基于STIRPAT模型的城市建设用地结构差异对用地效率的影响研究——以四川省为例

利用信息熵模型和偏移—份额模型测度分析了四川省18个城市2002—2016年用地结构变化的时空特征。基于包含非期望产出的超效率SBM模型,测算分析了城市用地效率的变化规律;基于STIRPAT模型,构建了用地结构对用地效率影响的扩展模型,并分析了结构对效率的影响特征。结果表明:生活用地、生产用地、生态用地、公共设施用地、居住用地和绿地在城市建设用地结构中占额分配率的不同,对城市用地效率具有直接的影响作用。     

芜湖市城市边缘区环境质量分析及其评价

城市地域的扩展一般首先发生在城市边缘区,并给城市边缘区带来一定的环境压力.分析了1995-2000年的芜湖市城市环境监测数据和城市扩张及社会经济发展数据,利用模糊数学综合评价法对芜湖市城市边缘区环境质量进行评价.结果表明,芜湖市由于其有利的自然条件以及科技进步和管理优势,城市边缘区环境质量良好.     

芜湖市近30年耕地数量变化特征分析

利用1971～2002年的统计资料,通过计算递减率的方法分析了芜湖市近30年来耕地数量变化的时间过程及空间差异.根据1990～2001年的详细统计资料,从国家建设用地、乡村集体建设用地、农民个人建房三个方面阐述了耕地流失的方向,得出耕地流失的主要流向是建设用地占用,揭示了耕地流失的特征,并在此基础上提出了4点对策,从而为研究耕地数量变化的驱动因子,为芜湖市制定科学的耕地资源可持续发展计划提供依据.     

基于计量地理模型和区位熵的城市用地结构地域分异研究——以辽中南城市群为例

运用计量地理模型和区位熵方法分析辽中南城市群城市用地结构地域分异,为制定城市用地规划提供借鉴。研究表明:1总体而言,辽中南城市群城市用地集中化水平较高,城市间用地多样化水平差异较大;2从用地组合类型看,城市间用地组合类型数差异不大,介于3—5之间,居住用地、工业用地、道路交通设施用地是城市用地的主要组合类型;3区位意义上,工业用地、居住用地和道路交通设施用地区位意义显著,6个城市该类用地区位指数大于1,公共管理与公共服务设施用地、物流仓储用地、公共设施用地、绿地与广场用地区位意义一般,4个城市该类用地类区位指数大于1;商业服务业设施用地区位意义不显著,3个城市该类用地区位指数大于1。     

山东省城市用地规模分布研究

选取2002—2006年山东省48个城市建成区用地规模的资料,运用位序一规模法则分析了山东省城市建成区土地利用规模的变化,继而运用分形理论,阐释了位序—规模曲线。结果显示,山东省城市用地规模的均衡度趋向减小;城市用地规模的总量持续增加;城市体系整体发育,大城市发育快。根据曲线形态对城市用地规模进行分类,发现小城市的数量在逐渐减少,中等城市的数量在逐渐增加;首位城市济南市的用地规模尚有可观的发展潜力。     

安徽省中小型城市用地扩展研究——以滁州市为例

以滁州市1966年的地形图,1978年、1987年、1995年、2000年及2006年的遥感影像为数据源,提取滁州市6个时段的建成区面积对其用地扩展进行了研究。结果表明,滁州市建成区面积在1966-2006年间面积增加了7．84倍,扩展速度经历了先快后慢的过程;发展方向以东南方向为主,40年间城市中心向东、南方向分别迁移了1084m和1940m对揭示安徽省中小型城市用地的发展特征具有一定意义。     

基于GIS和DEA的城镇建设用地扩展经济效益评价——以重庆市南岸区为例CSSCI

以重庆市南岸区2000年、2004年、2007年、2010年、2014年的Landsat TM遥感影像作为数据源,在利用Arc GIS对城镇建设用地进行提取的基础上,运用象限分析法和扩展指数分析城镇建设用地在时空上的扩展特征;建立DEA模型,利用Mat LAB计算城镇建设用地扩展的经济效益;利用一元线性回归和DEA预测2026年南岸区城镇建设用地扩展的经济效益。结果表明:2000—2014年南岸区城镇建设用地面积在空间上扩展的大小关系是:西南>东北>正西>西北>正东>正南>正北>东南方向,期间面积增加1938.29hm2;2000年和2014年城镇建设用地经济效益有效,2004年、2007年和2010年城镇建设用地经济效益为无效,预测出2026年南岸区城镇建设用地经济效益有效。研究结果为南岸区和重庆市的可持续发展、城镇建设用地的合理扩展和经济效益的有效发展提供了理论基础。     

基于GIS和DEA的城镇建设用地扩展经济效益评价——以重庆市南岸区为例

以重庆市南岸区2000年、2004年、2007年、2010年、2014年的Landsat TM遥感影像作为数据源,在利用Arc GIS对城镇建设用地进行提取的基础上,运用象限分析法和扩展指数分析城镇建设用地在时空上的扩展特征;建立DEA模型,利用Mat LAB计算城镇建设用地扩展的经济效益;利用一元线性回归和DEA预测2026年南岸区城镇建设用地扩展的经济效益。结果表明:2000—2014年南岸区城镇建设用地面积在空间上扩展的大小关系是:西南东北正西西北正东正南正北东南方向,期间面积增加1938.29hm2;2000年和2014年城镇建设用地经济效益有效,2004年、2007年和2010年城镇建设用地经济效益为无效,预测出2026年南岸区城镇建设用地经济效益有效。研究结果为南岸区和重庆市的可持续发展、城镇建设用地的合理扩展和经济效益的有效发展提供了理论基础。     

快速城镇化背景下迅速扩张型城市空间演化时空特征及驱动力机制——以合肥市为例

利用合肥市1997年、2001年、2005年、2009年、2013年和2017年遥感数据源,提取相应年份的城市建成区扩展信息,从扩展速度、扩展强度、紧凑度、分形维数、城市建成区扩展弹性指数和空间重心转移等方面对城市空间演化时空特征进行分析,选取14个指标构建主成分模型,结合城市发展背景,研究城市空间演化驱动力机制,同时利用多元回归模型预测合肥市未来建成区面积。结果表明:合肥市城市扩展速度与强度均保持较快增长,城市整体向外部不断扩张,重心向东南方向转移,但城市空间扩张与人口处于不协调的发展模式;经济、人口、交通和政策为城市空间演化主要驱动力;合肥市建成区面积保持较快增长,迅速扩张型城市未来空间扩展模式应以多中心扩展模式为主,进行以轴向发展为主的多中心城市结构的转变,同时注重城市空间的内涵式更新。     

城乡交错带土地利用研究——以芜湖市为例

城乡交错带是城市扩展和农村发展的前沿,也是统筹城乡关系的重点地区。选择芜湖市城乡交错带为研究区域,利用2004年土地利用数据分析了芜湖市城乡交错带地域土地利用的现状和存在的主要问题及其原因,探讨了2006年辖区调整后该地域土地利用的对策与措施。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.     

Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific

The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.