Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine residues and metals in sediment,water and fish in the catchment area of lake baiyangdian,china

The occurrence and distribution of metals (Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn), organochlorine residues (HCH, DDT and metabolites, PCBs) and EOC1 (extractable organic bound chlorine) were monitored in 1993 and 1996 in sediment, water and fish in the catchment area of Lake Baiyangdian, China. The levels of the metals, especially Cd and Zn, were significantly higher in the sediment than those in non‐polluted areas. PCBs and chlorinated pesticides constituted only a minor part (< 8.4%) of the extractable organic bound chlorine, indicating the presence of additional, unknown, organochlorine residues. Among the pesticides, DDT was widely distributed and high levels occurred in fish despite a ban of its production and use in 1983. The low quotient of pp‐DDT/pp‐DDE in sediment and fish indicated that the input of DDT to the catchment area was not of recent origin.     

Heavy Metal Pollution in Sediment from the Eastern Adriatic Coast,Croatia

Abstract

Sediment samples were collected from the Adriatic Sea in areas near large coastal towns along the eastern Adriatic coast (Zadar, [Ncirc]ibenik, Split, Plo?e and Dubrovnik).

Considerable quantities of untreated effluents are discharged via freshwater runoff and a variety of industrial waste waters, significantly affecting the quality of marine sediments.

Distribution of some trace metals (Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr, Zn, Mn, Cd, and Al) involved in problems related to metal pollution in Adriatic sediment were examined. Values are expressed as a total concentration of heavy metals of sediment dry weight.

Spatial distribution of some trace metal values in sediments and correlation of results for grain size effect were examined. the trace elements in marine sediments generally remain in the fine grained fraction, often in the silt-clay fraction. Higher values of heavy metals in some areas (Split, Sibenik) could be attributed to anthropogenic effects, i.e. to land-based activities. the main cause of higher values of some metals at open sea sites and in some coastal areas are probably caused naturally by sedimentation processes in those areas. Our results show that the sediments undoubtedly play a key role in determining the transport and ultimate fate of contaminants.     

青藏铁路沿线土壤重金属的分布规律初探

通过对青藏铁路沿线已经运营路段和正在修建路段两侧采集的土壤样品进行重金属含量测定分析，研究修建青藏铁路对铁路沿线土壤生态环境的影响。分析的重金属元素包括Hg和Pb。其中Hg采用氢化发生等离子发射光谱法，Pb采用等离子发射光谱法进行测定。测定结果表明，已运营铁路沿线重金属铅和汞具有显著的规律性变化。在铁路一侧，铅和汞含量随距离变化呈现正态分布，其最高峰值出现在距铁路50m左右。而且，铅和汞含量高于土壤背景值以及正在修建铁路两侧的土壤含量。通过对土壤理化性质的分析表明，已运营铁路段土壤的理化性质与铅和汞含量变化没有显著的相关性，因此，可以推断，铁路运输已经造成了铁路两侧土壤一定程度的重金属污染。     

Trace metal pollution in aquatic sediments and some fish species from the Kwilu-Ngongo River,Democratic Republic of Congo (Bas-Congo)

In this study, the concentrations of some metals in sediments and consumable fish from the Kwilu Ngongo River, province of Bas-Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, are investigated. The digested muscle tissue, whole fish, and river sediment samples were subjected to trace element analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy and by using an automatic mercury analyzer. The highest values of trace metals in fish muscle tissue were found for Cr, Cu, Pb and Hg, with maximum values of 8.6 (Cr), 15.7 (Cu), 6.0 (Pb) and 3.3 (Hg) mg kg^?1. These values are higher than maximum tolerable limits recommended by the European Commission Regulation for Food. The highest metal concentrations in sediments were 81 (Cr), 86 (Cu), 21 (Sb), 41 (Pb), and 0.8 (Hg) mg kg^?1. Sediment toxicity tests using benthic crustaceans (ostracods) revealed mortality rates of up to 30% after six days of exposure to the sediments near the sugarcane industry outlet pipe discharge. The contamination of the sediments and fishes by the elements and the bio-accumulation of mercury in fish most likely arise from the adjacent agricultural fields where intensive sugarcane cultivation since 1925 has probably contaminated the soils through the long-term use of fertilizers and pesticides.     

Interspecific variation of heavy metal concentrations in the different tissues of tropical intertidal gastropods from Malaysia

The present study aims to determine the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the different tissues of five species of tropical intertidal gastropods from Malaysia. Each of the species have organs/tissues that highly accumulated certain metals. For Cu, the mantles of Cerithidea obtusa, Pugilina cochlidium, and Murex trapa; and the digestive caeca of Thais sp. and Chicoreus capucinus highly accumulated Cu. The shells of Chi. capucinus and M. trapa, the digestive caeca of P. cochlidium, and the digestive glands of Thais sp. and Chi. capucinus highly accumulated Cd. The tentacles and the digestive caeca of Cer. obtusa and P. cochlidium, respectively, highly accumulated Zn, the digestive glands of Thais sp., Chi. capucinus, and M. trapa also highly accumulated Zn. The shells of most of the gastropods accumulated high levels of Pb and Ni. The opercula of most of the gastropods, besides the digestive glands for Thais sp., accumulated high levels of Fe. The present study on interspecific variations of heavy metals in gastropods provided information on differences of metal distributions in the different tissues, which could be useful in proposing potential tissues as better biomonitoring tools of heavy metal bioavailabilities in the coastal waters of Peninsular Malaysia.     

农田土壤重金属污染状况及修复技术研究

重金属污染因具有毒性、易通过食物链在植物,动物和人体内累积,对生态环境和人体健康构成严重威胁。随着工业快速发展、农药及化肥的广泛使用,农田土壤重金属污染越来越严重,研究农田土壤重金属污染现状及修复技术对农产品安全具有重要意义。综合国内外农田土壤重金属污染状况,农田土壤重金属污染主要来源于固体废弃物堆放及处置、工业废物大气沉降、污水农灌和农用物质的不合理施用。该文综述了国内外有关农田重金属污染土壤修复技术（物理修复、化学修复、生物修复、农业生态和联合修复）的研究进展,并针对各种修复方法,阐述了其原理、修复条件、应用实例及其优缺点,重点论述了植物修复的机理和应用,提出了草本与木本联合修复可有效提高农田土壤重金属复合污染的修复效率,为农田土壤土壤重金属复合污染修复提出了新的途径。最后在对已有研究分析的基础上,提出了联合修复技术（如生物联合技术、物理化学联合技术和物理化学-生物联合技术）可以在一定程度上克服使用单一修复手段存在的缺点,可提高复合污染的修复效率、降低修复成本,未来应深入探索联合修复技术间的相互作用机理,以期为农田土壤重金属综合治理与污染修复提供科学依据。     

典型城市污染水体底泥中重金属形态分布和相关性

采用Tessier五步连续提取法,研究了南京市莫愁湖、玄武湖、秦淮河13个底泥样品中的重金属的形态分布情况,分析了重金属浸出量与各形态间的相关性及有机质与有机结合态的相关性,并通过红外谱图分析了有机质与重金属结合的机理.结果表明:底泥中Pb,cu,zh,Ni,Cr主要以有机结合态和残渣态俘在,两种形态的含量占总量70%以上,Zn和Cd的可交换态和碳酸盐结合态含量相列较高,Zn约占20%,Cd约占30%;Zn,Cu,Cd,Ni,Cr的浸出量均与可交换离子态呈现显著的相关性,因此可通过减小可交换离子态含量控制底泥重金属污染的风险性;研究还表明,有机质与有机结合态呈现显著的正相关,因此增加底泥中有机质含量有助于重金属向有_棚结合态转化,有机质与重金属的结合主要是由于其中-些官能团和重金属形成稳定的络合物.     

Pollution assessment of the lower basin of Lakes Kainji/Jebba, Nigeria: heavy metal status of the waters, sediments and fishes

The objective of this investigation was to examine the heavy metal status of the lower basin of Kainji dam (used for hydroelectricity generation), which includes Lakes Kainji/Jebba, Nigeria, and the potential for human exposure to heavy metals from eating fish caught in the lakes. Water, sediments and fish were sampled from the lakes and evaluated for As, Cu, Co, Cr, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Ti, V and Zn using the EDXRF technique. Fe and Mn were found to be present at high mean concentrations in the water (13 and 9 μg L^-1), sediment (7092 and 376 μg g^-1) and fish (11.4 and 4.6 μg g^-1) samples. Sb (3.2 μg L^-1), Ti (4.1 μg L^-1), Cr (2.2 μg L^-1), Co (1.2 μg L^-1), Cu (1.3 μg L^-1) and Pb (1.2 μg L^-1) in the water samples and Sb (29 μg g^-1), Ti (27 μg g^-1), V (27 μg g^-1), Cr (27 μg g^-1), Co (40 μg g^-1), Ni (33 μg g^-1), Cu (25 μg g^-1), Zn (59 μg g^-1) and Pb (19 μg g^-1) in the sediment samples were found to be of medium mean concentrations. The other metals were present at trace levels (<1 μg), including As and Hg in the fish and sediment samples. There was an appreciable increase in␣metal concentrations in going from the water to the sediment samples. The probable source of the pollutants is anthropogenic, arising from agricultural activities, corrosion/abrasion of the ferrous steel material and additives in the lubricants and insulation used for auxiliary services on the turbine floor of the dam constructed on the lakes. However, natural geological sourcing from the underlying lake rock cannot be totally ignored, particularly the high levels of Fe and Mn in the sediment samples. The potential risk for human exposure to these metals emanates from the fish caught in the lakes and subsequently consumed, as there are already significant levels of these metals in the two fish species analysed, Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Chrysicthys (Chrysicthys auratus).     

Heavy metals associated with reduced sulfur in sediments from different deposition environments in the Pearl River estuary, China

Distribution of acid volatile sulfur (AVS) and the simultaneously extracted metals (SEM: Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni) in sediment profiles has been studied at five sites in Pearl River estuary, China. Of the five sampling locations, Nos.1 and 2 are in the middle shoal, Nos.3 and 4 in the west shoal and No. 5 locates to the south of the estuary. The AVS content in the sediments of the middle shoal varies in a small range (0.25–4.06 μmol g⁻¹), while that of west shoal increases with depth from 0 to ultimately 26.09 μmol g⁻¹. The SEM concentration in the sediment profiles at location Nos. 1, 2 and 5 is generally in the range of 0.95±0.2 μmol g⁻¹ with a slight upward increase, while that in the sediment of west shallows are much higher (1.43–2.42 μmol g⁻¹) with a significant upward increase, especially in the upper layer of ca. 15 cm. The observed upward increase of SEM content at all the sites implies that heavy metal contamination of sediment in the Pearl River estuary is increasing. Calculations of the excess heavy metal content which is defined by SEM-AVS molar difference suggests that the upper sediment in the Pearl River estuary, especially on the west shallows, could be a source of heavy metal contaminants and may cause toxicity to the benthos. The site-specific distribution patterns in the AVS and SEM profiles were interpreted according to the hydrogeochemistry of deposition environments.     

Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments from a typical plateau lake wetland, China

Surface sediment (0-15 cm) samples were collected from 31 different grid points throughout the Yilong Lake in April 2004. Samples were subjected to a total digestion technique and analyzed for As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Zn in order to study spatial distribution characteristics based on Kriging method and assess their ecological risks posed by these heavy metals. Results showed that the mean concentrations of these heavy metals were lower than potential effect levels. Patches of higher heavy metal concentrations occurred in the inflow area of the Cheng River and northeast area nearby the road and railway. The higher concentrations of As and Cr also appeared in the east area (lake outlet), while the patches of lower concentrations were uniformly distributed at the southwest corner between Luosewan and Xiaoguoxi. The heavy metal loads such as As, Cd and Pb might come from the common sources due to industrial sewage and traffic pollution, while higher concentrations of Ni, Cr, and Zn in these sediments were dominated by parent rocks. However, Cu originated from both sources. Sediments with respect to As, Cd and Cu were grouped below the effect range low (ERL) at all sites, and with respect to Cr and Pb were grouped into the range from ERL to the effect range median (ERM) at more than 50% of sampling sites. The mean heavy metal toxic units in the Yilong Lake decreased following the order Pb > Cr > As > Ni > Zn > Cd > Cu, with higher contributions to the sum of toxic units of Pb, Cr and As.     

Speciation study of trace elements in surface sediment of Winam Gulf,Lake Victoria,by sequential extraction,aqua-regia acid digestion,and ICP-OES

The speciation of trace metals in surface sediment in Kisumu Carwash area of Winam Gulf, was studied and results compared with those found at Usoma beach which was found to be several orders of magnitude less polluted. High proportions of the metals were bioavailable (fractions 1–6) with BA% ranging from 21.7% (Al) to 94.5% (Pb) at Carwash and 19.6% (Al) to ～100% (for Cd and Pb) at Usoma beach. The readily mobilizable fraction (fractions 1–4) decreased in the order: Pb > Mn > Sn > Cu > Co > Zn > Mg > Cd > Mo > Ni > Cr > Fe > Al at Carwash and Mn > Mo > Sn > Pb > Cd > Mg > Cu > Zn > Co > Ni > Fe > Cr > Al at Usoma beach. The total Zn, Cd, Cr, and Cu sediment concentrations at Carwash were higher than the threshold effect concentrations (TECs), although their bioavailable concentrations were lower than these limits. Both the total and bioavailable concentrations of Pb in surface sediment at Kisumu Carwash area were higher than the TEC threshold limit indicating significant contamination from this heavy metal. Although there was a general good agreement on data obtained by sequential extraction as compared with those obtained by direct aqua-regia digestion, there were large discrepancies for some specific metal analytes which could be accounted for in terms of analytical variations and lack of uniformity in physical and chemical composition of the sediment samples analyzed.     

螯合剂对小麦幼苗吸收金属以及土壤金属形态的效应

本文通过盆栽试验研究三种螯合剂(EDTA、[S,S]-EDDS、DTPA)对小麦幼苗吸收土壤中重金属及其它微量元素的效应,并且通过改进的BCR连续提取法分析了种植后土壤样品中金属元素的形态。结果表明:EDTA、DTPA的添加导致小麦幼苗地上部分生物量以及叶片叶绿素a含量显著下降。螯合剂的存在明显增加了Pb和Mn在幼苗根部和茎叶的富集,并增加其由根部向茎叶的传输,但对Fe和Ni的作用比较小。小麦幼苗收获时,除Zn之外,其它元素酸溶/可交换态金属含量与对照组相比均有非常显著的增加,而各元素的可还原态由于EDTA等螯合剂的添加而有明显下降。添加螯合剂的情况下,富集量与酸溶/可交换态含量之间的相关系数大大提高,且各处理组茎叶富集量与酸溶/可交换态之间呈显著(P0.05)或极显著相关(P0.01)。因此,三种螯合剂的添加主要影响的是生物可利用形态以及潜在的生物可利用形态,并且可能导致可还原态以及可氧化态向酸溶/可交换态转变,增加金属的生物可利用性,从而也增加潜在生态风险。     

Fractionation of Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu in Sediments of Khor Kalabsha, Lake Nasser, Egypt

Khor Kalabsha is the second largest Khor in Lake Nasser, which is a freshwater side-branch of the main lake. Chemical analysis of the samples indicates that calcium carbonate and organic matter content in the surface sediments average 17.8 and 3.07%, respectively. Moreover, manganese, iron, zinc and copper concentrations are lower in Khor Kalabsha than in other lakes of Egypt. It has been found that both oxides and residual forms constitute the major part of the measured elements in the study area, while manganese and iron play an important role in building up clay minerals. It is noted that both zinc and copper fractions are controlled by biological and biochemical processes.     

地面苔藓对成都大气沉降重金属污染的监测

采用微波消解、ICP-AES对成都市一环至三环区域内15个取样点处5种地面苔藓植物体内重金属质量分数进行测定和分析,以监测和研究成都市大气沉降重金属污染状况及区域差异。结果表明：苔藓植物对重金属的富集在种间及种内差异显著,5种苔藓对Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr、As及Ni有较强的吸收能力,大小顺序为立碗藓(Physcomitrium sphaericum (Ludw.) Fuernr.)>地钱(Marchantia polymorpha L.)>鳞叶藓(Taxiphyllum taxirameum(Mitt.) Fleisch.)>柔叶青藓（Brachythecium moriense Besch.)>尖叶美喙藓（Eurhynchium eustegium（Besch.）Dix.）。对其中具有代表性的3种苔藓植物进行种内比较发现,对于立碗藓,人民公园的 Cd、Zn 质量分数最高,三洞古桥公园有最高质量分数的 Cr、Ni、Cu 及较高的 Pb,而塔子山公园的Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr及As质量分数最小;地钱对Pb、Cd、Cu、及As的积累量在人民公园达到最大,大多数重金属质量分数的最小值出现在成都理工大学;在鳞叶藓中,新阵地高尔夫俱乐部的Cd、Zn、Cr及Pb质量分数高于其余样点,东陂体育公园As质量分数最高,相反三洞古桥公园处多数重金属质量分数最小。各样点以Ni污染最重,Pb、Cr、Cu、As属污染中等,Cd和Zn污染较轻,且大气沉降重金属质量分数表现为中心城区、交通繁忙区及工业区高,郊区较低的特点。与2005年相比,成都市大气重金属污染依旧严峻,重金属质量分数呈现新的空间分布,Ni、Cr质量分数明显增加。因此,立碗藓、地钱和鳞叶藓可作为良好的生物指示植物,以此来监测成都市大气重金属污染状况。     

运河(杭州段)沉积物中Cu和Zn的释放特征

采用模拟试验研究了运河（杭州段）沉积物中Cu和Zn的释放规律,以及投加石灰、曝气等地表水治理手段对其释放规律的影响,结果表明,沉积物中Cu的释放速率很快,在1-2d内沉积物-上覆水间Cu的分配即达到平衡,而Zn的释放速率较慢,在21d的模拟试验中上覆水Zn的浓度仍在增加,运河沉积物的释放尽管不会导致上覆水中Cu和Zn浓度超过地表水的二类标准,但显著超过了渔业水质标准,对运河的水生生态系统构成威胁,采用投加石灰和水体曝气可以有效降低上覆水中Cu和Zn的平衡浓度。     

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in flora and fauna of Hooghly estuary,east coast of India

Spectroscopic determinations of Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Co and Ni were carried out in 23 organisms including seaweeds, zooplankters, molluscs and fishes from Hooghly estuary at the confluence of Bay of Bengal. Seaweeds and gastropods were more efficient in accumulating levels while zooplankters bivalves and fishes showed intermediate levels. Analyses were performed on the sediment, water and on the individual dissected organs of a mussel, oyster and teleost fish. Bioaccumulation of Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu in the soft body parts (gills, mantle, liver etc.) of the three species showed a high degree of organ specificity in some cases. Major sources of the micropollutants include natural weathering, catchment runoff, urban and industrial discharges that may pose an ecological risk to the local estuarine ecosystem.     

复合污染下Cu、Cr、Ni和Cd在水稻植株中的富集特征

掌握水稻对污染土壤中重金属的吸收和富集特征,为科学认识水稻中重金属的残留问题、健康风险提供理论依据。采用田间试验,研究了4个不同处理量Cu、Cr、Ni、Cd复合污染下水稻的富集特征及其随生育期的变化规律。结果表明,重金属在水稻植株各部位中吸收富集系数的大小依次为：Cd〉Cu〉Ni〉Cr,根部重金属吸收富集系数是地上各部位的吸收富集系数的2~100倍。各重金属在水稻植株不同部位的积累分布明显不同,成熟期水稻植株中Cu在水稻不同部位的质量分数为根〉茎≥叶〉米粒〉谷壳,Ni的分布规律为根〉叶〉茎〉米粒〉谷壳,Cr的分布规律为根〉叶〉谷壳≥茎〉米粒,Cd的分布规律为根〉茎〉叶〉米粒〉谷壳;且随着重金属处理量的增加,水稻植株不同部位的重金属质量分数也呈上升趋势。成熟期米粒中Cu、Ni、Cr和Cd的质量分数范围分别为：4.50~6.19、1.86~4.63、0.72~0.76和0.08~0.39 mg·kg-1,与无公害食品标准（GB15199-94、GBT2762-2005）相比,米粒中Cu和Cr的质量分数均未超标,而Ni和Cd（Cd高剂量处理时）的质量分数均超标,存在食用安全风险。重金属在水稻植株不同部位的质量分数随生育期均呈现先升后降的趋势,灌浆中期达到最大,而到成熟期又明显降低。不同重金属在水稻植株中的富集能力和分布规律均呈现明显差异,不同生育期水稻植株中重金属的质量分数明显不同但其质量分数变化呈明显规律性。     

螯合剂对小麦幼苗吸收金属以及土壤金属形态的效应

本文通过盆栽试验研究三种螯合剂（EDTA、[s,s】-EDDS、DTPA）对小麦幼苗吸收土壤中重金属及其它微量元素的效应,并且通过改进的BCR连续提取法分析了种植后土壤样品中金属元素的形态。结果表明：EDTA、DTPA的添加导致小麦幼苗地上部分生物量以及叶片叶绿素a含量显著下降。螯合剂的存在明显增加了Pb和Mn在幼苗根部和茎叶的富集,并增加其由根部向茎叶的传输．但对Fe和Ni的作用比较小。小麦幼苗收获时,除Zn之外,其它元素酸溶／可交换态金属含量与对照组相比均有非常显著的增加,而各元素的可还原态由于EDTA等螯合剂的添加而有明显下降。添加螯合剂的情况下,富集量与酸溶／可交换态含量之间的相关系数大大提高,且各处理组茎叶富集量与酸溶／可交换态之间呈显著（P〈0．05）或极显著相关（P〈0．01）。因此,三种螯合剂的添加主要影响的是生物可利用形态以及潜在的生物可利用形态,并且可能导致可还原态以及可氧化态向酸溶／可交换态转变,增加金属的生物可利用性,从而也增加潜在生态风险。     

Concentrations of cadmium,manganese, copper,zinc, and lead in the tissues of the oyster (Crassostrea iredalei) obtained from Setiu Lagoon,Terengganu, Malaysia

Heavy metals pollution in aquatic environments is a major problem contributing to human health issues. The study of these pollutants through bioindicators such as the oyster Crassostrea iredalei is important for (1) determining the levels and sources and (2) regulating the quantity of pollutants. The concentrations of cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) in tissues of C. iredalei, sediment and surrounding water was measured, and data was analyzed to determine the relationship between sampling periods and between oyster tissue, sediment, and water. The highest concentration of metals in oyster tissue was Zn, followed by Cu, Mn, Cd, and Pb. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn exceeded the maximum level allowed according to the Malaysian Food Act of 1983, which is equivalent to the WHO recommended levels of heavy metals in organisms used for consumption. The highest metal concentration in sediment was Mn followed by Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd. Concentrations of heavy metals in surrounding water were Zn, Pb, Cu, Mn, and Cd. There was no correlation between metal concentration in oyster tissue and in sediment for all five metals.