缺陷深度对低频交流励磁检测结果的影响

文章针对承压设备常用铁磁性材料的腐蚀缺陷,进行了低频交流励磁检测方法的仿真和试验。基于低频交流励磁方法的仿真模型,分别研究了腐蚀缺陷位于上下表面时,缺陷深度变化对检测结果的影响。研究得出了磁场的幅值与相位值随缺陷深度的变化规律并进行了试验验证。结果表明,仿真结果与试验结果趋势相符。     

高原火羽流温升特性与模型对比研究

针对高原地区火羽流中心线的温升特性,在3个小尺寸火源试验结果的基础上,将火源功率进行无量纲化,运用CFD模拟软件进行了大规模的数值模拟并对模拟结果进行了分析.通过将模拟结果与两大经典羽流模型Heskestad和McCaffrey预测模型进行比较,分析了这两大模型在高原地区低压低氧环境下的适用性,并对后者在海拔4000m高原处进行了修正,以满足其在高原地区的适用性.     

转盘式湿法除尘器除尘效率的探讨

从理论上推导出了转盘式湿法除尘器的除尘效率计算公式,对该除尘器的除法效率进行了模拟计算,模拟结果与实验结果定性一致。     

坐姿时上肢作业姿势舒适性评价

针对人体呈现坐姿状态时前侧方作业区域的不同,利用人体测量数据在空间划分网格,实现了上肢作业姿势的参数化定义。并设计实验,由12位健康的男被试参加,利用自由模量幅度估计法对定义过的384种作业姿势的舒适性进行了评价和分级。对依据不同被试个数计算出的结果进行比较分析,并与快速上肢评价方法的评价结果进行比对,揭示了结果的可靠性。评价结果可以为操纵装置的工效设计以及作业空间布局提供重要参考,同时为国内的姿势舒适性评价工作提供了可靠的依据。     

含硫油品储罐腐蚀自燃理论及实验研究

含硫油品储罐腐蚀自燃事故是炼油企业安全生产的重大威胁.本文对含硫油品储罐腐蚀进行了实验模拟研究,并对实验结果进行了分析,利用扫描电子显微镜对试样腐蚀表面进行了特征分析,并利用X射线仪对腐蚀产物的组成和结构进行了分析.在实验结果分析的基础上,从理论上分析了含硫油品储罐腐蚀自燃机理,探讨了含硫油品储罐腐蚀的自燃影响因素.研究结果可作含硫油品储罐安全设计和含硫油品炼制工艺改进的重要参考.     

T型分支管道内油气爆炸火焰传播特性数值模拟研究

根据受限空间内油气爆炸特性,基于RNGk-ε湍流模型、Finite-Rate/Eddy-Dissipation化学反应模型和相应的控制方程,采用SIMPLE算法对T型分支管道内油气爆炸发生与发展过程进行了数值模拟。基于数值模拟结果分析了T型分支管道内火焰传播形态变化特征和火焰速度传播特性,并将仿真结果和实验结果进行了对比,发现仿真结果与实验结果吻合良好,表明建立的油气爆炸仿真计算模型可以较好反映管道内油气爆炸火焰传播特性。     

液化天然气泄漏扩散模型比较

重气扩散的SLAB、DEGADIS和Fluent模型被应用于LNG泄漏扩散实验的模拟过程中,以Coyote3和5为例,对各模型模拟的体积分数随时间的变化与实验值进行了对比,结果表明Fluent模拟的结果最为接近实验值,SLAB模拟结果次之,由于模拟假设风速和风向不变致使模拟结果没有实验结果所存在的频繁波动。文中最后对各模型的统计误差FB,MG,VG,MRSE,NMSE以及FAC2进行了计算,分析结果表明三类模型模拟的结果与实验值一致,但结果都偏高,相比较而言,Fluent的结果更准确。     

火灾下钢筋混凝土板温度场分布

本文对足尺钢筋混凝土板进行了恒载下受火试验研究,通过试验,了解了钢筋混凝土板在受火过程中的温度分布规律;并与有限元分析结果进行了对照,结果吻合较好。全部火灾试验采用自行研制的火灾试验炉,试验结果表明炉子性能稳定、使用方便。     

环境空气质量新标准的实施对呼和浩特空气质量监测与评价结果的影响

环境空气质量新标准的实施,对十几年来优良天数比例均在90%以上的城市空气质量评价结果产生了巨大的冲击。本文通过对2013年呼和浩特市空气质量监测结果进行统计,分别按新、旧标准进行评价,分析空气质量新标准的实施对呼和浩特市空气质量监测与评价结果产生的影响。     

基于马尔可夫链的城市火灾预测

根据1982-2001年的城市火灾统计资料,对现有火灾发生率进行分级,应用马尔可夫链对2002年和2005年城市火灾等级进行了预测,根据这种方法又对1992-2001年的火灾发生率进行检验,比较其预测结果与实际结果的一致性。     

Flammability limits of binary mixtures of dimethyl ether with five diluent gases

Flammability limits of binary mixtures of dimethyl ether with five kinds of diluent gases were measured by ASHRAE method at room temperature. The five diluent gases are nitrogen, carbon dioxide, chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) and 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea). The experimental results were correlated with the extended Le Chatelier's formula. It was found that the experimental results were well reproduced by the formula. In addition, flammability limits of binary mixtures of dimethyl ether with nitrogen and carbon dioxide were compared with the estimated values based on the adiabatic flame temperature method. The experimental results were found to be in satisfactory agreement with the estimated values.     

Experimental Investigation on The Igniting Fire Sources in Wildland Fire

试图通过试验,研究从林火点火源的红外辐射谱特性确定火焰性质的方法。为此,研制了模拟试验台,可以同时测定各特征火焰区的红外辐射谱和平均温度。用普朗克定律和维恩位移定律对试验数据进行了处理。对三种典型的引火源（烟头、树枝和纸）进行研究的结果表明：引火源的辐射特征波长在１．１－２．１ｕｍ,３．８－４．０ｕｍ,７．８－８．２ｕｍ波段内分布,此波长与各火焰区的特征温度存在对应关系。辐射温度随波长变化。在短波长处较低,此结果与将火焰辐射处理成黑体辐射时的普朗克定律大致相符     

Laboratory scale tests for the assessment of solid explosive blast effects. Part II: Reflected blast series of tests

An experimental set-up has been developed in order to detonate small explosive charges and to measure their induced blast on reduced scale structures. On the basis of Crank Hopkinson’s Law, the results obtained at reduced scale are used to derive full scale predictive models. A previous paper summarized the development of the reduced scale experimental set-up as well as the first free-field tests performed. The main features of the table, the instrumentation and the pyrotechnics were given.The present paper summarizes a second series of tests investigating the validity of models designed to predict reflected blast waves characteristics. Overpressure maxima, arrival time of the shock wave and impulse have been measured and are presented in this paper as non-dimensional characteristics of the pressure-time history. The results obtained from the experiments are in good agreement in comparison with data from the open literature and may thus be considered as reference results for further numerical or analytical model developments.The series of tests reported in this paper is in addition the final series of tests dedicated to validate the experimental set-up and the experimental procedures associated.     

可燃气体爆炸破坏效应的试验研究

借助高速摄像机及ProAnalyst软件,研究可燃气体体积分数和障碍物对可燃气体爆炸破坏力的影响。测定不同体积分数下的甲烷-空气预混气体爆炸冲击波超压,和爆炸火焰波在有无乒乓球方向传播的平均速度。试验结果表明:超压和平均速度均随着甲烷体积分数的增加呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,其最大值均出现在甲烷体积分数为10%～11%之间;同一体积分数下的甲烷-空气预混气体爆炸火焰波在有乒乓球方向传播的平均速度比没有乒乓球方向传播的平均速度大。根据试验结果,推导出可燃气体爆炸冲击波超压和爆炸火焰波传播平均速度与可燃气体体积分数之间的函数关系,并得出障碍物对爆炸火焰波传播的加速作用随着体积分数的增加呈现先加强后减弱的变化趋势。     

An investigation of flammability limits of gaseous mixtures at reduced pressures

An experimental investigation of flammability limits of hydrogen, methane and propane in air and oxygen at reduced pressures was carried out. A slow influence of sizes of an experimental vessel of a diameter higher than 125 mm on the flammability limits was revealed, but an influence of a type of an oxidizer (air or oxygen) and an ignition energy is significant. Critical values of an initial pressure for a possibility of a flame propagation were determined. The limiting values of the ignition energy were determined, for which an elevation of this parameter does not influence the critical pressure and the flammability region. A qualitative interpretation of obtained experimental results is given, which is based on a peculiarities of a flame initiation.     

Experimental measurement and numerical analysis of binary hydrocarbon mixture flammability limits

The flammability limits of binary hydrocarbon mixtures in air were measured in a combustion apparatus using an innovative method developed for this apparatus. The experimental results were obtained at standard conditions (room temperature and ambient atmospheric pressure) with upward flame propagation. The experimentally determined flammability limits for pure hydrocarbons (methane and ethylene) were compared with existing data reported in the literature. Le Chatelier's Law was fit to all experimental data to obtain LFLs and UFLs for various two-component combinations of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons (methane, ethylene, acetylene, propane, propylene, and n-butane). A modification of this law was used if experimental observations showed large deviations from Le Chatelier's predictions. Also, experimentally measured flammability limit data of the binary hydrocarbon mixtures were analytically related to the stoichiometric concentrations.     

通风状况对乳胶泡沫材料燃烧特性影响

设计小尺寸实验平台,研究不同通风管道风速对乳胶泡沫材料燃烧特性的影响。在不同风速条件下进行实验,获得材料表面温度分布、质量损失速率、火焰高度和火蔓延速率等特性参数。实验结果表明,在管道风速为0,1.5,3,4.5,6 m/s时,平均火焰蔓延速率分别为0.24,0.20,0.23,0.25,0.24 cm/s,最大质量损失速率分别为2.80,2.26,2.65,3.18,3.63 g/s。在有风条件下,随着风速的增加,火焰燃烧过程变得更加剧烈,最大质量损失率变大。实验样品的燃烧过程可以分为3个阶段:初始生长、完全燃烧和熄灭。最大火焰高度发生在燃烧过程的第2阶段,不同管道风速下的最大火焰高度分别为96.39,72.83,90.68,94.96,95.32 cm。     

Experimental investigation on the lower flammability limits of diethyl ether/ n-pentane/epoxypropane-air mixtures

Diethyl ether (DEE), epoxypropane (PO) and n-pentane have excellent ignition and combustion performance; hence, they have a wide variety of applications in industry and advanced aviation propulsion systems. As these fuels are flammable at normal temperature and pressure, their explosive characteristics need to be explored. In this study, the lower flammability limits (LFLs) of vapor mixtures of DEE/PO/n-pentane in air were measured in 20 L, closed, stainless steel spherical vessels. Experimental results were obtained at ambient atmospheric pressure and an initial temperature of 40 °C. The experimental results show that the LFLs of DEE-air, n-pentane -air, and PO-air are 1.81 vol%, 1.41 vol% and 2.44 vol%, respectively. The LFLs of binary/ternary fuel mixtures under different compositions were tested, and the experimental results are compared with the classical Le Chatelier's formula. The results show that, for the binary fuels (i.e., DEE/PO, DEE/n-pentane, PO/n-pentane)-air mixtures, the maximum difference of the LFLs between Le Chatelier's formula and the experimental results is 6.10%. For the ternary fuels (i.e., DEE/PO/n-pentane)-air mixtures, the maximum difference of the LFLs between the two results is 6.33%. Due to the adiabatic flame temperature of each single fuel mixture being close, the Le Chatelier's formula is applicable for an estimation of the LFL for DEE/PO/n-pentane-air mixtures.     

不同粒径易自燃煤常温氧化实验研究*

为探究易自燃煤在常温条件下的氧化特性,自行设计煤常温封闭氧化实验装置,采用实验研究与回归分析2种方法,分析易自燃煤发生氧化反应的气体变化过程,探究3种粒径煤样在20 ℃有限空间内的耗氧与产气特征。结果表明:易自燃煤样在16 d常温封闭氧化过程中,容器内O2体积浓度呈指数衰减、CO和CO2体积浓度呈指数增长的变化规律;在0.06~0.83 mm范围内,粒径越大,易自燃煤耗氧速率越大,CO和CO2产生速率则先增大后减小;介于中间的粒径为0.13~0.25 mm易自燃煤氧化反应最强烈,更容易发生氧化。研究结果对揭示生产环境温度下煤粒粒径对煤自燃的影响有一定的意义。