铜尾矿区9种优势植物体内重金属和氮磷含量研究

以杨山冲铜尾矿废弃地人工覆土上生长的9种优势植物为研究对象,探讨不同植物对尾矿基质中重金属和氮磷的吸收特性以及与基质理化性质之间的关联。土壤样品采集时沿基质垂直方向分为4层：A层（覆土层0~5 cm）、B层（覆土层5~20 cm）、C层（尾砂层20~25 cm）、D层（尾砂层25~40 cm）,植物样品采集时草本植物分地上和地下2部分、木本植物分根、茎和叶3部分采集。结果表明：随着9种植物生长,A层和B层基质理化性质得到明显的改善。主要表现在A层中w（总氮）、w（氨氮）、w（硝氮）、w（有效磷）和w（有机质）显著高于C、D层（P〈0.05）,B层中w（有效态Cu）、w（有效态Zn）显著低于A、C、D层（P〈0.05）。9种优势植物对Cu、Pb、Zn的吸收和积累能力具有明显差异性,其中草本植物以根系积累为主,木本植物以叶片积累为主。草本植物对尾矿基质表现出较强的适应性和耐性,其中毛叶荩草（Arthraxon prionodes）根系中Cu、Pb、Zn的富集量均最大,耐性表现最突出,是较为理想的铜尾矿基质的修复物种。另外,本研究还发现,9种植物体内氮磷质量分数也各不相同,其中木本植物叶中氮磷质量分数均大于根、茎。木本植物体内w（总氮）与w（总磷）、w（Cu）、w（Zn）相关性较好,草本植物体内w（Cu）、w（Pb）、w（Zn）之间相关性较好,表明彼此之间存在一定的促进作用。     

基因工程改良植物对重金属污染土壤的修复

利用基因工程改良植物，调整植物吸收、运输和富集重金属的能力以及它们对重金属的耐受性，开拓了植物修复的新领域。到目前为止，已有成功改变这些特性的少数例子。例如，汞离子还原酶可以改善植物抵抗力和提取能力，金属巯基蛋白可增强植物对镉的耐受力，铁还原酶和铁蛋白可增加植物对铁的吸收量。文章综述和讨论了这方面的研究进展及方向。     

竹类植物修复重金属污染土壤的研究进展

随着我国经济的快速发展,土壤重金属污染问题也愈加严重.植物修复技术对环境扰动小,修复成本低,是目前土壤修复领域的研究热点之一.竹类植物对重金属有良好的耐受能力和富集能力,且具有生物量大、栽培简单和经济效益高等特点,在修复重金属污染土壤方面有很高的应用潜力和开发价值.结合竹类植物修复重金属污染土壤的研究现状,系统阐述了竹...     

土壤重金属污染生物修复的研究进展

土壤重金属污染的生物修复是污染整治的重要手段之一,是目前世界范围内的研究热点。亦是目前仅见的土壤污染治理的环境友好技术,主要评述了重金属污染土壤的植物修复的原理、类型与技术植物修复的优点,微生物修复等进展情况。并对今珀的研究重点进行了简要的讨论。     

腐殖质改良植物修复重金属污染土壤的研究进展

腐殖质(HS)是土壤有机质的重要组分,广泛应用于土壤改良。通过文献调研,在综述HS对土壤重金属的作用及其机制基础上,分析了HS在植物修复重金属污染土壤领域的应用潜力。已有研究表明:(1)大分子胡敏素(HM)和胡敏酸(HA)可钝化重金属离子,降低重金属对植物的毒害作用,小分子富里酸(FA)则可促进重金属从植物地下部向地上部迁移;(2)除受土壤理化性质影响外,HS与重金属离子的结合主要受HS的pH、溶液离子强度、分子量大小和活性官能团数量等条件影响;(3)叶面喷施HS可以抑制重金属向植物体内运输,保护光合系统不受重金属危害;土壤添加低浓度HS可以促进重金属转运,高浓度HS则会对植物产生负面效应;(4)根据HS与重金属作用下的生态毒理学效应、土柱淋溶效果和植物生长发育评估结果,认为HS不会产生次生环境风险。因此,HS可以作为重金属污染土壤植物修复的环境友好型促进剂,扩大重金属污染土壤植物修复的应用范围。     

微小铅锌矿区土壤和植物重金属污染特征及风险评价

对华东某微小型铅锌矿点周边农田土壤和植物进行采样调查,结合不同土壤剖面土壤样品,分析、评价其土壤和植物中重金属的污染特征,并探讨蔬菜中重金属对当地居民的潜在健康风险.结果表明,矿点周边土壤受到不同程度的重金属污染,单因子污染指数法评价结果显示镉的污染程度最严重,所采集的11个土壤样品中有1个样点属中度污染,其余均属重度污染.对污染程度最低的剖面土壤进行分析后发现,研究区内较高的土壤重金属含量主要与采矿活动有关,同时也受到土壤母质的影响.研究区内农作物均受到不同程度的镉和铅污染,长期食用当地生产的蔬菜可引起潜在的人体健康风险,种植桑树(Morus alba)是当地污染农田的合理利用模式之一.     

土壤重金属污染生物修复的研究进展

土壤重金属污染的生物修复是污染整治的重要手段之一 ,是目前世界范围内的研究热点 ,亦是目前仅见的土壤污染治理的环境友好技术。主要评述了重金属污染土壤的植物修复的原理、类型与技术 ,植物修复的优点 ,微生物修复等进展情况。并对今后的研究重点进行了简要的讨论     

土壤重金属污染的植物修复中转基因技术的应用

重金属污染的植物修复技术以其费用低廉、不污染环境等优点一度成为环境科学界研究的热点。为了克服植物修复技术中超积累植物生长缓慢和地上部生物量小等带来的限制，近年来研究者通过大量试验研究发展，外源基因在植物体内的高效表达可以提高植物吸收、运输、降解污染物的能力和修复的效率。本文首先对目前国内外重金属污染土壤植物修复的研究动态进行综述，重点论述了PCs、MTs、MerA、MerB、ArsC、γ-ECS等转基因在土壤重金属污染植物修复中的应用，最后指出在充分考虑到转基因植物给生态环境带来潜在威胁的前提下，转基因技术的研究与开发不仅可以促进多学科的交叉研究和丰富环境科学的研究领域，更重要的是在很大程度上有效地克服了目前土壤重金属污染植物修复中存在并急需解决的棘手问题，为土壤重金属污染的植物修复提供了更加广阔的应用和发展前景。     

钒钛磁铁矿尾矿及尾矿坝周边土壤中重金属的淋滤特征

采用柱淋洗实验模拟攀枝花地区降雨条件,分别探讨钒钛磁铁矿尾矿及其在周边农田土壤表面沉积0、1、2、5 cm的条件下,几种重金属的迁移淋滤特征.通过淋洗-干旱-淋洗,共94 d的淋洗实验,研究结果表明,土壤、尾矿及土壤-尾矿复合系统淋滤液中Cr的浓度没有显著差异,但随着尾矿沉积厚度的增加,尾矿沉积显著增加土壤-尾矿复合系统淋滤液Mn、Ni和Zn的浓度及累积释放量,具有较大环境风险;土壤中Mn、Zn的累积释放量显著高于尾矿,可能与尾矿较高的pH及这几种金属在土壤及尾矿中的存在形态不同有关;土壤中各金属的最大释放率为MnZnNiCr,尾矿中为NiCr=MnZn;干湿交替对土壤和尾矿中Mn、Zn的淋滤没有显著影响,但会改变土壤和尾矿中Cr和Ni的释放特征,增加土壤和尾矿中Cr、Ni的环境风险.     

重金属污染土壤植物修复研究进展

土壤重金属污染是当今世界面临的主要环境问题之一.植物修复定义为利用绿色植物去除环境中的污染物或使其无害化的生物技术.与传统环境修复技术相比,植物修复技术具有治理成本的低廉性,环境美学的兼容性,治理过程的原位性.本文主要对超富集植物的概念和特征、土壤重金属污染植物修复的方法和原理以及土壤重金属植物修复技术的强化措施进行了综述,并对植物修复的近期研究工作进行了展望.     

Heavy metal accumulation and phytostabilization potential of dominant plant species growing on manganese mine tailings

Screening plants that are hypertolerant to and excluders of certain heavy metals plays a fundamental role in a remediation strategy for metalliferous mine tailings. A field survey of terrestrial higher plants growing on Mn mine tailings at Huayuan, Hunan Province, China was conducted to identify candidate species for application in phytostabilization of the tailings in this region. In total, 51 species belonging to 21 families were recorded and the 12 dominant plants were investigated for their potential in phytostabilization of heavy metals. Eight plant species, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Artemisia princeps, Bidens frondosa, Bidens pilosa, Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria sanguinalis, Erigeron canadensis, and Setaria plicata accumulated much lower concentrations of heavy metals in shoots and roots than the associated soils and bioconcen- tration factors （BFs） for Cd, Mn, Pb and Zn were all 〈 1, demonstrating a high tolerance to heavy metals and poor metals translocation ability. The field investigation also found that these species grew fast, accumulated biomass rapidly and developed a vegetation cover in a relatively short time. Therefore, they are good candidates for phytostabilization purposes and could be used as pioneer species in phytoremediation of Mn mine tailings in this region of South China.     

改良剂对铜矿尾矿砂与菜园土混合土壤性质及黑麦草生长的影响

用蒙脱石、稻草、鸡粪作为改良剂 ,研究不同改良剂对铜矿尾矿砂与菜园土混合土壤pH、有效态重金属含量、脲酶和磷酸酶活性以及混合土壤上种植的黑麦草生长的影响。结果表明 :添加蒙脱石对不同生长期黑麦草的生长量没有显著影响 ;使用稻草和鸡粪处理尽管在开始阶段不利于黑麦草 (第 1茬和第 2茬 )的生长 ,但随时间延长 ,黑麦草的生物量 (第 3茬和第 4茬 )明显增加 ,表现出很好的后效。黑麦草的根重与鸡粪的添加量关系显著 ,施用稻草的纯尾矿砂处理组 (处理 2 2 )根重最大 ,而且蚯蚓只能在使用适量稻草的处理条件下才能在混合土壤中生长。土壤酶的分析发现 ,磷酸酶的活性除了在蚯蚓能够生长的处理组表现出较高外 ,其它处理之间无明显差异 ,但脲酶的活性则随着稻草和鸡粪施用量的增加而显著提高。各处理之间土壤的 pH值变化不大。添加稻草减少了土壤中有效态重金属的含量 ,而使用鸡粪处理明显增加了土壤中包括铜、铅和锌等有效态重金属的含量 ,说明在施用含有重金属的畜禽粪便时务必小心谨慎 ,以防二次污染。     

表面活性剂强化重金属污染植物修复的可行性

表面活性剂因具有亲水亲脂的两亲性，已被广泛用来治理环境污染。利用表面活性剂强化植物萃取土壤重金属的可行性，是建立在表面活性剂、重金属、土壤、植物等四者之问的关系基础上的。文章根据乳化液膜分离、胶团强化超滤、金属液泡吸收等技术探讨了表面活性剂与重金属的关系。表面活性剂在其浓度超过临界胶束浓度时，在溶液中形成胶团，通过静电吸附与超滤，去除溶液中的重金属。超滤技术与ξ电位的试验结果确定了表面活性剂与土壤的关系，即土壤界面的吸附和金属缔合后，通过降低表面张力和增流作用解吸被吸附的金属。细胞膜透性学说揭示了表面活性剂与植物的关系．即表面活性剂改变生物膜的结构和透性，促使植物对重金属的吸收。开发环境友好性的生物表面活性剂是该研究领域的前沿方向。     

Heavy metal concentration in soil and woody plants in a quarry

This study determined the concentration of three heavy metals zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) in soil and in a woody plant species, Milicia excelsa, at Ishiagu quarry, Nigeria. The highest soil concentrations of Zn, Pb, and Cd in soil were obtained at 1?m from the quarry site. In M. excelsa, the highest concentrations of Zn, Pb, and Cd were 3.12–9.1, 3.9–6.01, and 0.51–1.12?mg?kg^?1, respectively. There were significant positive correlations between Cd and Zn (r?=?0.963) and Cd and Pb (r?=?0.974) in plants as well as between Cd and Pb (r?=?9.84) in soil. The level of Cd in soil reflected significant pollution compared to average global concentrations in soils.     

Heavy metal contamination in the sediment and plants of the Sundarbans,India

Heavy metals are one of the hazardous contaminants in the total environment. The present study shows that the Sundarbans soil is contaminated with sludge and moderately contaminated with Cd and Co according to Contamination factor (CF), Enrichment factor (EF), Index of geo-accumulation (Igeo), and Ecological risk factor (ERF). The correlation, principle component analysis and factor analysis showed that Mn and Fe might have lithogenic origin whereas Cu, Pb, Co and Cd have anthropogenic inputs. The screening quick reference table (SQuiRT) shows that Cu and Cd may exert a possible toxic effect on the sediment dwelling biota. The phytoremediation study revealed that the endangered Heritiera fomes leaves can accumulate 80% of cadmium from the soil, which is highest based on this study as compared to other mangroves. The study also indicated that threatened date palm Phoenix paludosa leaves can accumulate 74% and 73% of Cu and Fe, respectively, from the soil. Now a day, there has been a spurt in mangrove plantations worldwide for the conservation of mangrove ecosystem using ecological engineering approaches. The present study is very much useful to choose a proper plant to decontaminate the soil from various heavy metal pollutants for effective management of mangrove wetlands.     

Effects of mutual intercropping on Pb and Zn accumulation of accumulator plants Rumex nepalensis,Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens

Intercropping is one of the most potential ways to remediate contaminated soil. In this study, three plants, including Rumex nepalensis which is a lead (Pb) accumulator plant, Lolium perenne which is tolerant to zinc (Zn) and a native plant Trifolium repens, were mutually intercropped in pots to study the effects of intercropping on co-remediation of Pb-Zn-contaminated soil from the Tangjia lead-zinc mine. Compared to the respective monoculture, the dry weights of R. nepalensis and T. repens were decreased under intercropping, while that of L. perenne was increased. The concentrations of total Zn in the three plants were increased by intercropping in which roots were higher than shoots. Besides, intercropping increased the accumulation of Zn in R. nepalensis and L. perenne per plant. The accumulations of heavy metals for R. nepalensis and T. repens in a single pot were enhanced by intercropping. Both of the maximum values of heavy metals’ accumulation were produced by three-species intercropping (7819.31?μg/pot for Pb, 12576.05 μg/pot for Zn) in terms of a single pot. These results indicated that three-species intercropping could promote the phytoremediation efficiency for Tangjia lead-zinc mine, and thus further proved intercropping is an effective method to remediate the Pb-Zn-contaminated soil by R. nepalensis and T. repens.     

中国城市土壤重金属污染研究现状及对策

中国城市土壤重金属污染的主要来源是工业“三废”排放，金属采矿和冶炼，家庭燃煤，生活垃圾，汽车尾气排放。重金属在城市土壤中的分布规律表现为城市土壤重金属含量高于郊区，人类活动密集区和交通拥挤区重金属含量较高；人类活动的干扰导致土壤剖面重金属污染特征不明显。应采取预防与治理相结合的措施综合控制土壤重金属污染，并加紧制定我国的城市土壤健康评价标准。     

赣南富稀土矿区农田土壤中稀土元素的环境化学特征

选择江西赣县大田稀土矿区,研究了矿区耕作农田土壤中稀土元素的含量、分布及赋存形态特征。结果表明,该区土壤中稀土元素含量明显高于对照区和全国土壤平均含量,且相对富含重稀土元素。土壤中稀土元素的分布模式受成土母岩及元素性质控制,呈现Eu和Ce负异常。稀土元素主要以可交换态和有机结合态（特别是松结有机态）形式存在,具有较高的活性和生物有效性,可能影响生态环境安全。     

Concentrations of arsenic and heavy metals in vegetation at two abandoned mine tailings in South Korea

Untreated abandoned mines may result in hazards to ecosystems due to dispersion of various toxic elements such as arsenic (As) and lead (Pb). Phytoremediation is an alternative of remediation for large scale mine dumps. Plant species were sampled from two abandoned gold (Au) mines in South Korea. Plant samples were digested following the guidelines of US EPA Method 3050 (US-EPA, 1996) and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Concentrations and bioaccumulation factors of plants are reported and out-performing species are summarized. Poplar trees (Populus davidiana) growing on the Myoungbong tailings were suggested to be a potential species for revegetation of large scale Au mine tailings. Arsenic accumulations of bracken ferns (Pteridium aquilinum) sampled from the Duckum tailings were far lower than those of the reported hyperaccumulators, but the possible chronic adverse effects on residents through daily diet are of concern.