染料溶液的臭氧脱色效率和残留物的分析研究

选用偶氮、蒽醌和菁型三类染料中的11种作为研究对象,考察不同反应时间下臭氧对染料色度脱除和溶液pH值变化的影响,并对降解后溶液中的残留物进行定量分析.结果表明,除分散染料外,所有可溶性染料在20min内的脱色率均达到79%以上;不同应用类型染料的脱色速率顺序为:活性＞酸性＞直接＞阳离子＞分散,在可溶性染料中,同类型的分子质量小的染料脱色速率较快.酸性物质的生成使得溶液的pH值随反应时间的推移而下降,最终pH值都低于4.5,pH值与脱色率在总体上的变化趋势一致.臭氧氧化脱色表现为复杂的染料分子被降解成为简单的有机化合物,染料分子中的-SO3H和-Cl基团大部分生成了SO2-4和Cl-,而PO3-4仍以游离的H2PO4-存在于溶液中,氮则是根据其基团的不同而部分被降解生成NO-3,降解溶液中不存在NO-2.     

纳米Ti02多孔微粒阳光催化降解活性艳蓝染料

首次利用高分子悬浮聚合与溶胶—凝胶法相结合的技术，成功地制备不同孔结构的TiO2多孔微粒，并对其光催化降解活性艳蓝KN—R的染料溶液PH、无机阴离子、光强、通空气等影响因素进行了系统研究。结果表明：强酸性条件有利于染料在催化剂表面的吸附，而强碱性条件有利于催化反应的进行；常见无机阴离子cl^-、so4^2-，对染料降解有不同程度的抑制作用；染料降解效率随光强增加而提高；光降解动力学结果表明：TiO2多孔微粒对活性艳蓝KN—R染料的光催化降解反应符合一级反应动力学；降解时持续通空气有利于降解效率的提高。实验证明所制得的微粒具有良好的光催化降解效果和重复使用性能。     

北京市不同区域大气气溶胶粒子中水溶性离子的特征

在北京市两个区域同时采集不同粒径的气溶胶粒子,利用离子色谱分析了样品中的水溶性无机离子组分．研究发现,城乡结合带采集的总水溶性离子浓度比郊区高．两地水溶性离子浓度有明显的季节变化趋势,SO4^2-浓度冬季最高,而夏季许多离子浓度普遍较低,NO3^-质量中值直径随季节变化有明显的不同．Na^ 浓度受地表植被影响较大．两地NO3^-,SO4^2-,NH4^ ,K^ 四种离子间的相关系数很好,可能是因为这些离子的来源相似．     

酸性染料的臭氧降解与中间产物

以酸性金黄G模拟染料废水为研究对象,观察臭氧氧化过程中染料溶液吸光度和TOC的变化,利用离子色谱仪、红外光谱仪和GC/MS对染料的降解过程进行了分析,并用发光细菌法检测了溶液急性毒性的变化,结果表明,臭氧对染料的降解符合一级反应动力学,反应40 min后染料溶液的脱色率达到99.3%,TOC去除率为35.7%;染料分子中的S有97.8%被转化为SO2-4,分子中的仲胺基部分转化成酰胺基,水解后生成NH+4,最终氧化成NO-3,溶液中有草酸产生;溶液在臭氧化前期由于生成了醛类和酚类物质,使急性毒性首先呈上升趋势,25min后随着氧化的深入,溶液毒性开始逐渐下降,     

水稻不同时期吸收的氮素的行为

为研究水稻不同时期吸收的氮素在其体内的行为，作者利用^15NH^4＋和^15NO3^-双标记，对Indica水稻亚种（品种Hinohikari）进行水培，在分蘖期、幼穗分化期、开花期施用，将培养液卢州）20mg／L的NH4NO3换成相同质量浓度的^15TH4NO3或NH4^15NO3；部分水稻在一周后收获，其他分别在分蘖期、幼穗分化期、开花期、成熟期收获。植株分成根系、地上部的底部、地上部的顶部、旗叶和穗部，对各自的全氮、^15N进行测定，计算植物的总吸收量。从施用量、植株总吸收量以及三部分总和的植株氮残存量的比较来研究氮素在两种水稻亚种中的行为。研究结果表明，各个时期的^15NH4NO3或NH4^15NO3处理下水稻的N吸收总量上没有差别，但1周后收获的^15NH4-N处理的水稻中^15N的含量比^15NO3-N要高得多，直到成熟期收获的水稻都有同样的结果，这意味着各个时期吸收的NH4-N和NO3-N有着不同的损失量，吸收的NO3-N比NH4-N要损失得多。水稻叶片的氮素损失可能以N2O和NH3的形式。不同氮肥形态的处理下转移到穗部的氮素的量和来源也不相同，在NH4^15NO3的处理中穗部的^15N主要来自地上部的底部，而在^15NH4NO3的处理中穗部的^15N主要来自分蘖期吸收的^15N，少量来自成熟期并且^15N主要来自植株的各个部分。     

氮在水稻中的行为及其品种间的差别

目前氮肥的利用效率很低，很多研究重点放在氮肥在土壤过程中的损失，对植物本身的氮素损失较少注意。作者利用^15NH4^ 和^15NO3^-双标记，对Indica和Japonica水稻亚种进行水培，在分蘖期、幼穗分化期、开花期施用，将培养液ρ(N)20mg／L的NH4NO3换成相同质量浓度的^15NH4^ NO3或NH^15NO3^；部分水稻在一周后收获，其他分别在分蘖期、幼穗分化期、开花期、成熟期收获。植株分成根系、地上部和穗部，对各自的全氮、^15N进行测定，计算植物的总吸收量。从施用量、植株总吸收量以及三部分总和的植株氮残存量的比较来研究氮素在两种水稻亚种中的行为。研究结果表明，两种植物都近100％吸收了所施用的^15NH4NO3或NH4^15NO3，但^15NH4^ 和^15NO3^-在Japonica的残存量要比Indica多，损失的部分可能往大气中散失了，意味着两种水稻亚种有着明显不同的氮素利用率。比较^15NH4^ 和^15NO3^-的残存量，结果表明^15NH4^ 留在植株体内要比^15NO3^-多，尤其在抽穗期施用的情况下，植物体在后期对^15NO3^-的转化能力大大减弱，但这部分的氮如何损失掉尚不清楚。比较植株体内各部分的氮素含量，发现Japonica的穗部比Indica含有更多的氮素，表明氮在前者的体内转化效率和利用效率高。试验结果表明，不同水稻亚种对氮素的利用以及不同氮素形态在其体内的行为不同。     

非贵金属催化电解无害化去除硝酸盐氮的反应机制

以Ti/Co-Fe-Cu为阴极,Ti/IrO2-RuO2为阳极组成无隔膜电解体系,对非贵金属催化电解无害化去除NO3--N的反应机制进行了实验研究和理论分析.结果表明,NO3--N阴极催化还原过程中,反应物、产物需要通过对流、扩散作用,克服电场力,迁移至目标位置;在非贵金属的催化作用下,NO3--N受还原剂攻击,逐步还原为NH4+-N;还原中间产物NO-N和NH-N直接生成N2-N的过程受抑制,产物NH4+-N难以被再度直接氧化.添加Cl-作为支持电解质,实验电解体系发生阳极析氯、Cl2水解、NH4+-N氯氧化等过程,可将NH4+-N氧化为N2-N,且出水中NO3--N、NO2--N、氯胺类浓度很低.NO3--N无害化去除的反应机制是NO3--N在催化作用下,经传质、吸脱附、电子交换过程,还原为NH4+-N,NH4+-N经由Cl-→Cl2→HOCl→Cl-电解氯氧化循环,最终生成N2-N.     

一株新分离的克雷伯氏菌对三苯基锡的降解性能及离子释放规律

研究了克雷伯氏菌在无机盐培养基和去离子水中对三苯基锡(TPhT)的降解性能,考察了不同时间TPhT降解率与各离子释放量的变化关系,为论证有机锡的微生物降解机理提供实验依据.5.0 g.L-1菌体处理120 h后,3.0 mg.L-1TPhT在无机盐培养基和去离子水体系中的降解率分别高达77.3%和60.9%.在TPhT降解过程中,TPhT会促进菌体离子的释放,加剧菌体的内陷并增加凋亡细胞的数量.TPhT的降解率与NH4+、Na+、PO34-、SO24-、NO2-的释放在0.01水平下显著正相关,Na+、NH4+、Ca2+的释放规律符合准二级动力学模式.XPS分析证明菌体降解TPhT 120 h前后细胞表面元素和基团没有发生改变,但TPhT则发生了转化.     

黄孢原毛平革菌对代表性染料的生物降解及降解途径的初探

用紫外分光光度法测定黄孢原毛平革菌与代表性染料共培养的吸光度,根据培养颜色的变化,吸光度的减小,λmax的移动及染料的脱色率,降解率,研究各种培养参数对梁料生物降解动态过程的影响,结果表明：BKM－F－176菌种的降解能力较OGC101强,浅层培养条件有利于染料分子的彻底降解,偶氮键的断裂是偶氮染料降解的重要步骤,蒽醌梁料发生稠环的开裂,因降解程度的不同,终产物中或保留部分共轭系统,或为在200－700nm范围内无最大吸收峰的非共轭结构物质。     

纳米TiO_2多孔微粒阳光催化降解活性艳蓝染料

首次利用高分子悬浮聚合与溶胶-凝胶法相结合的技术,成功地制备不同孔结构的TiO2多孔微粒,并对其光催化降解活性艳蓝KN-R的染料溶液pH、无机阴离子、光强、通空气等影响因素进行了系统研究。结果表明:强酸性条件有利于染料在催化剂表面的吸附,而强碱性条件有利于催化反应的进行;常见无机阴离子Cl-、SO42-,对染料降解有不同程度的抑制作用;染料降解效率随光强增加而提高;光降解动力学结果表明:TiO2多孔微粒对活性艳蓝KN-R染料的光催化降解反应符合一级反应动力学;降解时持续通空气有利于降解效率的提高。实验证明所制得的微粒具有良好的光催化降解效果和重复使用性能。     

Early responses of soil ammonium and nitrate nitrogen to forest gap harvesting of a Pinus massoniana plantation in the upper reaches of Yangtze River北大核心CSCD

To understand the short-term effects of forest gap by human harvesting on soil available nutrient in Pinus massoniana plantations, the variations of soil ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) concentrations in the gap center and gap edge during growing season were observed in seven gaps of different size (Gl: 100 m2; G2:225 m2; G3:400 m2; G4:625 m2; G5:900 m2; G6:1225 m2; G7:1600 m2) and pure understory of a 39-year-old masson pine plantation in a hilly area of the upper reaches of Yangtze River. The results showed that in the early stage of gap formation, the gap size had significant effect on NH4+-N, the season changes on NP3--N, and the interaction effect of gap size and seasonal variation on NH4+-N and NO3--N. The difference of NH4+-N and NO3--N between the gap center and gap edge was not significant. (I) The NH4+-N content was 4.30-11.99 mg kg-1, and NO3--N content was 2.57-10.81 mg kg-1. There was no obvious difference in NH4+-N and N03--N among gaps of different size in early or late growing seasons, when both increased first and decreased afterwards in the middle of growing season. The gaps of 100∼400 m2 area had a higher content of available nitrogen. (2) The seasonal dynamic differed between NH4+-N and NO3--N, with the former lower in middle growing season whereas the latter higher in the middle growing season but lower in the end of growing season. The soil NH4+-N was higher than NO3- -N in the early and late periods, but lower in the middle period. (3) The soil NH4+-N and NO3--N in parts of gaps were lower than understory in the early and late growing season. (4) Correlation analyses showed that NH4+-N had significant positive correlation with microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), and NO3--N with soil temperature, MBN and organic matter. But the impact of soil water content on available nitrogen was not significant. These results suggested that soil temperature and microbial activity variation caused by gap harvesting are the main factors affecting soil available nitrogen content of Pinus massoniana plantations.     

沿淮麦区大气无机态氮质量浓度的观测研究

2010年6月6日至6月16日,运用采样器TH-110B和TH-150C收集了地处沿淮麦区3个观测点的气体（NH3和NO2）和气溶胶样品,初步探讨了小麦收获期大气气态氮和颗粒态氮质量浓度的特征。结果表明：气态氮质量浓度以NO2最高,其时均质量浓度和日均质量浓度分别为0.57～0.64 mg.m-3和0.29～0.63 mg·m-3,且均超标（0.24和0.12 mg·m-3）;颗粒态氮质量浓度以NH4＋-N最高（4.12～78.28μg·m-3）,占总氮的47.00%～71.19%。此外,农业活动如收割,可增加大气气溶胶及无机态氮的质量浓度。     

影响雨生红球藻797株生长和虾青素积累的某些因素

研究了雨生红球藻 (Haematococcuspluvialis) 797株的N源需求和营养盐吸收 ,并利用高光强和乙酸钠处理该藻 ,研究虾青素累积情况以及超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性、营养盐、细胞状态的变化 .NH+ 4 N培养的生长速率明显高于NO-3 N培养 ,平均生长速率分别为 0 .2 79d-1和 0 .190d-1.NH+ 4 N培养所消耗的N、P营养盐比NO-3 N培养的消耗少 .两种N源下强光照处理 1d和 7d均导致雨生红球藻细胞数减少而静细胞比例增加 .在虾青素合成阶段 ,藻液N含量急剧下降而P含量基本保持稳定 ,说明虾青素合成对N的需要量大而对P的需要小 .在NO-3 N培养下 ,乙酸钠的加入则对虾青素的生产无显著影响 .在NH+ 4 N培养下SOD活性下降而虾青素含量升高 ;在NO-3 N培养下SOD活性与虾青素含量同时升高 .图 2表 4参 15     

A study on major inorganic ion composition of atmospheric aerosols

Atmospheric aerosol samples were collected from Akola and Buldana region covering around 40 sqkm area during October-November 2002 and were analyzed for ten major inorganic ions namely F-, Cl-, NO3-, SO4(2-), PO4(2-), Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and NH4+ using ion chromatographic technique. The average mass of aerosols was found to be 225.81 microg/m3 with standard deviation of 31.29 and average total water soluble load of total cations and anions was found to be 4.32 microg/m3. The concentration of ions in samples showed a general pattern as SO4(2-) > NO3- > Cl- > PO4(2-) > F- for anions and Na+ > Ca2+ > NH4+ > Mg2+ > K+ for cations. The overall composition of the aerosols was taken into account to identify the sources. The trend showed higher concentration of sodium followed by calcium, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate and ammoinum and found to be influenced by terrestrial sources. The presence of SO4(2-) and NO3- in aerosols may be due to re-suspension of soil particles. Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl- are to be derived from soil materials. The presence of NH4+ may be attributed to the reaction of NH3 vapors with acidic gases may react or condense on an acidic particle surface of anthropogenic origin. The atmospheric aerosol is slightly acidic due to neutralization of basicity by SO2 and NO(x).     

类羧酸对棕壤中与氮素转化有关的生物活性的影响

类羧酸是一种带有羧基的化工副产品，其主要成分是二羧酸和三羧酸。具有较强的络合能力，可以用做螯合剂。文章通过室内培养实验，研究了类羧酸对棕壤中与氮素转化有关的生物活性的影响。结果表明类羧酸能显著抑制土壤脲酶活性，有效减少尿素水解产物氨的挥发损失；能促进土壤中含氮有机物的分解，并能抑制土壤中氨态氮向硝态氮的转化。另外施用类羧酸还能改善土壤中氮素的有效性，提高土壤的供氮能力。     

空心菜浮床栽培对集约化养殖鱼塘水质的影响

以叶绿素a(Chla)、TN、NH4+-N、NO2-N、NO3-N、TP、PO43-P、CODMn等为主要水质指标研究浮床栽培空心菜对集约化养殖鱼塘的净化作用。结果表明,通过4次收获,空心菜产量可达69618.0～73161.6kg.hm-2;空心菜覆盖率为10%和20%处理组通过收获空心菜直接从1hm2养殖池塘中移出的TN分别为27.51、52.35kg,TP分别为2.83、5.39kg。在相同监测时间下,Chla、TN、NH4+-N、NO2-N、NO3-N、TP、PO43-P、CODMn等各项水质指标按对照组、10%处理组、20%处理组的顺序均呈逐渐降低趋势;其中20%处理组对Chla、TN、NH4+-N、NO2-N、NO3-N、TP、PO43-P、CODMn的去除率分别为15.16%～49.02%、9.04%～36.56%、19.23%～46.34%、22.76%～47.74%、13.33%～56.52%、33.33%～45.10%、27.27%～48.15%、3.13%～19.05%。与对照塘相比,处理塘鱼类成活率明显提高,说明在主养鱼为鲫鱼的苗种养殖池塘中采用浮床栽培空心菜能够促进水体物质循环,加强...     

Heating induced changes in mineral nitrogen and organic carbon in relation with temperature and time

Heating effects on carbon and mineral nitrogen contents of soils within different land use types were investigated in this study. With this intention we collected soil samples from 3 different land use types which are abandoned agricultural lands (AAL), shrub land (SL) and Oak forest land (OFL) and are in neighborhood with each other. The sampling was made at mid-summer to provide a better correspondence between factual buming conditions as well. Soils are slightly acidic (pH between 4.60-5.72) and sandy, sandy loamy textured. At the study site the vegetation type is pasture at AAL, Cystus and Rubus sp. dominated shrubs at SL and mixture of Oak species such as Quercus petrea, Q. robur Q. cerris and Q. frainetto at OFL. The results we found revealed that heating temperature has more remarkable effect on C losses and soil NH4+-N re-mineralization and losses of NH4+-N. Besides we could not detect remarkable differences between total N and NO3- amounts. Heating time created significant differences between NH4+-N amounts for different land use types where SL soils showed significant difference for all temperature levels. Heating soils at 100 degreesC created only slight differences at C and NH4+-N budgets but heating at 200 degreesC caused to striking results at NH4+-N budgets and heating at 350 degreesC led to only slight increase at NH4+-N budget. As the temperature increased the C loss also increased linearly.     

农田浅层土壤氮素空间分布研究

采用田间随机抽样法研究了麦田氮素的空间分布规律。从均值看,硝态氮在土壤0~20 cm表层大量累积,20~40 cm层锐减,下层变化减慢;土层中铵态氮含量低且表现出不同层次间的稳定性。小麦生长期间灌溉显著影响土壤中硝态氮的分布:与不灌水土壤样本相比较,灌溉大大降低了表层土壤硝态氮的累积量。土壤全氮0~20 cm层明显高于20~40 cm层。     

Nitrogen exchange between a southeastern USA salt marsh ecosystem and the coastal ocean

The salt marsh ecosystem at North Inlet, South Carolina, USA consistently exported dissolved inorganic nitrogen via tidal exchange with the coastal Atlantic Ocean. Concentrations centrations of NH ₄ ⁺ and NO ₃ ^- +NO ₂ ^- displayed distinct tidal patterns with rising values during ebb flow. These patterns suggest the importance of biogeochemical processes in the flux of material from the salt marsh. NH ₄ ⁺ export peaked during the summer (15 to 20 mg m^-2 tide^-1) during a net balance of tidal water exchange. Remineralization of NH ₄ ⁺ within the salt marsh system appears to be contributing to the estimated annual net export of bout 4.7 g NH ₄ ⁺ -N m^-2 yr^-1. NO ₃ ^- +NO ₂ ^- exports were higher in the fall and winter of 1979 (2 to 4 mg N m^-2 tide^-1). The winter export coincided with a considerable net export of water with no distinctive concentration patterns, suggesting a simple advective export. However, the fall peak of NO ₃ ^- +NO ₂ ^- export occurred during a period of net water balance in tidal exchange and an insignificant freshwater input from the western, forested boundary. During the summer and fall, tidal concentration patterns were particularly apparent, suggesting that nitrification within the salt marsh system was contributing to the estimated annual net export of ca 0.6 g NO ₃ ^- +NO ₂ ^- -N m^-2 yr^-1.Contribution No. 637 from the Belle W. Baruch Institute of Marine Biology and Coastal Research