城市灾害应急能力评价研究

城市灾害应急能力评价是城市灾害管理的重要内容，建立城市灾害应急能力评价体系对增强城市灾害管理能力和提高政府部门对灾害的应急响应能力有极其重要的意义。文章从系统理论的角度出发，运用层次分析法（AHP）和专家词查法合理地确定了各个评价指标的权重，建立起城市灾害应急能力评价模型。该方法将定量和定性相结合，很好地解决了城市应急能力的定量评价问题，同时，还可以克服主观随意性，从而提高对城市灾害应急能力评价的可靠性、准确性和客观性，为城市安全减灾提供科学依据。     

中国智慧城市灾害应急管理能力成熟度评价研究

现阶段，我国的大部分智慧城市仍沿用传统城市灾害应急管理能力评估模型，导致智慧城市灾害应急管理的问题难以得到精准识别和有效解决。针对这一问题，该文运用层次分析法构建了智慧城市灾害应急管理能力成熟度评估模型，并对陕西省西安市的智慧城市应急管理能力成熟度进行评价，以证明该模型的合理性和可行性。研究结果表明，我国大部分智慧城市的灾害应急管理能力成熟度等级尚未达到智慧级，未来应该从加强智慧城市应急技术的发展投入、构建多元主体参与的智慧应急网格化管理模式以及优化智慧应急管理的安全防范能力等方面进行努力。     

湖南长株潭城市群灾害应急管理能力评价

以城市应急管理能力及其内涵为基础,运用层次分析法,对湖南长株潭城市群灾害应急管理能力进行综合评价.结果表明:①从时间上看,长株潭灾害应急管理能力综合评分值由2005年的5.67、3.66、3.34分别增加到2006年的5.82、4.20、3.98,说明长株潭灾害应急管理能力均有所增强,这是因为应急管理能力是随城市社会经济的发展而增强的;②从空间上看,长株潭灾害应急管理能力存在一定的区域差异;③从整体上看,长株潭的灾害应急管理能力排名为长沙市＞株洲市＞湘潭市,其主要是由城市化水平及经济实力的差异所致.     

重大冰雪灾害应急管理能力的评价——以湖南省为例

针对重大冰雪灾害应急管理的复杂性,基于湖南冰雪灾害案例以及国内外自然灾害及其应急管理的相关文献,提出了重大冰雪灾害应急管理能力评价指标结构。运用熵权法和群决策方法确定指标综合权重,采用群决策方法获得专家群体对一级评价指标的综合偏好,形成评价城市的综合评价矩阵,运用灰色综合评价模型求出各个评价城市应急管理能力的排序向量。最后以湖南省冰雪灾害为案例进行了应用。     

再论灾害防御能力的基本定义与特征探讨

化解重大风险背景下,灾害防御能力已成为综合减灾与可持续发展的重要影响因素之一。在灾害防御能力的基本定义与特征探讨的基础上,综合近年来灾害防御能力研究和实践的发展动向,首先阐述了集物理设防、社会设防和人文设防为一体的综合灾害防御能力的内涵,并对物理设防、社会设防和人文设防的内涵与外延进行了分析。然后,梳理了六类灾害防御能力的研究与实践,即基于CAR工具指标体系的灾害应急能力评估、基于ISDR的减轻灾害风险能力评估、WMO减轻灾害能力评估、社区尺度灾害防御能力评估、基于阶段-资本关联的灾害防御能力评估和基于社会学的灾害防御能力评价。最后从三个方面对灾害防御能力的评价给出了评述与展望,即灾害防御能力评价应将灾害风险评价与应急管理评价体系相结合、灾害防御能力评价应整合主体-资源-过程三维度指标体系和灾害防御能力评价应面向社会可操作的指标体系。     

城镇地质灾害应急响应能力评价

受全球气候变化的影响,灾害性天气频发,地质灾害已成为我国山区城镇建设和发展中的一大突出问题.缺乏系统、有效的灾害防范及应对措施是目前我国山区城镇普遍存在的问题,因此,对 .山区城镇现有的防灾减灾水平进行评价,对今后制订有效的减灾管理措施具有重要的作用.针对山区城镇地质灾害的危害特征及减灾现状,筛选出了能反映灾害应急响应能力的指标,建立起城镇地质灾害应急能力评价的指标体系及评价模型,并以四川省泸定县城为例,用该模型评价了泸定县城在泥石流灾害威胁下的应急响应能力,验证了评价模型的合理性.     

湿地生态灾害系统及灾害应急能力建设——以东洞庭湖国家自然保护区为例

健康的湿地生态系统,是国家生态安全体系的重要组成部分和社会经济可持续发展的重要基础。导致湿地生态系统退化的主要原因是一系列生态灾害。根据多年调查,将东洞庭湖国家自然保护区湿地生态灾害系统按照其起源分为自然灾害、环境污染和生态破坏三大类;同时根据AHP法确定了能较综合反映研究区灾害应急能力的6个一级评价指标和28个二级指标,构建了湿地生态灾害应急能力评价模型。研究表明,如何应对生物病害和生物入侵,如何完善湿地生态系统的结构、改善湿地生态系统的功能和提高部门应灾快速反应能力,已成为研究区应灾能力建设的首要任务。     

东洞庭湖国家自然保护区湿地生态灾害应急能力评价

健康的湿地生态系统,是国家生态安全体系的重要组成部分和社会经济可持续发展的重要基础。根据AHP法确定了能较综合反映研究区灾害应急能力的6个一级评价指标和28个二级指标,并计算出研究区湿地生态灾害应急能力值R为77.467,介于70~80之间,说明研究区生态灾害应急能力属于良好,但还有很大的提高空间。针对如何人为完善生态系统的功能、提高指挥部门到达现场的速度、重视生态系统自我修复能力的培养、注重部门平时救灾演习的成绩提出了6点对策。     

应急预案运行保障的评价方法

应急预案的外部保障是应急预案能够有效运行的关键因素,评价应急预案运行保障是优化完善应急预案的运行基础、提高应急预案可行性的重要手段。在分析应急预案对应的灾害情景的基础上,确定在预案适用范围内该灾害情景可能造成的应急需求;构建应急预案运行保障的评价指标体系,确定各评价指标的储备或运行状态;确定应急预案对应的灾害情景对各保障要素的破坏程度;最后建立了应急预案运行保障的评价模型,对应急预案的运行保障进行评价。     

政府部门的应急响应能力在城市防灾减灾中的作用

城市是人口、经济密集的地区,城市自身的特点决定了抢险救灾必须快速果断,当城市发生灾害时,当地政府部门是抢险救灾的主力军,在这一过程中,政府部门对灾害的应急反应能力成了救灾、减灾成功与否的决定性因素.文章探讨了政府部门的应急响应能力的组成及其在城市防灾减灾中的重要性.政府部门的灾害应急能力主要从应急反应、应急指挥、应急救援、应急信息的发布和应急避难五个方面体现出来.     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。     

A general assessment of the environmental impact of refugees in Somalia with attention to the refugee agricultural programme

This paper attempts to examine the broad features of Somalia's harsh physical environment into which several hundreds of thousands of refugees, with mainly a nomadic or semi-nomadic life style and culture, dramatically descended six years ago. The thirty-six rural camps in which at least half of them live are described as is the refugee agricultural programme which is training several thousand families so that they may be "self-supporting." The four regions where the camps are located are each briefly summarized in terms of their soils, their climates, their natural vegetation, and the type of agriculture which the refugee farmers practice. A more detailed analysis is then given on the following critical environmental concerns: Vegetation and erosion on refugee farms, the growing problem of refugee livestock, the destruction of trees, and irrigation practices and salinity on refugee farms. The paper concludes with an argument to preserve Somalia's environment from careless and destructive exploitation, which is leading towards desertification, and calls for an in-depth study of the situation.