质量浓度（729 mg.kg-1）和较高的叶片Zn质量浓度（1 153 mg.kg-1）.枫香、紫花苜蓿对Pb,旱柳、盐肤木、紫花苜蓿对Zn的转移系数TF值均〉1.植物Pb的富集系数BCF值均小于0.17,旱柳、盐肤木、紫花苜蓿Zn的BCF值达0.37～0.43.固氮植物体内N含量显著高于其它植物,火炬树、臭椿对P和夹竹桃对K的吸收积累能力强.随着种植时间的增加,植株体内有重金属质量浓度增加、营养元素含量下降的趋势.盐肤木、旱柳等重金属积累树种及紫穗槐、紫花苜蓿、截叶胡枝子、桤木等固氮植物在铅锌尾矿治理中具有应用前景.     

7个柳树无性系在Cu/Zn污染土壤中的生长及对Cu/Zn的吸收

通过盆栽试验来评价7个柳树无性系(旱柳?杞柳和金丝柳)修复Cu/Zn污染土壤或矿砂的潜力.研究了7个无性系在2种污染介质中的生长,叶绿素含量?根系形态及其对Cu、Zn的吸收转移.结果表明,150d后,7个柳树无性系在污染介质中都能生长,其中旱柳和金丝柳生长较好,其他无性系生长受到明显抑制.各无性系叶片出现黄化现象,叶绿素相对含量降低.根系发育受到一定程度的抑制.各无性系对Cu的积累主要在地下部,而对Zn的积累主要在地上部,特别是在叶片中.7个无性系在铜土中更容易积累重金属.各无性系生物富集系数(BCF)Cu.Cu的转移系数(TF)值均<1,Zn的TF值在1.36~2.49之间.旱10?旱34和金丝柳对Cu和Zn有较强的耐性和一定积累能力,适合在尾矿区造林和修复.     

Enhanced adaptability of Sesbania rostrata to Pb/Zn tailings via stem modulation

Sesbania rostrata is renowned for its stem nodulation, but the role of stem nodulation in the root nodulation and adaptation of S.rostrata to Pb/Zn-enriched tailings environment has been poorly understood.We investigated the effects of inoculating (with stem nodule treatment) and non-inoculating (without stem nodule treatment) Azorhizobium caulinodans on the growth, root nodulation, and N fixation of S.rostrata grown on three different types of soil substrata: Pb/Zn tailings, garden soil amended tailings, and garden soil.The results showed that plant height, stem basal diameter, biomass, chlorophyll content, nitrogen content and N-accumulation per plant were 2.3%-4.9%, 2.2%-7.7%, 27.8%-72.2%, 17.1%-23.5%, 12.3%-34.2%, and 43.1%-131.2% higher in treatments with stem nodule than those without stem nodule for the same soil substrate, respectively.With respect to soil substrata, all the measurements had consistently higher values in tailings than in amended tailings and garden soil, indicating that the poorer the soil condition, the greater the contribution of stem nodule.In contrast, the number and fresh weight of root nodules on plants without stem nodule were 6.9-11.6 times and 5.8-29.0 times higher than those with stem nodule, respectively, especially with respect to the plants grew on Pb/Zn tailings.In general, stem nodulation favored plant growth and nitrogen fixation of S.rostrata, but suppressed root nodulation.With the ability of stem and root nodulation, S.rostrata can be used as a pioneer plant species for remediation of Pb/Zn tailings.     

Enhanced adaptability of Sesbania rostrata to Pb/Zn tailings via stem nodulation

Sesbania rostrata is wellknown for its stem nodulation, but the roles of stem nodulation in root nodulation and adaptation of S. rostrata to Pb/Zn-enriched tailings environment has been poorly understood. We investigated the e ects of inoculating (with stem nodule treatment) and non-inoculating (without stem nodule treatment) Azorhizobium caulinodans on the growth, root nodulation, and N fixation of S. rostrata grown on three di erent types of soil substrata: Pb/Zn tailings, garden soil amended tailings, and garden soil. The results showed that plant height, stem basal diameter, biomass, chlorophyll content, nitrogen content and N-accumulation per plant were 2.3%–4.9%, 2.2%–7.7%, 27.8%–72.2%, 17.1%–23.5%, 12.3%–34.2%, and 43.1%–131.2%, respectively, higher in treatments with stem nodule than those without stem nodule for the same soil substrate. With respect to soil substrata, all measurements had consistently higher values in tailings than in amended tailings and garden soil, indicating that the poorer the soil condition, the greater the contribution of stem nodule. In contrast, the number and fresh weight of root nodules on plants without stem nodule were 6.9–11.6 times and 5.8–29.0 times higher than those with stem nodule, respectively, especially with respect to the plants grew on Pb/Zn tailings. In general, stem nodulation favored plant growth and nitrogen fixation of S. rostrata, but suppressed root nodulation. With the ability of stem and root nodulation, S. rostrata can be used as a pioneer plant species for remediation of Pb/Zn tailings.     

8种木本植物对矿渣中重金属的吸收与富集研究

研究通过测定栽培在铅锌矿渣中的8种木本植物体内的Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd含量,分析比较了其吸收和富集4种重金属的能力。结果表明:Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd主要富集在植物根部,只有很少一部分重金属转移到植物地上部组织中,8种植物并非超富集植物,实地植物修复中可选取光皮树、黧蒴栲、楠木以及杜鹃作为修复铅锌污染土壤的潜力树种。     

酸性淋溶对铅锌尾矿金属行为的影响及植物毒性

露天存放的铅锌尾矿受到自身酸化和酸雨的双重影响,从而加剧尾矿对环境的影响。因此,研究尾矿在酸性条件下的重金属行为及其植物毒性,对植物在铅锌尾矿地的自然定居有非常重要的意义。将铅锌尾矿砂装柱,用pH2～7溶液淋溶50天的结果表明,酸度的提高可以显著地增加尾矿砂中重金属（Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd）的溶出。而随着时间的延长,Zn的溶出量明显增高,Pb和Cu的溶出则逐渐降低。在pH值＜3时,Cd的溶出逐渐升高,pH值＞3时,Cd的溶出也呈下降趋势。酸度对重金属溶出的影响由大至小依次为Zn＞Cd＞Cu＞Pb。渗滤液对植物的毒性随着起始淋溶酸度的提高与时间的推移而加剧     

Enhanced adaptability of Sesbania rostrata to Pb/Zn tailings via stem nodulation

Sesbania rostrata is wellknown for its stem nodulation, but the roles of stem nodulation in root nodulation and adaptation of S. rostrata to Pb/Zn-enriched tailings environment has been poorly understood. We investigated the effects of inoculating (with stem nodule treatment) and non-inoculating (without stem nodule treatment) Azorhizobium caulinodans on the growth, root nodulation, and N fixation of S. rostrata grown on three different types of soil substrata: Pb/Zn tailings, garden soil amended tailings, ...     

大厂矿区锡矿尾砂对银合欢生长的影响研究

大厂矿区锡矿尾砂含有多种有毒有害物质 ,尤其是重金属As、Cd、Zn ,严重限制了植物的自然定居与生长。筛选能适应如此恶劣的条件的植物种类和对尾砂进行适当的改良是锡矿尾砂库植被恢复与重建成功与否的关键。在温室内进行的银合欢栽培实验表明 ,城市垃圾肥能较好地改善尾砂的理化性质 ,可以起到替代土壤的作用 ;银合欢在尾砂含量和垃圾肥含量各为 50 %并添加适当磷肥的组合中生长良好 ,可以作为大厂矿区锡矿尾砂库植被恢复与重建的优选植物。     

乐昌铅锌尾矿的酸化及重金属溶出的淋溶实验研究

利用淋溶实验，研究了乐昌铅锌尾矿的酸化及其对重金属溶出的影响。结果表明：高硫和中硫尾矿因含很高的有效硫（分别为２０．４％和１５．９％），在尾矿的堆放过程中会发生酸化，发生酸化的时间在第５１周左右，低硫尾矿（有效硫为７．２％）在短期内不会发生酸化。尾矿发生酸化后，将促进其中盐份的溶解，从而使得Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ和Ｃｕ等重金属的溶出增高。本研究可为铅锌尾矿的环境管理提供科学依据     

湖南下水湾铅锌尾矿库优势植物重金属含量及富集特征

矿区废弃地优势植物调查与筛选是植物修复研究的重点.通过研究湖南下水湾铅锌尾矿库区土壤重金属含量,以及库区优势植物对Pb、Zn、Cd、Mn、Cu等重金属的富集能力与转移特征,筛选出适应该地区生态修复的先锋植物.结果表明,库区发现高等植物40种,40属22科,并筛选出15种优势植物.其中地枇杷地上部分Pb含量为正常含量上限值的4.01倍,转运系数达到3.91,富集系数达到14.4,可见地枇杷对Pb具有很强的转运能力与富集能力,因此地枇杷对库区污染土壤修复具有巨大潜力,需对其Pb富集能力作进一步研究.除地枇杷外,其余14种优势植物对尾矿库区重金属污染有较好的耐性,可作为下水湾尾矿库区生态修复的先锋植物.     

湖南某铅锌矿土壤重金属形态分析及淋溶液pH值对其淋滤的影响

为了解有色金属矿区土壤重金属形态及pH值对其迁移的影响,选取对土壤环境影响较大的Hg、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Cu元素进行研究。采用欧共体参比司的三步连续提取法研究了某铅锌矿区周边农田10个土壤样品中重金属的形态分布,根据重金属形态中酸可提取态重金属的百分比,可得6种重金属的迁移能力大小顺序为Cd>Zn>Cr>Cu>Pb>Hg;用2.3、4.1、5.6、7.2四个不同pH值的淋滤液淋溶尾砂矿柱50 d,检测数据显示,酸度的提高可以显著促进尾矿砂中重金属(Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd)的溶出;除Zn元素外,其他元素在50 d内的溶出量均随时间的推移而降低。根据不同检测时间段内淋溶液溶浸出的重金属元素含量分析可知,重金属对酸性淋滤的敏感程度顺序为Cu>Pb>Zn>Cd。综合分析得出该农田重金属污染严重程度顺序为Zn>Cd>Pb>Cu>Hg>Cr。     

Tolerance of Chrysantemum maximum to heavy metals: The potential for its use in the revegetation of tailings heaps

To find if ornamental plants are applicable to the remediation of metal-polluted areas, the tolerance of chrysanthemum plants (Chysanthemum maximum) var. Shasta to different metals under hydroponic conditions was studied. Their responses as influenced by the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe BEG25 on substrates containing mine residues were also investigated. Our results showed that chrysanthemum is a metal-tolerant plant under hydroponic conditions, plants behaving as Pb-excluders, whereas Cd, Cu and Ni were accumulated in roots. Low accumulation in flowers was observed for Cd and Cu but it was concentration-dependent. Ni and Pb were not translocated to flowers. Shoot biomass was not significantly affected by the different rates of mine residue addition for both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal plants accumulated less Pb and Cu in both shoots and roots than non-mycorrhizal plants. Chysanthemum could be a prospective plant for revegetation of tailings and the use of inoculation may decrease plant metal accumulation in polluted soils.     

Physiological responses and detoxific mechanisms to Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd in young seedlings of Paulownia fortunei

Paulownia fortunei has been successfully used in the phytoremediation of many Pb/Zn mine tailings. However, seed germination and young seedlings of P. fortunei rarely occurred in these mine tailings. The physiological responses and detoxific mechanisms of P. fortunei young seedling to Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd stress were investigated. The germinated rate, shoot length, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in leaves of young seedlings had a great reduction under Zn and Cu treatments, but had little decrease under Pb and Cd treatments. The production rate of O₂^•−, H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents significantly increased in response to added Zn and Cu indicating great oxidative stress for young seedlings, but they had no significant change to added Pb and Cd. Young seedlings had effective detoxific mechanism to Pb and Cd, as antioxidant enzymes activities, phytochelatins (PCs-SH) and proline contents increased with increasing rates of added Pb and Cd. However, young seedlings had un-effective detoxific mechanisms to Zn and Cu stress. Results revealed the heavy metals (such as Cu) that present at low concentrations in mine tailings may be major constraint for the survival of young seedlings.     

珊瑚钨锡矿硅质尾矿中Cd、As、Zn、F富集迁移及环境污染

硅质尾矿在释放中性矿山废水(NMD)时所伴生的多元素复合污染问题值得重视。本文以桂东北珊瑚矿尾矿作为研究对象,通过分析该尾矿的组构、元素富集及迁移特性,筛选出主要污染元素,并探讨尾矿胶结层对元素富集迁移的影响。结果表明:(1)该尾矿中Cd、As、Zn及F富集程度较高、可交换态含量(易迁移释放量)较大,是主要的污染元素,而Cu、Pb、Tl产生污染的可能性较小;(2)胶结层对重金属具有再富集作用,但其对可交换态Cd、As(Tl)再富集明显,而对可交换态Cu、Pb、Zn再富集则不明显。胶结层中次生伊利石、石膏等胶结物趋向于吸附富集活性可交换态Cd、As。这表明该尾矿可能迁移释放出含Cd、As浓度较高的NMD。研究表明,硅质尾矿风化释出NMD的同时,可能伴生Cd、As、Zn等重金属以及F的复合污染。     

陕北采油区灌木枯落叶对油污土壤环境的改良效应

采集陕北石油污染区典型荒地土壤,分别以3种石油污染水平(轻度污染15g/kg,中度污染30g/kg,重度污染45g/kg)油土混合培养后,施入当地9种常见灌木枯落叶进行室内分解培养试验120d,检测不同灌木枯落叶对油污土壤生物化学性质的影响.结果表明:柠条、沙棘、紫穗槐、沙蒿和小叶女贞枯落叶可明显促进3种水平油污土壤微生物的生长和土壤呼吸.柽柳、柠条、花棒和踏榔枯落叶可明显促进3种水平油污土壤碱性磷酸酶和脱氢酶活性.柠条、沙蒿、踏榔、小叶女贞、花棒、柽柳和紫穗槐枯落叶可明显增加3种水平油污土壤有机碳和速效K含量.爬地柏、沙棘和花棒枯落叶可明显提高3种水平油污土壤Fe、Mn和Zn的有效性.综合而言,柠条和踏榔枯落叶对3种水平油污土壤均有明显改良效果,紫穗槐枯落叶对轻度油污土壤、小叶女贞枯落叶对中度油污土壤,柽柳和紫穗槐枯落叶对重度油污土壤也均有较明显的改良效果.     

钒钛磁铁矿尾矿库复垦土地及周边土壤-玉米重金属迁移富集特征

选取承德中部典型钒钛磁铁矿集中区为研究区,分尾矿库复垦土地、尾矿库周边农用地和对照区农用地系统采集了土壤样品和玉米样品各86件,尾矿砂样品50件,矿石和矿石围岩样品33件.在分析土壤和玉米籽实样品Fe、Cu、Ni、Cd、Cr、Pb、Zn、Hg、Ti、Mn和Mo元素含量和土壤、尾矿砂和矿石围岩重金属赋存形态基础上,采用描述性统计、地累积指数、RDA分析和生物富集系数等方法论述了钒钛磁铁矿尾矿库复垦土地及周边土壤和玉米重金属迁移富集特征.结果表明,尾矿库复垦土地及周边土壤元素地累积程度由强至弱为：P > Cu > Fe₂O₃ > Cr > Ti > V > Ni > Mn > Cd > Zn > Mo > As > Pb > Hg,重金属地累积程度总体属无累积-中度累积水平,土壤Cr和Cu元素超农用地土壤污染筛选值比例为2.32%和1.16%.尾矿库及周边地区玉米籽实Fe、Ti、As、Pb和Mn元素相对较高,对照区玉米籽实Mo、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Cr元素含量相对较高.玉米籽实Pb、As和Ni含量超国家食品限量标准比例分别为18.60%、11.63%和1.16%,均位于尾矿库及其周边区域.尾矿库复垦土地玉米籽实As、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ti和Mn元素生物富集强度相对最高,对照区玉米籽实Cu、Zn和Mo生物富集程度相对较高.尾矿库及周边土壤重金属生物有效态占比Cd元素最高,达50.17%;其次为Ni、Zn和Cu,平均占比为13.61%、13.23%和5.17%.与对照区土壤样品相比,尾矿库复垦土地土壤样品Pb、As和Hg元素表现为总量低,但生物有效性含量和土壤pH高;Cu和Zn总量高但生物有效含量和pH较低特点,使得尾矿库及其周边土壤As和Pb生物富集强度相对增大.在研究矿区尾矿库复垦土地和矿区周边土壤重金属污染生态风险和修复目标值时,宜以重金属生物有效态限值为评价标准.     

广东乐昌铅锌尾矿的酸化潜力

利用净产酸试验(NAG)和净产酸潜力试验(NAPP)方法,研究了广东乐昌铅锌尾矿的产酸潜力.该尾矿的黄铁矿的硫和总硫含量分别为12.57%和18.68%,NAG和NAPP值分别为H₂SO₄ 220 kg·t^-1和326 kg·t^-1,NAG和NAPP的试验结果都表明该尾矿有着很高的产酸潜力.由于黄铁矿硫不会完全被氧化,NAG比NAPP可更为准确地预测尾矿的产酸潜力.2个剖面的分析表明,因氧化难以进入尾矿深部,酸化主要发生在尾矿表面0～20cm,且对下层尾矿的影响很小.尾矿的pH值与EC值显著负相关,表明酸化促进乐昌尾矿中盐分的溶解和重金属的迁移,在酸化的表层,有效态Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd含量显著高于未酸化的下层,而Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd的总量却显著低于未酸化的下层.     

Risk assessment of heavy metal contaminated soil in the vicinity of a lead/zinc mine

Heavy metal contamination of soils through anthropogenic activities is a widespread and serious problem confronting scientists and regulators throughout the world. In this study we investigated the distribution, chemical species and availability of lead, zinc, cadmium and copper in nine surface（0 to 20 cm） soils from near an abandoned lead/zinc mine tailings located in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China. Total heavy metal contents ranged from 5271 to 16369 mg/kg for Pb, 387 to 1221 mg/kg for Zn, 3.0 to 9.3 mg/kg for Cd and 65 to 206 mg/kg for Cu. In general, all heavy metals exceeded China National Standards for Soil Environmental Quality of Heavy Metals by a factor of 3-65 times. Comparison of the heavy metal concentrations（Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu） with clay content revealed a strongly significant relationship while significant relationship（ P 〈 0.001 ） was also obtained between Cd ＋ Zn and Pb ＋ Cu. Solid phase speciation of the soils using Tessier procedure showed that the heavy metals were distributed in the order： residual 〉〉 organically complexed-Fe-Mn oxides occluded 〉 carbonate bound 〉 exchangeable 〉 water soluble. In the organic matter fraction, the ratio of Pb（29.1% ） to its total concentration in the soils was higher than those of Zn（4.70% ）, Cd（3.16% ） and Cu（9.50% ）. The percentages of the water soluble and the exchangeable fractions of Pb（1.80% ） and Cd（2.74% ） were markedly greater than those of Zn（0.10% ） and Cu（0.15% ）, suggesting that Pb and Cd are relatively more mobile and hence more toxic in the contaminated soils. Strongly significant relationships between H20-Pb, H20-Zn and H20-Cu, strong positive correlations between H20-Pb, H20-Zn, H20-Cu and organic matter in soil were found. The content of H20-Pb, H20-Zn, H20-Cu was negatively correlated with pH values. The similar negative relationships between pH values and exchangeable heavy metals were also recorded. It is suggested that increasing soil pH or liming the soil could decrease bioavailability of heavy metals in the soil.     

铅锌尾矿中重金属在模拟酸雨淋溶下的浸出规律

重金属尾矿污染是世界性难题,污染水体、大气和土壤,对周边的生态环境和人体健康造成严重危害。在我国酸雨范围大且酸雨问题比较严重的背景下,探讨酸雨淋溶下尾矿中重金属的浸出规律将有利于加强我国重金属尾矿的污染控制和管理。采用湖南桃林铅锌尾矿库中的尾矿模拟酸雨条件进行淋溶实验,研究发现重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Mn含量分别为1252.5,849.4,363.1,280.0mg/kg。其中,Pb、Zn主要以残渣态存在,分别占69.7%和53.8%;Cu主要以有机结合态存在,占67.0%;Mn主要以铁锰氧化态、有机结合态和残渣态存在,共占90.0%。在静态淋溶实验中,固液比越大、模拟酸雨pH值越小,重金属的浸出浓度越大。在动态淋溶实验中,Zn、Mn浸出浓度随时间呈现减小趋势,而Pb和Cu浸出浓度随时间先增大,后减小。