甘南黄河水源补给区生态补偿农户参与意愿分析

生态补偿是非常有效的解决世界生态问题的政策工具集,农户作为生态补偿项目的实施主体,其参与意愿直接影响生态补偿项目的实施绩效和可持续性。甘南黄河水源补给区承担重要的生态服务功能,属国家级限制开发区,自2003年开始,实施退牧还草等生态工程。在此背景下,通过实地调研,运用二项Logistic模型进行分析,得出以下结论:①甘南黄河水源补给区农牧民对生态补偿项目的认知水平很低,主要是客观条件限制和政府宣传力度不足所致;②受生产方式的影响,甘南黄河水源补给区内,农区农户的生态补偿参与意愿强于半农半牧区、纯牧区;③对甘南黄河水源补给区农户生态补偿参与意愿影响最显著因素是农户对现行退牧还草政策的满意度,其次为农户家庭年收入、牲畜存栏数、退牧还草政策实施后的收入变化及其对生态补偿项目的支持度,再次为农牧民对生态补偿的了解度及其环境意识。基于此,提出了进一步完善生态补偿政策、提高农户参与意愿的措施,为进一步完善生态补偿机制提供借鉴。     

南水北调中线工程水源地市场化生态补偿机制研究

生态补偿是确保南水北调中线工程水源地生态环境安全的重要举措。分析了南水北调中线工程水源地现有的政府主导型生态补偿机制,为了探索在南水北调中线工程水源地生态补偿中引入市场化机制的实现方式,基于对理论与现实依据的分析,提出了四种水源地市场化生态补偿模式:(1)水权交易模式:提出水权的市场交易机制与拍卖机制构想;(2)发展权流转模式:受水区对水源区进行产业补偿,帮助水源区建立"飞地";(3)生态经济模式:依托水源地生态环境,实现生态产品市场效益;(4)公共物品市场购买模式:政府利用补偿资金购买私人部门提供的水源地生态建设服务或项目。最后就如何以政府为主导,在南水北调中线工程水源地引入市场化生态补偿机制提出了相关对策建议。     

森林生态补偿机制若干重点问题研究

我国森林资源有限．并且大多分布在经济欠发达地区。然而森林生态效益的受益者主要是江河中下游地区,一般属于经济较发达地区。因而如何给森林生态效益提供者实施补偿．实现生态公平。建立森林生态补偿机制显得十分必要,这也是当前国内外研究的热点问题之一。结合我国的实际情况．在研究提出我国生态补偿政策总体框架和分析评价国内外森杯生态补偿研究与实践进展的基础上．对森林生态补偿机制的若干重点问题进行操讨：界定了森林生态补偿的内涵与范畴;对补偿森林类型进行分类．主要分为防护林、特种用途林两类;对森林生态补偿标准进行估算．考虑营造林的直接投入、保护森林生态功能而放弃经济发展的机会成本和森林生态系统服务功能的效益三个方面的因素;培育森林生态补偿市场化途径,加强对私人企业的激励机制．建立基金寻求国外非政府组织捐赠机构支持等办法;开征森林生态税,对征收对象、征收范围、征收依据和税率等进行研究;最后提出森林生态补偿的“三步走”战略。包括补偿基金完善阶段。补偿基金与生态税双轨并行阶段。生态税独立运行阶段。     

水源地生态补偿机制研究进展

水源地生态补偿机制是一种调动水源地生态保护的经济手段。本文首先从生态补偿的概念、特征、目标与原则、主客体分析、补偿标准和补偿方式等方面综述了水源地生态补偿的发展现状与存在的问题。国外水源地生态补偿起步早、发展成熟;国内起步相对较晚且不完善,存在补偿标准偏低、资金来源单一、监督评估体系几乎空白等问题。通过综述水源地生态补偿实施效益评估方面的研究及案例发现,尽管国内外已有相关学者开始探索评价生态补偿政策的实施效果,但仍缺乏对生态补偿政策的有效监管与效益评估方法。针对以上问题,本研究提出通过拓展资金渠道,引导市场化资金募集方式;因地制宜,多重补偿方式相互结合;建立水源地生态补偿实施效益评估机制等几方面建议,以此完善水源地生态补偿机制的建立与优化。最后,本文指出采用定性描述与定量指标相结合,探索全面、有效与可行的水源地生态补偿机制实施效果监督与评估体系作为今后水源地生态补偿的主要研究方向。     

基于水排污权交易的流域生态补偿研究

市场导向的流域生态补偿措施是政府补偿机制下的对流域水资源进行生态补偿的重要措施,市场导向的补偿措施之一是构建基于水排污权交易的市场体系,目前这一体系的理论构架尚未建立。本文尝试通过借鉴碳排放交易体系来构建流域内水排污权交易市场,探讨对中国现阶段以政府补偿为主要内容的流域生态补偿进行补充。本文在借鉴欧盟碳排放交易体系(EU ETS)三阶段改革内容基础上,结合水污染排放特征,构建了流域内水排污权交易市场,并通过建立流域生态补偿模型,基于考察流域内上、下游排污企业进行水排污权交易的内在动因,从理论层面分析水排污权交易市场运行机制。研究表明,水排污权交易市场同样可采用"总量控制与交易"机制,其基本要素包括水污染排放上限、覆盖范围、配额分配方式、交易保障体系、法律基础等;水排污权交易市场是对现有流域生态补偿机制的补充,形成了"政府宏观调控为主导、市场机制有效补充"的协同模式;上游地区企业获得的生态补偿主要源于分配得到的水排污权,市场机制能够激励上游地区污染减排。最后,本文提出水排污权交易市场体系应该从以下几个方面进行推进:制定排污权交易的相关法律法规,从法律上界定排放权的所有权和可交易性质;水排污权交易的市场定位仅是对现有流域生态补偿机制的有效补充,决不能忽视政府补偿在生态补偿中的主导作用;水排污权交易不局限于某个地区内部,而应该分流域建立水排污权交易,从而实现跨界流域生态补偿;流域生态补偿需兼顾补偿与惩罚机制,通过制度设计激励污染减排。     

退耕还林(草)的生态补偿机制完善研究——以西部黄土高原地区为例

生态补偿措施是退耕还林（草）工程顺利进行的重要保障。以退耕还林（草）在黄土高原地区的实施情况为例，通过问卷调查，应用生态经济学的相关理论进行分析，认为应从以下几个方面完善退耕还林（草）工程的生态补偿机制：首先，建立退耕还林（草）的补偿组织体系；其次。以退耕还林（草）所造成的农民机会成本的损失来确定补偿标准。根据工程的进程和资金的投入情况．可将生态补偿划分为基本补偿、产业结构调整补偿和生态效益外溢补偿三个阶段；第三，根据产业结构调整取得显著成效所需的时间来确定补偿年限；最后提出退耕还林（草）的补偿方式及可能的资金渠道来源。生态补偿计量方法的研究将是今后研究的重点和难点。     

长三角地区生态补偿利益相关者及其行为响应

生态补偿是调整利益相关者利益、维护生态系统服务功能的重要政策工具,政府付费项目是生态补偿的重要类型。基于长三角地区上海、苏州和湖州生态补偿实践的调查,运用利益相关者分析和比较分析方法,辨识地方政府付费型生态补偿利益相关者属性、类型及其行为响应差异并揭示原因。按照影响力、参与度和经济利益性的不同,将生态补偿补偿利益相关者分为核心、次核心I、次核心II和边缘型。结果表明,三地实践中,市、县(区)政府是核心利益相关者,与我国地方政府权威具有一致性;现行补偿制度没有赋予乡镇和村等次核心利益相关者I讨价还价的资格,成为其在环境治理和民生改善项目上有限响应的法律约束条件;次核心利益相关者II(媒体、环保NGO、科研机构)虽然有主动响应的积极性,但参与度还不高;农户的利益相关者属性和类型因地而异,且农户、企业和社会公众的响应比较微弱。同时,不同利益相关者利益目标和属性亦存在冲突,不同地区利益相关者在监督与审计、制度调整以及环境治理和民生投入方面的响应也不完全一致。利益相关者属性、类型及其行为响应差异,与生态补偿制度安排、当地经济社会发展和地方政府偏好等深层次原因紧密相关,这也是今后我国地方政府付费型生态补偿项目设计需要重视的问题。随着我国生态补偿制度的不断发展,基于利益相关者视角,地方政府付费型生态补偿项目设计,应注重增加利益相关者的满意度和公众参与度,注重生态补偿制度安排与当地经济社会发展的协调融合。     

海南省森林生态补偿机制的社会经济影响分析

建立森林生态补偿机制能够部分或全都地实现森林生态效益的价值，体现出利益相关者之间的平等性，动员全社会参与森林生态系统的保育，更好地加强森林可持续经营的能力。本研究以海南省为案例，从居民问卷分析和机构调查分析入手，分析生态公益林区的生态环境和社会经济影响，讨论建立海南省生态补偿的管理机制。研究表明，大多数农户对生态补偿机制持赞同态度。从总体上看，生态补偿机制的建立对改善生态环境起到了很大的作用，但是农户得到森林生态补偿较低，难以有效地提高农户的生活水平。通过案例研究发现，林业管理机构和居民面临的共同困难是资金不足，由此带来生态公益林保护与周边地区经济发展之间的矛盾，表现为保护与地区经济收入的冲突，耕地面积减少与剩余劳动力的矛盾。在案例研究结果的基础上，探讨海南省森林生态补偿机制的核心问题，提出了海南省森林生态补偿机制的初步设想，包括科学制定地方性生态补偿标准、构建高效的地方管理机构，提高社区能力建设以及扩展生态补偿多元化融资渠道等。     

长江退捕渔民的生计风险与应对策略选择研究

退捕渔民的生计安置是长江十年禁渔能否顺利实施的关键所在,如何防范和避免生计转型中的致贫返贫倾向、实现退捕渔民的可持续发展具有重要现实意义。基于长江退捕渔民调查数据,通过建立生计风险指标体系,识别和评估长江流域不同区域和不同类型退捕渔民的生计风险,利用Binary Logistic模型分析长江退捕渔民生计风险对其应对策略选择的影响机制,以期为科学制定有效的生计风险防范体系提供支撑。研究表明：(1)长江地区渔民退捕后的生计模式以兼业型为主,收入来源主要是非农收入;(2)禁渔政策实施后,长江地区渔民的生计多样化指数呈整体下降趋势,普遍面临着较高的生计风险,生计风险多重性指数为8.5;(3)自然风险、金融风险和政策风险是渔民退捕后面临的最主要的三大风险,不同区域和不同类型退捕渔民的生计风险存在差异性;(4)外出打工和向亲朋借钱是退捕渔民应对风险最主要的策略选择,不同风险因素一定程度上会影响退捕渔民的应对策略。应进一步优化安置帮扶政策,提高政策的持续稳定性,建立多元化的补偿机制,筑牢退捕渔民的生计资本基础,降低其生计风险,确保实现退捕渔民“退得出、稳得住、能致富”。     

制度分析与发展框架下流域生态补偿的应用规则:基于新安江的实践

探索流域生态补偿是推进生态文明建设、依靠制度保护环境的重要举措。当前,流域生态补偿制度正在广泛地改变流域生态环境和流域水资源利用的使用方式。不过,该制度受到复杂规则体系的约束,这些规则以及规则采取的形式,可能会对该制度的最终结果产生关键影响。本文从制度分析与发展(IAD)框架出发,讨论流域生态补偿的应用规则体系,剖析我国首个跨区域上下游横向生态补偿机制的试点项目——新安江生态补偿,分析有可能实现持续利用流域生态系统服务的应用规则,及其在流域生态补偿中的逻辑关系和具体表现,并从效率、公平、问责、适应性四个方面对规则进行评估。研究表明,流域生态补偿规则体系为规定补偿主体、增加生态系统服务额外性、界定生态补偿的条件性、调节利益分配以及与其他社会目标相适应等行为提供了普遍遵循的规则,为解决流域生态补偿中存在的一般性问题提供解决方向。新安江实践表明,位置规则明晰补偿主体和责任、边界规则选择参与者标准、选择规则规定允许的行动集合、偿付规则创新补偿渠道和分级制裁,是跨区域流域生态补偿机制建立的基石;信息规则确定可用完整的信息、聚合规则适当放权于当地居民、范围规则建立与流域匹配的管理机构,是促进流域生态补偿持续性的重要因素。通过创造责任共担的多元职位规则,改进市场化的边界规则和偿付规则,建设多元化、市场化的流域生态补偿制度,形成有效的补偿规则体系,将有利于流域生态补偿制度在更大范围、更广领域实现成功应用。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.