土壤-青菜系统中铅污染对土壤微生物活性及多样性的影响

采用盆栽方法研究了青菜种植条件下2种不同类型的人为铅污染土(黄松田土和黄红壤)中不同处理对土壤微生物生物量、生理生态参数以及群落结构的影响.结果表明,2种土壤在外源铅含量为100和300 mg·kg-1时,土壤微生物生物量有微小增加,而高浓度铅污染使土壤微生物生物量显著降低.在高浓度铅污染土壤中,微生物生理生态参数发生明显变化,微生物生物量碳/土壤有机质碳(Cmic/Corg)逐渐下降,代谢熵(qco2)明显上升,表明土壤微生物群落处于胁迫状态.结果还显示,铅污染对土壤微生物的影响与不同的管理方式(青菜种植情况)以及土壤中有机质、粘粒含量等有关,在种植青菜、有机质和粘粒含量高的土壤中,土壤微生物各项参数变化要小.对21种磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)的图谱进行分析,结果表明,受铅污染土壤的微生物群落结构组成伴随着功能参数的变化而发生了改变;随着铅污染程度的增强,指示真菌和放线菌类的脂肪酸增加,而革兰氏阳性菌与革兰氏阴性菌脂肪酸比值下降.     

不同相伴阴离子对镉污染红壤微生物区系及群落功能多样性的影响

通过外加醋酸镉和氯化镉的室内培养试验研究了不同相伴阴离子对镉污染红壤中微生物区系及群落功能多样性的影响 .结果表明 :在相同镉浓度下相伴OAc-对镉污染红壤的细菌、放线菌和真菌数量及微生物群落功能多样性的抑制作用大于相伴Cl-.统计分析显示 ,在供试红壤中OAc-与Cl-对其微生物区系及微生物群落代谢剖面 (AWCD值 )、Shannon指数的影响均达到显著差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,且在红砂土上表现更为明显 .外加醋酸钾和氯化钾的培养试验结果表明 ,阳离子为钾时 ,相伴OAc-与Cl-对红壤微生物区系结构及群落功能多样性没有产生明显抑制作用 ,相伴OAc-甚至存在一定的刺激作用 .可见 ,相伴OAc-对镉污染红壤微生物的毒害作用大于相伴Cl-,其原因并非是阴离子本身的毒性效应 ,而镉的生物有效性变化可能是不同相伴阴离子镉盐导致毒性差异的原因之一 .     

Effects of heavy metal pollution on soil microbial biomass

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Alteration of microbial properties and community structure in soils exposed to napropamide

The effect of pesticide napropamide (N,N-diethyl-2-(1-naphthalenyloxy) propanamide) on soil microorganisms for long-term (56 d) was assessed by monitoring changes in soil microbial biological responses. Soils were treated with napropamide at 0, 2, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg soil and sampled at intervals of 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 42, and 56 d. The average microbial biomass C declined in napropamide-treated soils as compared to control. The same trend was observed on microbial biomass N after napropamide application.We also determined the basal soil respiration (BSR) and observed a high level in soils treated with napropamide during the first 7 d of experiment. But with the passage of incubation time, BSR with napropamide decreased relatively to control. Application of napropamide at 2–80 mg/kg soil had inhibitory e ects on the activity of urease and invertase. Activity of catalase was enhanced during the initial 7 d of napropamide application, but soon recovered to the basal level. The depressed enzyme activities might be due to the toxicity of napropamide to the soil microbial populations. To further understand the e ect of napropamide on microbial communities, a PCRDGGE- based experiment and cluster analysis of 16S rDNA community profiles were performed. Our analysis revealed an apparent di erence in bacterial-community composition between the napropamide treatments and control. Addition of napropamide apparently increased the number of bands during the 7–14 d of incubation. These results imply that napropamide-induced toxicity was responsible for the disturbance of the microbial populations in soil.     

生物质炭和秸秆配合施用对土壤有机碳转化的影响

为探讨生物质炭和秸秆碳输入对土壤碳构成和转化的影响,通过室内培养试验,研究了单施生物质炭、秸秆及两者配合施入下土壤二氧化碳的释放特征以及土壤微生物碳和有机碳的变化.结果表明,秸秆有机碳在土壤中的矿化率为21.50%(2%添加水平),远大于等量生物质炭的矿化率(8.09%);施用等量(占4%土重)生物质炭和秸秆,培养200 d后土壤有机碳含量分别为24.40 g·kg~(-1)、17.40 g·kg~(-1),表明生物质炭对有机碳的提升作用大于秸秆的.施用生物质炭对土壤固有有机碳有一定的保护作用,生物质炭与秸秆配合施用促进了秸秆的矿化,对有机碳矿化影响的交互效应为正值.施用秸秆能大幅度增加土壤微生物碳,而生物质炭对土壤微生物碳影响小;秸秆和生物质炭配合也增加了土壤微生物碳,但其交互效应与培养时间、施用量等有关,可正可负.     

北京城区夏季静稳天气下大气边界层与大气污染的关系

利用ALS300激光雷达系统测量的信号,根据Fernald方法反演的气溶胶消光系数的最大突变即最大递减率的高度确定大气边界层高度. 结果表明:在夏季静稳天气下,大气边界层平均高度为600 m,其中晴天为1 000 m,雾天为700 m,阴雨天在200~300 m之间. 静稳天气下的大气边界层不容易被有效突破,故不利于大气污染物扩散. 大气边界层高度对污染物浓度影响显著,没有降雨时,大气边界层降低(400 m),大气污染加重,在城区宝联站监测的ρ(PM_2.5)近200 μg/m3,在大气本底站——上甸子站近150 μg/m3;如果伴有降水,大气边界层高度升至600 m,大气污染则减轻,2个站点观测的ρ(PM_2.5)均降至50 μg/m3以下. 静稳天气下的大气污染呈现区域性特点.      

十六烷基三甲基氯化铵与荧蒽对小球藻的联合毒性及其作用机制

以普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)为受试生物,采用批量培养方法研究了阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)与多环芳烃荧蒽(Flu)的联合毒性及其作用机制.结果表明,当CTAC初始浓度固定为100μg/L时,随Flu浓度的升高(0~100.84μg/L), CTAC与Flu的联合毒性由协同效应(0~22.50μg/L)转为拮抗效应(22.50~100.84μg/L).当Flu浓度为1.13μg/L时,协同效应达到最大(RI＝2.01),与对照组相比,生物量抑制率从37.5%增加至80.9%;对氮和铁单位吸收量分别从0.27mg和9.18μg降至0.09mg和2.14μg;藻细胞Zeta电位从-10.0mV提高至-8.3mV;叶绿素a和可溶性蛋白质含量分别从5.00mg/L和80.65μg/mg降为2.57mg/L和50.36μg/mg.根据实验结果分析, CTAC与Flu复合污染体系提高了藻细胞Zeta电位,抑制了小球藻对氮和铁的吸收,降低了藻细胞体内叶绿素和蛋白质的含量.     

基于组分区分的亚热带湿地松人工林土壤呼吸对氮添加的响应

氮沉降在很大程度上会对土壤呼吸产生扰动,进而影响到生态系统碳收支.以我国亚热带湿地松人工林为研究对象,通过定位模拟氮沉降控制试验,定量研究根系呼吸和微生物呼吸对氮添加的响应差异,并通过土壤环境的同步监测,初步探讨影响上述过程的生物地球化学与微生物学机理.结果表明:不同氮素添加水平下土壤呼吸速率及其组分总体上都呈现出单峰曲线特征,峰值出现在7月或8月,氮添加对土壤呼吸的季节模式没有明显影响.CK（0,对照）、LN〔60 kg/（hm2·a）,低氮〕和HN〔120 kg/（hm2·a）,高氮〕处理下土壤总呼吸速率的年均值分别为3.91、2.30和1.73 μmol/（m2·s）,各组根系呼吸速率年均值分别为1.41、0.87和0.66 μmol/（m2·s）,各组微生物呼吸速率年均值分别为2.50、1.44和1.07 μmol/（m2·s）.施氮后土壤总呼吸及其组分都受到明显抑制,并且随着施氮水平的提高,土壤总呼吸及其组分明显减小.与对照样地微生物呼吸占比65.2%相比,低氮和高氮处理下微生物呼吸占比显著降低,降幅分别为62.6%和62.1%,说明氮素添加对微生物呼吸的抑制作用大于根系呼吸.施氮后一年,氮素输入对土壤呼吸的抑制在消退.施氮对表层土壤w（TOC）（TOC为总有机碳）、w（NH₄+）、w（NO₃-）、w（DOC）（DOC为可溶性有机碳）、w（DON）（DON为可溶性有机氮）、w（MBC）（MBC为微生物生物量碳）和w（MBN）（MBN为微生物生物量氮）都没有显著影响.氮素添加主要是通过降低土壤pH、加速湿地松人工林土壤酸化,对影响土壤有机质转化的土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性产生显著抑制,从而影响到土壤微生物活性,导致土壤微生物呼吸降低,这可能是土壤呼吸对氮添加响应的关键机制.      

Cu在黑土中形态特性分析及施用有机肥的影响

通过小麦盆栽试验研究了黑土中Cu的分布特征、动态变化及有机肥施用的影响.结果表明,无论外源Cu添加量高或低,土壤中Cu的形态均主要以可氧化态为主,所占比例为40.4%～65.0%.随着外源Cu添加量的增加,弱酸溶解态Cu所占比例稍有增加,可还原态Cu含量及其所占比例均显著增加,残渣态Cu所占比例显著降低,可见外源Cu添加量的增加能提高土壤中Cu的生物有效性.与2009年相比,黑土中弱酸溶解态Cu的分配比例在2010年迅速下降,而残渣态Cu的比例显著上升,表明随着时间的变化Cu的稳定化作用不断加强,生物有效性降低.1%有机肥施用明显降低了Cu的移动性,弱酸溶解态Cu的下降幅度和残渣态Cu的上升幅度都明显增大.低剂量Cu(<200mg·kg-1)可促进小麦的生长,使其生物量增加,但高剂量Cu(高于600mg·kg-1)对小麦有显著的毒害作用.且当Cu添加量很高时,小麦对Cu的吸收量在2010年高于2009年,表明Cu在黑土中的短期稳定作用对Cu的生物有效性和作物吸收并未产生显著影响.     

四环素和砷对斑马鱼的联合毒性及机制

选取斑马鱼为模式生物,研究TET（四环素）和As（砷）对斑马鱼的联合毒性.结果表明,50μg/L TET和100μg/L As的联合暴露显著增加斑马鱼体内氧化应激（GPx）、炎症因子（TNF-α）和凋亡因子（C-jun）相关基因表达,造成肠道和肝脏组织更严重的损伤.50μg/L TET和100μg/L As联合暴露呈现的协同毒性效应与P-gp基因被抑制介导的As在肠道和肝脏蓄积量[（704.15±24.50） ng/g和（458.35±24.25ng/g）]显著增加有关.此外,发现肠道的通透性及微生物群落结构的变化对TET和As协同毒性无明显影响.     

Combined effects of two sulfonylurea herbicides on soil microbial biomass and N-mineralization

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Effects of field application of phosphate fertilizers on the availability and uptake of lead, zinc and cadmium by cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) in a mining tailing contaminated soil

A field trial was conducted to evaluate the reduction of bioavailability of heavy metals including lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) in a soil contaminated by mining tailings in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China. Three commercial phosphate (P) fertilizers including phosphate rock (PR), calcium magnesium phosphate (CMP), and single superphosphate (SSP) were applied to the plot at three P application rates, 50, 300, and 500 g/m2 with 9 treatments and control (CK). Plants, water soluble and exchangeable (WE) extra...     

浑蒲灌区土壤中多环芳烃的分布及生态响应

因污水灌溉、大气沉降和油井的直接输入可能导致浑蒲灌区土壤中的w(PAHs)升高. 沿灌渠走向选取了8个采样点和1个对照点,分析了不同深度的土壤中w(PAHs)和表层土壤中微生物PLFAs(磷脂脂肪酸)的组成. Spearman分析表明,除了芴和蒽,其他PAHs、2~6环PAHs和总PAHs的质量分数均与土壤深度呈显著负相关. 油井附近的旱田土壤中w(PAHs)较高〔Ⅰ-2U采样点为(645.77±204.21)μg/kg,Ⅰ-6U采样点为(660.39±208.83)μg/kg〕;浑蒲灌区土壤中的PAHs以低环数的菲〔(61.92±13.72) μg/kg〕、蒽〔(39.11±10.68) μg/kg〕和芴〔(31.12±8.14) μg/kg〕为主;由于淋洗作用,水田土壤中w(PAHs)明显低于旱田. 相比对照点,浑蒲灌区土壤中微生物量降低,但微生物多样性增加. 通过对PLFAs的主成分和聚类分析,受油井影响的水田(Ⅰ-1P、Ⅰ-5P采样点)与旱田(Ⅰ-2U和Ⅰ-6U采样点)聚在一起,与对照点距离较远,说明油井附近水田和旱田的微生物结构与对照点存在显著差异,二者同时受到了油田的影响,相应的生态功能也会受到同样的影响. 尽管水田土壤中w(PAHs)明显低于旱田,但其土壤微生物结构也明显受到了石油污染的影响,而且水田地下水健康风险增加,因此建议关注水田风险,并为水田和旱田制订不同的PAHs土壤基准值.      

除草剂对水稻土微生物的影响

以阿特拉津、丁草胺和甲磺隆 3种除草剂为例 ,采用熏蒸提取法和BIOLOG碳素利用法研究了土壤中除草剂污染与水稻土微生物之间的关系及其环境意义 .结果表明以 10mg·kg-1含量施入水稻土的甲磺隆在施用初期导致微生物生物量下降 ,随培养时间的推移 ,生物量有所恢复 ;相同浓度的阿特拉津和丁草胺对水稻土微生物生物量影响不明显 .BIOLOG数据显示 ,3种除草剂施用初期 (第 2d)微生物碳源利用多样性变化不明显 ,随着培养时间的增加微生物碳源利用多样性发生变化 ,变化趋势因除草剂类型不同而异 :甲磺隆除草剂污染水稻土微生物碳源利用多样性先有明显降低 ,培养后期呈上升趋势 ;阿特拉津和丁草胺除草剂污染水稻土微生物碳源利用多样性基本不受影响 .     

苯酚溶液对好氧颗粒污泥储存稳定性的影响

针对好氧颗粒污泥在长期储存过程中易出现的颗粒解体和微生物失活等问题,设置了浓度分别为30,60,100,150,200,300mg/L的苯酚溶液储存好氧颗粒污泥,并以蒸馏水为对照组,在室温下储存150d.考察储存期间各储存溶液中的好氧颗粒污泥特性变化情况.结果表明,储存150d后,60mg/L苯酚溶液中的好氧颗粒污泥具有较好的颗粒状结构和密实性,且其向储存溶液中释放的污染物质较少;200和300mg/L苯酚溶液中的好氧颗粒污泥也具有一定的结构完整性,但其颗粒结构强度较差.好氧颗粒污泥中的优势菌纲（黄杆菌纲、变形菌纲和放线菌纲）丰富度降低,梭状芽孢杆菌纲丰富度增加.60mg/L苯酚溶液中的环二鸟苷酸（c-di-GMP）浓度为14.38μg/gMLSS,与储存前相比下降了36.68%,300mg/L苯酚溶液中的c-di-GMP浓度为1.24μg/gMLSS,下降了94.54%.60mg/L苯酚溶液有利于好氧颗粒污泥中的黄杆菌纲分泌c-di-GMP信号分子,增加颗粒污泥储存稳定性.短期（1~70d）和长期（70~150d）储存好氧颗粒污泥,分别选用30和60mg/L苯酚溶液为储存溶液有利于维持颗粒污泥的微生物活性.     

Heavy metal availability and impact on activity of soil microorganisms along a Cu/Zn contamination gradient

All the regulations that define a maximum concentration of metals in the receiving soil are based on total soil metal concentration. However, the potential toxicity of a heavy metal in the soil depends on its speciation and availability. We studied the effects of heavy metal speciation and availability on soil microorganism activities along a Cu/Zn contamination gradient. Microbial biomass and enzyme activity of soil contaminated with both Cu and Zn were investigated. The results showed that microbial biomass was negatively affected by the elevated metal levels. The microbial biomass-C （Cmic）/organic C （Corg） ratio was closely correlated to heavy metal stress. There were negative correlations between soil microbial biomass, phosphatase activity and NH4NO3 extractable heavy metals. The soil microorganism activity could be predicted using empirical models with the availability of Cu and Zn. We observed that 72% of the variation in phosphatase activity could be explained by the NH4NO3-extractable and total heavy metal concentration. By considering different monitoring approaches and different viewpoints, this set of methods applied in this study seemed sensitive to site differences and contributed to a better understanding of the effects of heavy metals on the size and activity of microorganisms in soils. The data presented demonstrate the relationship between heavy metals availability and heavy metal toxicity to soil microorganism along a contamination gradient.     

中亚热带5种类型森林土壤微生物群落特征

采用PLFA(phospholipid fatty acids,磷脂脂肪酸)分析法研究江西省九连山国家级自然保护区杉木纯林、马尾松纯林、杉木阔叶混交林、马尾松阔叶混交林与天然常绿阔叶林的土壤微生物群落结构特征,探讨植被特征和土壤理化特征对土壤微生物群落的影响. 结果表明:①杉木阔叶混交林土壤细菌、放线菌和总微生物生物量最高,分别为7.77、1.74和18.21 nmol/g,而马尾松纯林均最低. ②针阔混交显著提高了土壤微生物生物量及其丰富度. 土壤微生物生物量及其丰富度均与土壤含水率、w(AN)(AN为有效氮)、w(TC)、w(TN)呈显著正相关(R为0.426~0.701),而与C/N〔w(TC)/w(TN)〕呈显著负相关(R分别为-0.447、-0.518). ③w(AN)对土壤微生物群落结构的解释率达55.8%. 尽管林下灌木、草本层生物量对土壤微生物生物量影响不大,但对微生物群落结构有一定影响,解释率分别为5.5%和6.3%. 灌草层丰富度与土壤微生物生物量及其丰富度呈显著正相关(R为0.369~0.452). 可见,阔叶树种和林下灌草层能够显著影响土壤微生物群落组成.      

半干旱区土壤微生物呼吸对极端降水的响应

了解土壤微生物呼吸对极端降水的响应对深入理解全球变暖趋势下降水格局的改变对土壤碳循环的影响具有重要意义.于2015年雨季(7~9月)在长武农田生态系统国家野外站,模拟了3种雨季降水量(最高600 mm;平均300 mm;最低150 mm)条件下两种降水形式(每次10 mm:P_(10),每次150 mm:P_(150)).利用土壤碳通量测量系统(Li-COR,Lincoln,NE,USA)监测不同降水条件下土壤微生物呼吸速率及其土壤水分、温度的变化.相同次降水量条件下,土壤微生物呼吸波动因雨季降水量变化而不同.P_(150)较P_(10)波动剧烈,600 mm降水量下土壤微生物呼吸变异系数分别为36%和33%;300 mm降水量下为28%和22%,150 mm降水量下依次为43%和29%.与P_(10)相比,P_(150)土壤微生物呼吸累积量在600 mm降水量下降低20%;但150 mm降水量下增加22%,300 mm降水量下二者无显著差异.土壤累积呼吸量与水分胁迫时间长短呈显著负相关(R2=0.75).全球变暖趋势下极端性降水事件增加对土壤微生物呼吸的影响不容忽视.     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen supply on biomass and active carbon of freshwater marsh after two growing seasons in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

An experiments were carried out with treatments di ering in nitrogen supply (0, 5 and 15 g N/m2) and CO2 levels (350 and 700 mol/mol) using OTC (open top chamber) equipment to investigate the biomass of Calamagrostis angustifolia and soil active carbon contents after two years. The results showed that elevated CO2 concentration increased the biomass of C. angustifolia and the magnitude of response varied with each growth period. Elevated CO2 concentration has increased aboveground biomass by 16.7% and 17.6% during the jointing and heading periods and only 3.5% and 9.4% during dough and maturity periods. The increases in belowground biomass due to CO2 elevation was 26.5%, 34.0% and 28.7% during the heading, dough and maturity periods, respectively. The responses of biomass to enhanced CO2 concentrations are di ered in N levels. Both the increase of aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were greater under high level of N supply (15 g N/m2). Elevated CO2 concentration also increased the allocation of biomass and carbon in root. Under elevated CO2 concentration, the average values of active carbon tended to increase. The increases of soil active soil contents followed the sequence of microbial biomass carbon (10.6%) > dissolved organic carbon (7.5%) > labile oxidable carbon (6.6%) > carbohydrate carbon (4.1%). Stepwise regressions indicated there were significant correlations between the soil active carbon contents and plant biomass. Particularly, microbial biomass carbon, labile oxidable carbon and carbohydrate carbon were found to be correlated with belowground biomass, while dissolved organic carbon has correlation with aboveground biomass. Therefore, increased biomass was regarded as the main driving force for the increase in soil active organic carbon under elevated CO2 concentration.     

Effect of copper on phospholipid fatty acid composition of microbial communities in two red soils

The phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） composition was analyzed in two red soils experimentally contaminated with copper at different concentrations. The total amounts ofphospholipid fatty acids （PLFAs） in both red soils were significantly correlated with soil microbial biomass C and N, which decreased consistently with increasing levels of copper. The relative quantities of the PLFAs 17：0 （10 Me）, i16：0, il 5：0 and 16：1w5c, decreased with increasing heavy metal concentration, while those of cyl7：0, which is an indicator of gram-negative bacteria, increased. The Shannon index calculated from the PLFA data indicated that Cu addition in the red soils decreased the population diversity of soil microbial communities. Multivariate analysis of PLFA data demonstrated that high levels of Cu application had a significant impact on microbial community structure and there is a threshold metal concentration for PLFA composition. Comparatively higher toxic effect on microbial biomass and community structure were found in the red sandy soil than those in the red clayey soil. The differential effect of Cu addition on microbial communities in the two soils may be due to differences in soil texture and cation exchange capacity.