城市环境治理的涵义、特征与原则

城市环境治理是各级管理者依据国家和当地的环境政策、环境法律法规和标准,运用法律、经济、行政、技术和教育等各种手段,调控人类生产生活行为,协调城市经济社会发展与环境保护之间的关系,限制人类损害城市环境质量的活动的有关行为的总称．城市环境治理具有综合性、区域性、群众性与动态性等特征,其本质是影响人的行为,转变城市经济发展模式．城市环境治理的原则主要表现在：全面规划、合理布局的原则;明确责任的原则;预防和保护为主的原则;公众参与的原则;强化法治,综合治理的原则;分类指导,突出重点原则;科技创新原则等．     

偏振能量色散X-射线荧光光谱法测定土壤中Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb四种重金属元素

以土壤和水系沉积物标准物质为校准样品,采用粉末样品压片制样,建立了偏振能量色散X-射线荧光光谱仪测定土壤中Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb四种重金属元素的方法。该方法分别采用Ge,Zn,Zr等3个不同二次靶对被分析元素进行选择性激发和测定,利用经验系数和康普顿散射线作内标校正基体效应,优化了元素校准曲线方程,实验结果表明,土壤和水系沉积物标准物质准确度实验结果符合定值要求,方法精密度RSD在1.12%~6.09%之间(n=10),Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb四种重金属元素的检出限分别达到2.54、0.93、0.96、0.98 mg/kg。土壤样品测定值与原子吸收法测定结果一致,该方法准确度、精密度、检出限均能满足土壤检测的需要。     

离子色谱法测定大气降水中的氟离子、乙酸、甲酸、氯离子、硝酸根和硫酸根离子

用氢氧化钾淋洗离子色谱法同时测定降水样品中的氟离子、乙酸、甲酸、氯离子、硝酸根、硫酸根离子等无机和有机阴离子。该方法简便、快速、精密度好、6种阴离子在12min内全部分析完毕。8次测试的相对标准偏差小于2.8%,检出限在0.39~7.6μg/L之间,加标回收率在94.7%~105.3%之间,能满足降水样品中阴离子的检测,是降水样品中阴离子检测的理想方法。     

洞庭湖表层沉积物中重金属污染特征、来源与生态风险

选择洞庭湖9个有代表性的样点,研究了洞庭湖表层沉积物中重金属的空间分布特征、主要来源与生态风险。结果表明,洞庭湖Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Cr的含量分别为0.60~20.70、0.090~0.640、10.4~83.7、17.9~70.9、16.9~95.8、59.0~199.0 mg/kg,Cd、As出现超过土壤环境质量三级标准的现象,是主要重金属污染物;Cd、Hg的空间分布相似,表现为南洞庭湖区西洞庭湖区东洞庭湖区;As、Cu、Pb、Cr的空间分布相似,表现为南洞庭湖区东洞庭湖区西洞庭湖区。相关分析结果显示:As、Cd、Hg、Cu、Pb之间呈显著正相关,Cr与其它重金属之间没有显著的相关性。主成分分析结果表明,第一主成分的Hg、As、Cd主要受工矿业采冶支配,第二主成分的Cr、Pb、Cu主要与生活污水排放和农业生产有关。沉积物质量基准法初步评价结果表明,洞庭湖Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Cr等重金属均具有引起较低生态风险的可能性,部分点位Cd、As、Cr具有引起较高生态风险的可能性。受Cd、As含量较高的影响,南洞庭湖区具有较高的生态风险。     

安徽省淮河以北、江淮之间和长江以南地区农村环境质量综合评价

对2018和2019年安徽省淮河以北、江淮之间和长江以南地区的农村环境质量进行综合评价与差异性分析。结果表明,淮河以北、江淮之间和长江以南地区的农村环境、生态及环境质量综合状况均以优良为主,无较差和差的等级,江淮之间和长江以南地区均优于淮河以北地区。提出,在今后经济和社会发展过程中,安徽省淮河以北地区应重视农村环境和生态保护工作,重点提高环境空气质量、饮用水水源地和地表水水质状况。     

微波消解-原子荧光法测定土壤中汞、砷、硒

建立了微波消解-原子荧光法测定土壤中汞、砷、硒的方法.汞在0.00 μg/L～1.00 μg/L、砷在0.00 μg/L～10.0 μg/L、硒在0.00 μg/L～2.00 μg/L之间线性关系良好,以称样0.200 0 g计,检出限汞为0.005 mg/kg,砷为0.009 mg/kg,硒为0.025 mg/kg.经国家有证标准物质验证,方法精密度与准确度均能满足土壤环境样品的测试要求.     

广州PM2.5污染特征及影响因素分析

对广州市2008—2010年PM_2.5质量浓度、影响因素数据资料进行整理统计,通过定性分析、定量计算以及对各物理量之间的相互作用过程研究,得出PM_2.5质量浓度变化特征和各影响因素之间的关系。结果表明,PM_2.5质量浓度变化呈现夏季和非夏季2种典型的季节性特征,夏季月平均值0.049 mg/m³,主要分布在0.03～0.05 mg/m³,非夏季月均值为0.063 mg/m³,分布于0.05～0.08 mg/m³之间;夏季、非夏季PM_2.5质量浓度超标率(采用美国EPA标准)分别为70.7%、77.8%,质量标准2倍、3倍以上出现的概率都表现出明显的季节性差异;PM_2.5与温度正相关,和其他因素负相关,其中与能见度相关性最大,其次是温度、风速,与降雨量相关性最差,与气压、相对湿度相关系数季节性特征显著。     

安徽省淮河流域2003年7月汛期污染规律分析

通过对安徽省辖淮河流域 7月份汛期的水质监测结果进行主要污染物浓度及流量之间的变化趋势初步分析 ,结果表明 ,汛期淮河流域整体水质状况有所改善 ;干流污染物浓度与流量存在相关。汛早期受面源污染影响较为明显 ,中、后期受点源污染为主 ;支流污染物浓度与流量之间相关不显著 ,主要受点源排污影响。     

IC法分析大气颗粒物水溶性离子的国内外研究进展

结合近十多年来国内外在大气颗粒物水溶性离子分析应用方面的研究状况,分别对大气颗粒物中水溶性离子基本特征、分布状况;离子色谱法对大气颗粒物水溶性阴、阳离子的分析方法;大气颗粒物水溶性离子与主要大气污染物和降水化学组成之间的关系;大气颗粒物中水溶性离子与大气降水化学组成之间的关系;大气降尘和沙尘暴尘(沙尘气溶胶)中的水溶性离子等有关的研究内容作了综述和展望.     

碳中和实践进展、实现路径与展望

概述了国内外在碳中和实践与实现路径方面的研究进展,包括能源路径、技术路径、社会路径和政策经济路径。在此基础上,提出了应用实证数据和模型模拟开展碳中和定量评估、通过不同国家碳中和目标的比较和分析来评估全球碳中和能力和成本、加强不同碳中和路径与产业之间的相关性及多路径共同效应研究等建议。     

A survey of Pb,Cu, Zn,Cd, Cr,As, and Se in earthworms and soil from diverse sites

Earthworms and soils were collected from 20 diverse sites in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, and were analyzed for Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, As, and Se. Correlation coefficients relating concentrations of the elements in earthworms to concentrations in soil were low (–0.20<r<+0.57). Species differences and ecological variables contributed to the variability in concentrations of these elements in earthworms. The maximum concentrations of Pb (2100 ppm), Zn (1600 ppm), Cd (23 ppm) and Se (7.6 ppm) detected in earthworms were in the range reported to be toxic to animals fed diets containing these elements; however, even in the absence of any environmental contamination, some species of earthworms may contain high concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Se. Earthworms of the genus Eisenoides, for example, were exceptional in their ability to concentrate Pb. When earthworms are used as indicators of environmental contamination, it is important to identify the species, to report the soil characteristics, and to collect similar earthworms from very similar but uncontaminated soil.     

Mercury in Tree Swallow Food, Eggs, Bodies, and Feathers at Acadia National Park, Maine, and an EPA Superfund Site, Ayer, Massachusetts

We monitored nest boxes during 1997–1999 at Acadia National Park, Mt. Desert Island, ME and at an old-field site in Orono, ME to determine mercury (Hg) uptake in tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) eggs, tissues, and food boluses. Also, in 1998–1999 we monitored nest boxes at Grove Pond and Plow Shop Pond at a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Superfund site in Ayer, MA. We recorded breeding success at all locations. On average among locations, total mercury (THg) biomagnified 2 to 4-fold from food to eggs and 9 to 18-fold from food to feathers. These are minimum values because the proportion of transferable methyl mercury (MeHg) of the THg in insects varies (i.e., 35%–95% of THg) in food boluses. THg was highest in food boluses at Aunt Betty Pond at Acadia, whereas THg in eggs was highest at the Superfund site. A few eggs from nests at each of these locations exceeded the threshold (i.e., 800–1,000 ng/g, wet wt.) of embryotoxicity established for Hg. Hatching success was 88.9% to 100% among locations, but five eggs failed to hatch from 4 of the 11 clutches in which an egg exceeded this threshold. MeHg in feathers was highest in tree swallows at Aunt Betty Pond and the concentration of THg in bodies was related to the concentration in feathers. Transfer of an average of 80%–92% of the Hg in bodies to feathers may have enhanced nestling survival. Residues of Hg in tissues of tree swallows in the Northeast seem higher than those of the Midwest.     

The impact of terrorism and FDI on environmental pollution: Evidence from Afghanistan,Iraq, Nigeria,Pakistan, Philippines,Syria, Somalia,Thailand and Yemen

In this study, the relationships among environmental pollution, terrorism, foreign direct investments (FDI), energy consumption and economic growth is investigated for Afghanistan, Iraq, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Syria, Somalia, Thailand and Yemen covering the 1975–2017 period utilizing Panel cointegration tests, ANOVA tests, long-run estimators and panel trivariate Causality tests. ANOVA results are in favor of evidence of homogeneity between the selected countries. Long-run estimators reveal that terrorism, FDI, energy consumption and economic growth have statistically significant effects on environmental pollution. Panel trivariate Causality test determines the causal relationship between the variables. Accordingly, one-way causal nexus from terrorism to Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions and from FDI inflows to CO₂ emissions are found in the short-run. In the long-run, with strong causality results, the evidence of bi-directional causality between CO₂ emissions and other variables, namely, terrorism, FDI inflow energy consumption and economic growth are detected.     

Testing Bioassessment Metrics: Macroinvertebrate, Sculpin, and Salmonid Responses to Stream Habitat, Sediment, and Metals

The purpose of this article is to report on the testing of responses of multimetric macroinvertebrate and habitat indices to common disturbances to streams: stream habitat alteration, excessive sediment, and elevated metals concentrations. Seven macroinvertebrate community metrics were combined into a macroinvertebrate biotic index (MBI), and 11 channel morphology, riparian, and substrate features were combined into a habitat index. Indices were evaluated by comparing the habitat results to fish population surveys and comparing the macroinvertebrate results to habitat ratings, percent fine sediments measured by Wolman pebble counts, and copper concentrations. Macroinvertebrate scores decreased with increasing percentages of fine sediments measured either across the bankfull or instream channel widths. Macroinvertebrate scores decreased with increasing copper. One metric, richness of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa, was more responsive to both copper and sediment than was the multimetric MBI. Habitat scores corresponded well with the age class structure of salmonids, but not with that of benthic sculpins. Both salmonid and sculpin age classes declined with increasing percentages of fine sediments. The decline was graded with the sculpin age classes, whether fine sediments were measured across the instream or bankfull channel, whereas salmonids consistently responded only to the instream fine sediments.     

Pollution, fractionation, and mobility of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in garden and paddy soils from a Pb/Zn mining area

This study was conducted to investigate the pollution load index, fraction distributions, and mobility of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in garden and paddy soils collected from a Pb/Zn mine in Chenzhou City, China. The samples were analyzed using Leleyter and Probst’s sequential extraction procedures. Total metal concentrations including Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn exceeded the maximum permissible limits for soils set by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, and the order of the pollution index was Cd > Zn > Pb > Cu, indicating that the soils from both sites seriously suffered from heavy metal pollution, especially Cd. The sums of metal fractions were in agreement with the total contents of heavy metals. However, there were significant differences in fraction distributions of heavy metals in garden and paddy soils. The residual fractions of heavy metals were the predominant form with 43.0% for Pb, 32.3% for Cd, 33.5% for Cu, and 44.2% for Zn in garden soil, while 51.6% for Pb, 40.4% for Cd, 40.3% for Cu, and 40.9% for Zn in paddy soil. Furthermore, the proportions of water-soluble and exchangeable fractions extracted by the selected analytical methods were the lowest among all fractions. On the basis of the speciation of heavy metals, the mobility factor values of heavy metals have the following order: Cd (25.2–19.8%) > Cu (22.6–6.3%) > Zn (9.6–6.0%) > Pb (6.7–2.5%) in both contaminated soils.     

Concentration of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Al, and Fe in soils of Manresa, NE Spain

The aims of this study were to determine the contents of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), aluminium (Al), and iron (Fe) (aqua regia-extractable) in 27 soil plots (54 samples) from Manresa, NE Spain, and to establish relationships between heavy metals and some soil properties. The main soil types were surveyed and the median concentrations (mg kg(-1)) obtained were Cd 0.28, Cu 20.3, Pb 18.6, Zn 67.4, Al 22,572, and Fe 21,551. Element concentrations for these soils were lower than the published values for the Valencia region (Spain) and Torrelles and Sant Climent municipal districts (Catalonia, Spain). In terms of soil properties, the results of this study suggest that, in Manresa soils, both trace element adsorption and retention are influenced by several properties such as clay minerals, carbonates, organic matter, and pH. All element contents were positively correlated with clay content. Pb and Zn were negatively correlated with pH and CaCO(3).