应用蚕豆微核技术对煤矿塌陷塘水质的监测

用蚕豆微核技术对淮南大通和谢二煤矿塌陷塘的水体水质进行监测,同时测定了水体的氯化物、电导率、CODCr、BOD5、DO和总磷、总氮。结果表明:大通和谢二煤矿塌陷塘水质已经受到中度污染;蚕豆微核技术与氯化物、电导率、CODCr、BOD5、DO和总磷、总氮具有一定的相关性。     

微核技术与水体污染指标的相关性比较

为调查滨城区新立河水体污染情况,采用蚕豆微核技术对新立河9个采样点水质进行污染监测,并与水体中COD、BOD、DO、NH3-N、总磷等景观水体指标进行了相关性比较。结果表明:新立河在黄五桥至黄十五桥河段的4个采样点污染指数(PI)均>3.50,属于重度污染;水体COD、BOD、DO、NH3-N、总磷等指标显示该区段属劣Ⅴ类水质。相关分析表明,蚕豆微核率与COD、NH3-N、总磷等水体指标呈显著正相关,与DO呈负相关性,与BOD相关性较低。蚕豆根尖微核技术监测结果与水体污染指标的综合评价结果相一致。     

青弋江芜湖市段水质现状评价及污染防治对策

通过实地监测,系统分析了青弋江芜湖市段水质状况.研究结果表明:(1)水体溶解氧含量较丰富,适合鱼类生长.化学需氧量(CODcr)、生化需氧量(BOD5)、总氮(TN)等已超出Ⅲ类水标准.(2)对单项污染指数(Ii)及综合指数(M)的测算和评价表明青弋江水体水质属重污染,为Ⅳ类水,主要污染因子为TN、CODcr、BOD5、氨氮等.在此基础上,提出了从污染源控制及加强管理等对青弋江水质进行改善.     

蚕豆根尖微核技术监测白马河水质污染的研究

用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术监测郯城县白马河水质污染状况,结果表明部分被测水样存在不同程度遗传毒性物质。据此分析了白马河水质污染的原因,初步研究提出了切实可行的防治对策。     

嘉定区水系中BOD5与CODCr比值变化关系的研究

通过对1995—2004年上海市嘉定区内各个不同类型的污染控制断面BOD5、CODcr，监测结果的统计，得出各年的B／C值及其10年的均值。这些数据一定程度上反映了嘉定区整体水系的有机污染状况。进一步研究发现．在B／C值稳定的地表水中，BOD5与CODcr有良好的相关性，此相关性对以后区域水系中断面地表水CODcr，BOD5的数据质保提供了借鉴。     

冶金钢铁行业废水中CODcr与TOC相关性研究

CODcr和TOC均是表征水体有机污染程度的指标,对于一般有机废水,理论上两者线性相关。采用线性回归法对冶金钢铁行业废水中TOC和CODcr两项指标的监测数据进行统计分析,建立CODcr对TOC的转换方程,并用相关系数法进行显著性检验。结果表明冶金钢铁行业废水中CODcr值和TOC值的线性关系显著,建立的一元线性回归方程的准确度可以满足水质监测的需要,在一定条件下可以使用TOC监测值间接换算CODcr值。     

大庆地区主要排水干渠水质和底质遗传生物毒性测试的探索

探讨了用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术测试大庆地区主要排水干渠水质及底质的遗传毒性。并且通过污染指教PI值来研究水质底质的的综合毒性。结果表明作为一种灵敏度高、成本低廉的生物毒性监测方法，将在环境监测领域中有着广阔的应用前景。     

东大湖养鱼场水质遗传毒理的检测研究

本文报道了利用蚕豆根尖微核技术和鱼周血有核红细胞微核技术检测东大潮5个渔场的水质污染情况。结果为：各渔场蚕豆根尖MCN‰与对照（自来水）存在显著差异（F＞F(0．01)，P＜0．01），根据污染指数划分：A、B两渔场为重污染，C、D为中度污染，E为轻污染。各渔场鱼周血有核红细胞MCN‰与无明显污染源水体（柏录）存在着显著性差异（F＞F(0．01)，P＜0．01）。两种方法检测结果呈一致性，污染程度为A≈B＞C≈D＞E。微核率变化主要受污染源性质及位置的影响。将两种遗传毒性检测方法与化学方法检测相配合．能全面、准确、快速地监测水体污染状况，具有广泛的应用前景。     

制糖工业废水CODcr和BOD_5相关性探讨

在制糖工业废水的监测中 ,CODcr和BOD5均与水体的有机物有密切联系 ,且它们之间还存在一定的比例关系。通过对多组数据的相关性分析 ,确定以甘蔗为原料的制糖废水 ,CODcr和BOD5之间存在一定的相关性 ,可以通过CODcr值估算BOD5的值     

用一元线性回归法建立COD与BOD_5的关系模型

目前,在水污染监测与控制系统中,国内外都广泛应用生化需氧量(BOD5)和化学需氧量(COD)作为表征有机物污染的水质指标。研究BOD5与COD的相关关系,利用COD的测定来监视水质的BOD5污染,对于需要连续监测的水体或实验条件不完善而无法测试BOD5的部门,对于因某种因素干扰不能准确测试BOD5的水体,对于迅速指导实践,具有现实意义。     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.