生态示范区规范化建设探讨

生态示范区是以生态学和生态经济学原理为指导，以协调经济、社会发展和环境保护为主要目的，实行统一规划，综合建设，实现生态良性循环，社会经济健康持续发展的一定行政区域。它是一个相对独立，又对外开放的社会、经济、自然的复合生态系统。生态示范区建设是区域可持...     

生态经济示范区建设刍议

生态经济示范区建设刍议安徽省贵池市环境监测站丁艳平生态经济示范区是以生态经济学原理为指导，以协调经济、社会、环境建设为主要对象，在一定行政区域内生态良性循环的基础上，实现经济社会全面健康的持续发展，是一个相对独立，又对外开放的社会、经济、自然的复合生...     

清原县生态示范区建设与可持续发展

清原县地处大伙房水库上游，资源丰富，但经济欠发达，实施生态示范区建设，其意义在于以生态环境建设促进经济建设。依据县生态环境状况及存在的主要环境问题，结合国民经济发展规划，运用生态学原理，以实现可持续发展战略和促进经济增长方式转变为中心，概述了清原县生态示范区建设总体规划，从经济、生态、社会三方面进行了效益分析，从人口素质、产业结构、工业布局、资源利用、污染控制和城乡建设等六个方面进行了可持续发展分析。     

开拓生态环境监测 服务生态省建设

生态示范区是指以生态学和生态经济学原理为指导，以协调社会、经济发展和环境保护为主要目标，统一规划，综合建设，生态良性循环，社会经济全面、健康、持续发展的示范性行政区域。1995年国家环保局决定在全国开展以县域为单位的生态示范区建设试点工作，共有农业生态、乡镇工业、资源合理利用、生态恢复、防止污染、生物多样性保护为主要内容的六种类型。     

多元化的生态示范区

自1995年7月国家计委、国家环保局联合发出《关于开展全国生态示范区建设》的通知,并将生态示范区建设列为“九五”重点之后,我国生态示范区建设迅速步入稳步发展和扩容时期。生态示范区是以生态经济学原理为指导,以协调经济、社会、环境建设为主要对象,在一定行政区域内生态良性循环的基础上,实     

开拓生态环境监测 服务生态省建设

我国生态省与生态示范区建设现状生态省与生态示范区的概念生态示范区是指以生态学和生态经济学原理为指导,以协调社会、经济发展和环境保护为主要目标,统一规划,综合建设,生态良性循环,社会经济全面、健康、持续发展的示范性行政区域。1995年国家环保局决定在全国开展以县域为单位的生态示范区建设试点工作,共有农业生态、乡镇工业、资源合理利用、生态恢复、防止污染、生物多样性保护为主要内容的六种类型。     

建生态示范区走持续发展路

句容市把建设国家级生态示范区作为该市实施四大目标之一。环保局作为创建的主要职能部门，始终把创建工作当作服务经济建设、提升环保工作的地位和水平的重要抓手，为建设台商投资密集区、现代化中等城市和中国旅游强市三大目标提供必不可少的环境支持，努力实现环境保护与经济建设“双赢”目标。建设生态示范区要以生态规划为指导句容市政府委托国家环保总局南京环科所编制的符合句容实际的《句容市生态示范区建设总体规划》已经专家评审通过。该规划把句容分成五个生态经济功能区，即城区及城郊生态经济区、应时鲜果生态经济区、有机农业…     

盱眙目标──生态示范区

江苏省盱眙县素有人均“两亩耕地一亩山，一亩水面一亩滩”之说，近几年充分挖掘地方特色和资源优势，把小流域整治、产业结构调整与生态示范区建设有机结合起来，初步走出了一条经济、环境、社会三效益协调发展之路。目前全县上下齐心协力，把目标瞄准了国家级生态示范区。 ２００１年２月，盱眙县成立生态示范区建设领导小组，由县长任组长，分管农业、环保的副县长分别任副组长，其他相关部门主要负责人为成员，领导小组下设生态示范区创建办公室，负责生态示范区建设的组织、协调和指导。同时，科学制订生态示范区建设规划，自２０００…     

清原县生态示范区建设与可持续发展

清原县地处大伙房水库上游,资源丰富,但经济欠发达,实施生态示范区建设,其意义在于以生态环境建设促进经济建设。依据县生态环境状况及存在的主要环境问题,结合国民经济发展规划,运用生态学原理,以实现可持续发展战略和促进经济增长方式转变为中心,概述了清原县生态示范区建设总体规划,从经济、生态、社会三方面进行了效益分析,从人口素质、产业结构、工业布局、资源利用、污染控制和城乡建设等六个方面进行了可持续发展分析。     

关于生态示范区建设的若干思考

回顾全国生态示范区建设试点工作的开展与深化过程，可以看出生态示范区建设之所以具有旺盛的生命刀，是与重大的社会经济背景分不开的；本文在此基础之上，分析了生态示范区的建设类型和内在结构，指出生态示范区尽管建设类型多样，但其内在结构是有共性的：即生态工程、生态经济、生态意识；最后，笔者认为生态示范区的走向不外乎两个方面，一是巩固提高，二是深化发展。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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