人类活动对上海市生物多样性空间格局的影响

为了揭示人类活动对城市化地区生物多样性空间格局的影响及其景观生态学机制,文章将上海市作为研究对象,选择3个人类活动指标、3个主要类型生态系统的4个景观特征指标与8个生物多样性指标,探讨人类活动强度、野生动植物生境景观特征及生物多样性三者之间的相互关系。结果显示,人口增长和城市扩张对上海市生物多样性的空间格局产生了显著影响。在上海地区,人口密度较高、交通较为发达的区域,湿地和农田的景观连续性较低,生物多样性也较低,外来入侵物种丰度较高。这表明在快速城市化过程中,人类活动通过改变野生动植物栖息地景观质量来对区域生物多样性产生影响。本研究还显示,经济发展并非一定对生物多样性具有负面影响。因此,在保持经济发展的同时,通过优化产业结构与加强生物多样性管理,可实现对生物多样性有效保护。     

上海绿地和农田生态系统陆生繁殖鸟类群落稳定性研究

超大型城市具有多样的城市化梯度,是研究人为干扰与生物多样性关系的典型"样地"。上海城市化进程形成了以绿地生态系统和农田生态系统为主的陆生鸟类群落格局,选择上海滨江、海湾和佘山3个典型森林公园以及崇明陈家镇、港西镇和庙镇3个典型农田样地,阐明人为干扰对陆生繁殖鸟类稳定性的影响。结果表明,2016—2018年上海绿地和农田陆生繁殖鸟类群落结构稳定,密度呈稳定增长趋势,上海绿地陆生繁殖鸟类种群密度显著低于农田区域。上海绿地和农田生态系统中9种鸟类集团呈现不同分布格局,繁殖鸟类群落变异性指数与人为干扰强度变化量呈显著正相关,杂食鸟类相比其他鸟类集团对人为干扰具有较高容忍度。通过改造城市公园局部生境和改变生产模式,可以有效增加鸟类多样性。     

哈尔滨市绿地景观格局与过程的连通性和完整性

城市绿地景观的空间结构和生态过程的研究是城市景观生态系统研究的重要内容和基本特色之一．应用景观生态学原理，在遥感和地理信息系统(GIS)技术支持下对哈尔滨城市现有景观生态格局进行了研究和分析，认为主要存在以下景观生态问题：景观生态连通性低；景观结构单一；绿地面积少，且绿地空间分布不均衡．在现有景观格局基础上，哈尔滨市可望通过以下几个方面改善景观生态过程和格局的连续性：在景观生态战略点开辟新的绿色斑块；建立和完善生态化的水系廊道网络；建立城效绿化网络，连接绿地系统的点、线、面；增加城市绿地系统中的景观异质性和多样性；在城市扩展中维护景观生态过程与格局的连续性．图4表4参19     

城市生态学基本原理的探讨

城市生态学是一门正在发展中的生态学分支,因其产生历史较短,而尚未形成一套成熟的理论体系和研究方法.本文试图应用生态学基本原理来探讨城市生态系统的性质和特点,初步提出了城市生态学的一些原理和研究城市生态系统的指导原则,并提出了环境承载力—人类社会行为和生态环境之间的界面在城市生态系统研究的地位和作用.     

自然度评价应用于城市生物多样性保护的研究进展

城市生物多样性为城市生态系统提供了诸多生态系统服务,是实现城市可持续发展的基础。然而,随着城市人类活动加剧,自然景观向人工景观转变,城市生物多样性受到了严重威胁。作为判断生态系统的自然性或人为干扰度的科学方法,自然度评价对城市生物多样性保护和生态系统管理具有重要的指导作用。该文在辨析自然度及其评价概念的基础上,归纳了3种自然度评价方法：指示生物法、自然距离法、多指标综合评价法,从城市生境质量评估、城市景观动态监测、城市生态空间规划3个层面梳理了自然度评价在城市生物多样性保护中的应用研究进展,提出未来应加强城市生态系统自然度评价,并综合考虑生物多样性状态和变化、生态系统完整性、人类干扰和管理决策等因素,进一步将自然度评价纳入土地利用、社会经济和生态效应的综合研究中,揭示城市区域人类活动与生物多样性之间的关系。     

快速城市化进程中城市扩张对景观格局分异特征的影响

在中国快速城市化背景下,大部分研究仅是单一的利用景观指数分析城市景观格局,往往只侧重于对景观斑块或格局的几何特征进行简单分析和描述,忽略了城市扩张与城乡景观格局动态变化过程之间的内部联系,研究城市扩张与城乡景观格局动态变化过程之间的内部联系对揭示城市化规律有着重要意义。文章以江苏省昆山市（县）范围为研究对象,基于全市1985—2008年间多期TM影像图,在采用遥感与地理信息系统相结合的技术方法获取昆山市景观格局动态变化以及相关景观生态学指数分析的基础上,探讨城市扩张对城乡景观格局的影响。结果表明：23年间自然景观类型的面积基本保持不变;人工景观面积显著增涨了4倍。斑块密度、景观斑块数量破碎度指数受人工景观类型影响基本呈上升趋势;斑块密度、景观破碎度、最大斑块、边缘密度等指数与建设用地增长之间存在明显相关性,表明城市扩张是城乡景观格局特征变化的重要驱动力。     

嘉峪关市中心城区扩张过程及其景观特征变化

以中国干旱区嘉峪关市1986、1996、2006和2010年Landsat TM/ETM＋影像为数据源,采用道路扩展和城市建设用地扩张强度反映城区建设扩张过程,同时分析了城市景观类型的斑块特征和结构特征,研究结果表明：1）嘉峪关市中心城区主干道路扩展显著,城市面积增加明显。1986—2010年间嘉峪关市道路长度增加了100.20 km,城市面积从1986年的2 220.03hm^2增加到2010年的5 048.22hm^2,年均扩张强度指数达5.10%。2）城市景观格局变化显著,建设用地、城市绿地和水体分别增加了2 003.74hm^2、655.30hm^2和169.15hm^2,未利用地则减少2 828.19hm^2。建设用地和城市绿地破碎度增加,未利用地破碎度减少。3）城市景观斑块类型更趋均衡化,整体景观和异质性多样性增加。4）城市扩张是嘉峪关城市绿地和水体明显增加的重要原因,人类活动对城市生态环境的影响逐渐增强。     

1995至2004年广州土地利用格局变化与驱动分析

综合应用景观生态学、统计学基本原理,以及3S技术、手段,以广州市为研究对象,基于TM和SPOT影像数据,运用ERDAS、ARC/INFO、FRAGSTATS和SAS等GIS和统计学工具平台,分析了广州市1995到2004景观格局状况及其动态变化.研究结果表明:近10年间,广州市的耕地、林地和水域等自然、半自然景观面积减少,其中耕地面积减少的最多,而居民工矿用地和交通路网用地等人文景观面积都在增加,园地和湿地等半自然景观面积也在增加;斑块数量和边缘密度呈增加之势,景观破碎化程度升高;景观多样性指数的升高和景观聚集度的下降,景观异质性增加;景观形状指数增加,景观形状复杂化;影响景观格局变化的驱动因子主要是建筑密度、道路密度、人口密度和第三产业结构比例.根据因子分析的结果,从保护农地、降低景观破碎化程度等方面提出了城市景观的优化建议.     

城市及城市化的生态学过程及问题探讨

通过分析城市生态系统的特点,本文从生态学观点出发探讨了城市化过程对自然生态系统种群、结构和功能的影响,揭示了城市化过程实质上是一种从稳定的自然和半自然生态系统向不能自稳定的人工生态系统过渡的过程。     

城市景观空间格局变化的研究方法及实例

航空遥感技术的应用和地理信息系统(GIS)的建立,给城市景观格局的研究带来了新的方法。系统论和信息论中的许多新思想被大胆地引入了景观空间格局的研究。本文以沈阳西郊为例,利用航空像片为原始资料,采用嵌块体的数目和面积大小;景观的异质性;嵌块体的转移矩阵三个指标,讨论了30年来沈阳西郊观格局的显著变化。人类建设活动的干扰作用对景观格局的演化起了决定性作用。本文提出的土地利用城市化指数是景观空间分析的有用指标。     

A concise review of ecological risk assessment for urban ecosystem application associated with rapid urbanization processes

ABSTRACT

Urban ecological risk (UER) caused by rapid urbanization means potential threat to urban ecosystem structure, pattern and services. The scales of ecological risk assessment (ERA) have been expanded from individual organisms to watersheds and regions. The types of stressor range from chemical to physical, biological and natural events. However, the application of ERA in urban ecosystems is relatively new. Here, we summarize the progress of urban ERA and propose an explicit framework to illumine future ERA based on UER identification, analysis, characterization, modeling, projection and early warning and management. The summary includes six urban ERA-relevant methods: weight-of-evidence (WoE), procedure for ecological tiered assessment of risks (PETAR), relative risk model (RRM), multimedia, multi-pathway, multi-receptor risk assessment (3MRA), landscape analysis and ecological models. Furthermore, we review critical cases of urban ERA in landscape ecology, soil, air, water and solid waste. Based on the Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing, an urban ERA management platform integrates various urban ERA methodologies that can be developed to provide better implementation strategies of UER for urban ecosystem managers and stakeholders. We develop a conceptual model of urban ERA based on the urban characteristics in China. The future applications of urban ERA include uncertainty analysis using Monte Carlo techniques on the basis of geospatial techniques and comprehensive urban ERA using nonlinear models or process models.     

Urban forest landscape patterns in Ma'anshan City,China

The landscape pattern of Ma'anshan City was analyzed based on theories and methodologies of landscape ecology, remote sensing, global positioning, and a geographic information system (GIS). The study area encompassed the entire built-up area of 63.88 km²; a north–south transect 3-km wide and 13-km long was established along the long axis of the city. Five major landscape elements were assessed: urban land, urban forest, agriculture, water, and grass. Urban land was the dominant land cover type, and occupied 67% of total land area; while patches of urban forest occupied 16%, with a landscape element dominance of 0.42. Urban forest was classified according to land-use category and location into six types: scenic forest, yard forest, recreational forest, roadside forest, shelter forest, and nurseries. There were 2464 urban forest patches, the largest being 185.1 ha, with an average of 0.43 ha. The low nearest neighbor index and high patch density indicated that urban forest patches tend to be aggregated and have a high degree of fragmentation. This study also demonstrated that the spatial pattern of urbanization could be quantified using a combination of landscape metrics and gradient analysis. Urban forest has distinct spatial characters that are dependent on specific landscape metrics along the urbanization gradient.     

论城市河道整治与景观生态设计

针对城市河道整治中存在的一些问题,阐述了城市河道整治的原则,提出城市河道整治要考虑景观生态,设计中要遵循安全性、自然性、生态性、观赏性、亲水性、文化性等原则。在此基础上,重点介绍了河道形态景观、堤岸景观和河道附属景观的设计内容。     

Ecological risk assessment based on road network development analysis of Xiamen city,China

Urban road network development (RND) plays an important role in social and economic evolution. However, the unlimited expansion of roads leads to great changes in urban landscape patterns, which further affect ecosystems. To better characterize the urban ecological risk (UER) of RND, in this study, RND was considered the stressor and habitat provision the assessment endpoint in a UER assessment. According to the theory of landscape ecology, habitat quality disturbance intensity (HQDI) is used to quantify the negative effect of RND on an urban ecosystem. In particular, we aimed to explore the exposure-response function between road density and HQDI under RND stress. A case study was carried out in Xiamen City to examine this association. In terms of spatial distribution, this study showed that developed areas had the highest HQDI values, whereas low HQDI values were mostly associated with suburban areas. In addition, the probability distribution of HQDIs was uneven and the urban ecosystem showed unequal sensitivities to different types of roads. Based on a multilevel characterization of UER, results of this provide a framework to predict UER under RND stress and may enhance the ability of risk managers to develop scientifically based control measures.     

城市热力景观格局季节变化特征分析及其应用

热岛效应是城市发展过程中所产生的特有的环境问题,已经成为一种城市环境公害,对其形成和演变规律的研究有助于人们提出有效的应对措施。热力景观是分析城市热岛空间格局的一种新方法。以厦门为研究对象,利用2002年1、2、3、8、12月的Landsat ETM＋影像数据进行地表温度反演,在此基础上使用景观格局指数分析厦门城市热力景观格局的季节变化特征。结果表明：厦门城市热岛在夏季（8月）最强,春秋次之,冬季（1月）最弱。该变化特征是城市地表吸收太阳辐射和人为废热排放随季节变化的共同结果。应用该方法对2002年厦门热污染源进行调查,发现当年共有热污染源26个,其中工业热污染源18个。该研究可为环保、能源等部门乃至于整个城市的规划管理提供有力的决策依据。     

Current situation and development of Chinese urban forestry

This paper introduces Chinese urban forestry research in terms of the concept, forest types, ecosystem services, spatial structure, planning and construction, assessment and management. Modern Chinese urban forest had a close relationship with traditional landscape architecture. Urban forest services had been quantified in some case cities, and determined by urban forest spatial patterns and internal structures. Based on landscape ecology and urban planning, urban forest spatial patterns have been analysed and planned rationally in some cities. However, studies on urban forestry generally lack long-term, continuous and systemic observations, as well as in-depth research on ecological processes and mechanisms. The development trends in urban forestry in China might include extensive application of '3S' technology, research on the relationship between urban forest landscape spatial patterns and their ecological effects, economic assessment, ecological and economic benefits and studies on the negative effects of pollutants.     

城市景观生态建设──以沈阳市为例

本文对城市进行了景观生态学分析，认为城市景观嵌块体小，数量多，景观高度破碎，道路廊道多，而缺少绿色廊道及绿色嵌块体，结合沈阳市，分析了景观质量及绿地现状，从而提出在城市景观生态建设中应增加绿色嵌块体及绿色廊道的数量。     

城市的景观生态学探讨

城市是一种人为活动影响比较强烈的景观，建筑物和道路组成其比较均质的外观，但其内部的物质流、能量流、人口流及信息流等却非常活跃。本文主要对城市景观的特征、结构和功能进行了分析探讨。