《石油炼制工业污染物排放标准》之管见

将《石油炼制工业污染物排放标准》(GB 31570—2015)与石油炼制行业在此之前执行的《大气污染物综合排放标准》(GB16297—1996)等标准进行了比较。指出,《GB 31570—2015》针对不同排放源细化了控制要求,部分指标收严了排放限值,增加了特别排放限值要求,明确扩大了石油炼制工业废水的范围,提出了VOCs的控制要求。分析了其标准在执行中可能出现的问题,提出了实施的建议。     

Distribution of PAHs in Surface Soils from Petroleum Handling Facilities in Calabar

The level of concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface soils from petroleum handling facilities (kerosene tank, generating plant, petrol stations, mechanic workshops, leaking pipeline and air port fuel dump) from Calabar metropolis southeastern Nigeria was determined by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry. The results show that total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) varied from 1.80 to 334.43 mg/kg with a mean of 50.31 mg/kg. The lowest value of 1.80 mg/kg was obtained from petrol station while the highest value of 334.43 mg/kg was obtained from facility characterised by petrol stations and mechanic workshops. The ratio of phenanthrene/anthracene and fluoranthene/pyrene, varied from 0.43 to 27.72 and from 0.14 to 17.76 respectively. These ratios indicate various sources for the PAH. The two to three ring PAHs are the most abundant. Based on the PAH ratios and content alone it is not possible to distinguish between contribution from motor vehicle exhaust, gasoline spillage, used engine oil or petroleum production. However, considering the area of the study, it is very likely that the major source of soil contamination is originating from petroleum product.     

Assessment of Seasonal Enrichment of Heavy Metals in Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter of a Sub-Urban Indian City

Heavy metals in respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) were analyzed for different seasons, from July 2002 to December 2002, at different locations in Hisar (Haryana, India). The samples were analyzed for Pb, As, Ni, Cu, Mn, Fe and Mg on atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) in air-acetylene flame. The concentration of heavy metals was more in the studied residential area followed by industrial area and commercial area. The concentrations of Fe, As, Ni and Mn were found to be more compared to other metals. Further, the concentrations of all the heavy metals were higher in pre-monsoon (extended summer) and monsoon followed by post-monsoon, autumn and winter. Meteorology played an important role in concentration of heavy metals in RSPM. Turbulent conditions resulted in higher concentration owing to re-suspension and external input whereas, low wind speed, low temperature and high relative humidity favoured low concentration of the pollutants. The evaluation of enrichment factor revealed that Pb, As, Ni, Cu, and Mn are emitted, chiefly from anthropogenic sources and Fe and Mg are associated with natural sources.     

Characterisation of particulate matter for toxic metals in ambient air of Kochi City, India

Measurement of respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) and analysis of toxic metals in air of Kochi city was carried out for a period of one year, 1997. Seasonal variations of RSPM and toxic metals are analysed to identify the influence of meteorological parameters. The air pollution problem with respect to RSPM and lead is moderately significant especially in winter season. The profile of other toxic metals in RSPM is not much significant. Domestic fuel used mainly coal/wood and petrol/diesel fueled motor vehicles are the major contributors to the RSPM and toxic metals. Various control strategies are delineated for reduction of ambient RSPM and toxic metals in air of Kochi city.     

Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Wuhan section of the Yangtze River, China

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are important organic contaminants with great significance for China, where coal burning is the main source of energy. In this study, concentrations, distribution between different phases, possible sources and eco-toxicological effect of PAHs of the Yangtze River were assessed. PAHs in water, suspended particulate matters (SPM) and sediment samples at seven main river sites, 23 tributary and lake sites of the Yangtze River at the Wuhan section were analyzed. The total concentrations of PAHs in the studied area ranged from 0.242 to 6.235 μg/l in waters and from 31 to 4,812 μg/kg in sediment. The average concentration of PAHs in SPM was 4,677 μg/kg, higher than that in sediment. Benzo(a)pyrene was detected only at two stations, but the concentrations were above drinking water standard. The PAHs level of the Yangtze River was similar to that of some other rivers in China but higher than some rivers in foreign countries. There existed a positive relationship between PAHs concentrations and the TOC contents in sediment. The ratio of specific PAHs indicated that PAHs mainly came from combustion process, such as coal and wood burning. PAHs may cause potential toxic effect but will not cause acute biological effects in sedimentary environment of the Wuhan section of the Yangtze River.     

水环境中PAHs源解析研究方法比较

综述了近年来水环境中PAHs源解析的方法,包括化学质量平衡法、因子分析法、稳定碳同位素法和比值法等,重点评述了方法的理论基础、适用条件、应用状况和存在问题,并结合我国情况分析了水环境中PAHs源解析方法的发展趋势.认为因子分析法与多元统计方法结合使用是当前我国PAHs源解析的最适用方法,可以实现对源贡献率的定量分析,与GIS技术结合应用,能实现PAHs源的空间统计分析,反映污染源影响作用的空间分布规律.     

Seasonal Variation of Toxic Benzene Emissions in Petroleum Refinery

Petroleum refineries are largest chemical industries that are responsible for the emission of several pollutants into the atmosphere. Benzene is among the most important air pollutants that are emitted by petroleum refineries, since they are involved in almost every refinery process. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a major group of air pollutants, which play a critical role in atmospheric chemistry. These contribute to toxic oxidants, which are harmful to ecosystem, human health and atmosphere. The variability of pollutants is an important factor in determining human exposure to these chemicals. The ambient air concentrations of benzene were measured in several sites around the Digboi petroleum refinery, near the city of Gowahati in northeast India, during winter and summer 2004. The seasonal and spatial variations of the ambient air concentrations of this benzene were investigated and analyzed. An estimation of the contribution of the refinery to the measured atmospheric levels of benzene was also performed. The ambient air mixing ratios of benzene in a large area outside the refinery was generally low, in ppbv range, much lower than the ambient air quality standards. This article presents the temporal and spatial variation of air pollution in and around petroleum refinery and showed that no health risk due to benzene is present in the areas adjacent to the refinery.     

石油固体废弃物对土壤环境的生态效应研究

以化学分析和生态毒理学分析相结合的方法对某油田14个井场的不同污染强度和类型的石油固体废弃物进行微生物、植物整体性毒性效应评价.研究结果表明,油田固体废弃物毒性影响各不相同,在各项指标中根系活力、SOD、CAThe叶绿素都具有很好的毒性指示作用,落地原油土壤中会增加微生物基质利用率,降低超氧物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,高舍油会增加根系活力,低含油反而降低根系活力.固化泥浆能显著降低根系活力、起氧物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性,能增加基质利用活性,对植物叶片中叶绿素a和b造成一定伤害,总叶绿素含量下降,叶绿素a/b值上升.     

底质中石油和酚类浸溶试验

研究小东江水闸至斜岭全程１０Ｋｍ河段底质中石油和酚类污染物含量的沿程分布,并对底质进行浸溶试验,结果表明,该河段底质中石油平均含量为２７．５８ｍｇ／ｋｇ,酚类为０．０９８ｍｇ／ｋｇ,石油平均浸出率为３５％,酚类平均浸出率为４９％,在一定的条件下,可能导致水体的二次污染。     

石油污染场地土壤修复技术及工程化应用

在分析当前我国土壤受石油污染的状况基础上,介绍目前修复石油污染场地土壤的技术,包括物理修复、化学修复和生物修复等.并对各种技术的修复原理、研究进展、优缺点及其发展趋势进行了综述,结合我国的研究现状与工作基础对该领域今后的研究方向与重点进行了展望.     

Trace metal concentrations in suspended particles, sediments and clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) from Jiaozhou Bay of China

Suspended particulate matter (SPM), sediments and clams were collected at three sites in Jiaozhou Bay to assess the magnitude of trace metal pollution in the area. Metal concentrations in SPM (Cu: 40.11–203; Zn: 118–447; Pb: 50.1–132; Cd: 0.55–4.39; Cr: 147.6–288; Mn: 762−1670 μg/g), sediments (Cu: 17.64–34.26; Zn: 80.79–110; Pb: 24.57–49.59; Cd: 0.099–0.324; Cr: 41.6–88.1; Mn: 343−520μg/g) and bivalves (Cu: 6.41–19.76; Zn: 35.5–85.5; Pb: 0.31–1.01; Cd: 0.51–0.67; Mn: 27.45−67.6 μg/g) are comparable to those reported for other moderately polluted world environments. SPM showed a less clear pattern. Metal concentrations in sediments displayed a clear geographical trend with values increasing with proximity to major urban centers. The clams (on dry weight) showed a complex pattern due to the variability introduced by age-related factors. Cd showed an apparent reverse industrial trend with higher concentrations in clams collected at distant stations. Zn, Pb and Mn showed no clear geographical pattern, whereas Cu increased in the clams collected in the most industrialized area. In addition, the bioaccumulation factors (BAF) were calculated. The result indicated that the studied Ruditapes philippinarum in Jiaozhou Bay possessed different bioaccumulation capacities for Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb and Mn, and Cd, Zn had a relatively high assimilation of those metals from sediment particles. A significant relationship with clam age was observed for Zn (positive) and Cu (negative) suggesting different physiological requirements for both metals with age. Trace metal concentrations measured in the tissue of the investigated clam were in the range considered safe by the WHO for human use.     

土壤多环芳烃污染的地统计学研究进展

土壤中的多环芳烃对人体健康具有潜在的危害。应用地统计学的方法研究土壤多环芳烃的空间特性,以及在此基础上开展风险评价、污染源识别、土壤修复等工作,是土壤多环芳烃研究的重要方向之一。文章介绍了国内外在这个领域的研究成果,并提出了此领域的发展方向展望。     

不同木柴在两种条件下燃烧生成的颗粒物中多环芳烃的排放特性研究

将马尾松、赤桉、甜叶桉树和锦熟黄杨四种木柴,使用普通家用木柴燃烧加热炉在两种条件下进行燃烧,采集燃烧所排放的颗粒物样品并分析,获得了颗粒物中多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons简写为PAHs)的排放因子及单个多环芳烃化合物的分布规律。结果显示:在颗粒物中检测出的多环芳烃化合物主要是分子量较大并被称为基因致毒性类的多环芳烃化合物,实验还发现:在四种木柴中,马尾松具有最高的多环芳烃化合物的排放因子,其次是赤桉和锦熟黄杨,最低的是甜叶桉树。两种不同的燃烧条件相比,慢燃烧比快燃烧所产生的总多环芳烃化合物和基因致毒性多环芳烃化合物的量都要高。     

土壤中石油类有机污染物检测方法研究进展

在系统地归纳总结了国内外研究者所采用的各种分析方法基础上,指出了现有实验分析中存在的问题及发展趋势。主张尽量使用和开发仪器分析检测方法,并建议尽快规范土壤中石油类有机污染物的定性定量分析方法,尽早解决目前常用分析方法中存在的各种问题,为土壤石油污染防治提供有效保障。     

石油类和动植物油测定中萃取设备与脱水方法的改进

对红外分光光度法测定水质石油类和动植物油中萃取设备和脱水方法进行改进,用采样-自动萃取联体装置来萃取样品,提高该方法操作规范化程度,解决了沙芯漏斗难清洗及交叉污染的问题;提高了样品前处理自动化程度,减少待测物质损失,提高方法精密度和准确度;减轻分析人员劳动强度,提高了工作效率;最大程度减少萃取过程四氯化碳对分析人员的毒害,能更好适应当今日益繁重的监测任务。     

焉耆盆地石油勘探开发水污染应急管理系统研究

通过对石油开发应急管理系统分类及内容分析研究,结果焉耆地石油开发特点,提出焉耆盆地石油勘探开发水污染应急管理系统应具备的内容和功能,为焉耆盆地和其它区域石油开发污染控制提供了参考。     

淮安市典型地区土壤中多环芳烃污染调查

对淮安市5个区域土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染状况进行了调查和分析,结果表明:被调查区域土壤中PAHs的平均质量比为1 641 μg/kg,城市附近区域--淮海南路旁农田、大运河畔城南农田、北京新村土壤中PAHs的质量比最高,分别为3 421 μg/kg、1 730 μg/kg和1 779 μg/kg,其污染特征因子为苊、菲、荧蒽、(艹屈)、茚并[1,2,3-c,d]芘、苯并[g,h,I]苝等;远离城市的区域--洪泽湖畔农田、洪泽湖大墩岛农田土壤中PAHs质量比较低,分别为716.3 μg/kg、560.9 μg/kg,污染特征因子为芴、苊、菲、(艹屈)等.     

Assessing Respiratory Morbidity Through Pollution Status and Meteorological Conditions for Delhi

The study focuses on assessing the status of respiratory morbidity in Delhi over a four years period from 2000–2003. An attempt was made to investigate the role of important pollutants (SO₂, NO₂, SPM and RSPM) and various meteorological factors (temperature minimum & maximum, relative humidity at 0830 and 1730 hrs. and wind speed) in being responsible for respiratory admissions on account of COPD, asthma and emphysema. The study showed that winter months had greater exposure risk as pollutants often get trapped in the lower layers of atmosphere resulting in high concentrations. Statistical analysis revealed that two pollutants have significant positive correlation with the number of COPD cases viz., SPM (r = 0.474; p < 0.01) and RSPM (r = 0.353; p < 0.05), while a meteorological factor temperature (minimum) has a significant negative correlation (r = −0.318; p < 0.05) with COPD. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed for COPD as dependent variable and R² value of 0.33 was obtained indicating that SPM and RH(1730) were able to explain 33 percent variability in COPD. The partial correlation of SPM and RH(1730) on COPD was higher than any other combination and therefore they can be regarded as important contributing variables on COPD.     

泰安降水中多环芳烃的浓度分布和来源分析

于2006年4月到2007年8月在泰安市城北设立采样点收集降水样品,对样品中的13种美国环保署(US EPA)优控多环芳烃(PAHs)及NO3-、SO42-等无机阴、阳离子进行了定量分析.测定结果表明,雨水样品中∑13PAHs含量范围在11.3～179.4ng/L之间,平均浓度为89.8ng/L;NO3-、SO42-分别在16.35～186.4ueq/L及53.83～721.9ueq/L之间;样品中无机阴、阳离子总和之比∑(+)/∑(-)的平均值为0.93.相关分析表明,样品中菲、芴、萤蒽等3、4环多环芳烃化合物含量较高;样品中的PAHs浓度与季节存在一定的相关性,但与样品中的NO3-、SO42-浓度间无明显的相关性;样品中的多环芳烃主要来源于煤炭、木材及石油的不完全燃烧.     

Bioaccumulation of PAHs in the Zebra Mussel at Times Beach, Buffalo, New York

The zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, was utilized in an in situ study in the Times Beach Confined Disposal Facility (CDF) located in Buffalo, New York, Mussels, placed both in the water column (upper position) and at the sediment surface (lower position), survived a 34-day exposure to the CDF. At the CDF, total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in the water column were below detection limits (<0.010 mg 1-1), mean total PAH concentrations in the sediment were 164.41 mg kg-1, and mean total PAH concentrations in mussel tissues after the 34-day exposure were 6.58 mg kg-1. PAH concentrations in mussels exposed for 34 days at the CDP were compared to a baseline PAH concentrations in mussel tissue prior to study initiation (Day 0), and mussel tissue from the reference site (Black Rock Channel Lock). There was a significant increase in total PAHs in mussel tissues over the 34 Day period at the CDF. No significant accumulation occurred at the reference site. PAHs which increased significantly in mussel tissue at the CDF were fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, and benzo(a)anthracene. Benzo(a)anthracene concentrations increased significantly in mussels at the upper position overall at Times Beach. Concentrations of Total PAHs, fluoranthene, pyrene, and chrysene were not related to position.