污水处理场日常检维修作业的HSE管理

对污水处理场日常检维修项目进行分类，分析不同类型检维修作业工作危害，将不同类型的HSE施工作业指导书结合到进装置作业施工作业票的签批中，规范执行风险评价过程，并落实风险削减措施，以深化日常小型检维修作业的HSE管理。     

某炼化企业检维修作业职业病危害辨识及风险控制

通过对某企业常减压装置、催化裂化装置及延迟焦化装置检维修过程中的现场调查、工程分析,辨识检维修过程中存在的职业病危害因素,并进行职业病危害因素现场检测,确定检维修作业职业病危害高风险环节,从工程防护、个体防护、职业卫生管理等方面提出风险控制措施。     

石油化工装置开停工及检维修挥发性有机物排放的控制

对石油化工装置开停工及检维修过程中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的排放进行了系统分析,对典型设备——储罐在清洗过程中的VOCs排放量进行了核算。介绍了国内外石油化工装置开停工及检维修过程中VOCs排放的现状及控制措施,针对国内的实际情况,提出了现阶段有效的控制措施。阐述了移动式VOCs控制技术及在石油化工装置开停工及检维修过程中的应用前景。     

有限空间作业前有毒有害物质的采样与分析

石油化工企业装置检修、技术改造、改扩建项目中,均涉及到有限空间作业。而有限空间有毒有害物质的检测是检维修作业前必做的检测项目,它的准确性关系着检维修人员的人身安全。     

炼化设备检维修遗留物风险评估及安全对策研究

分析了炼化企业设备检维修后，设备顶部、旋梯、平台等处遗留物的现状及可能对生产设备、人员产生的伤害。针对检维修遗留物性质、产生伤害的可能性建立风险评价方法并提出安全对策。     

石化企业检维修施工作业过程动态智能管控技术研究

为解决石化企业检维修施工作业过程中存在的监管难题,利用物联网和移动应用技术,建立了检维修施工作业过程全流程移动监管模式,提出了包括人员定位追溯、作业票电子签发、作业过程移动检查、移动视频监察、电子看板在内的成套技术,构建了异常情况预警方法和模型,研发了人员定位胸卡、防爆手持终端、防爆视频监控终端等硬件设备,并开发了检维修作业过程智能安全管控平台。试点应用表明,该技术实现了检维修项目全流程的信息化管理和智能化管控,有效提升了现场作业监管的全面性、针对性、实时性和有效性。     

油罐汽车罐体动火检维修作业的HSE管理

在销售企业HSE管理体系的运行过程中,其重点是HSE程序文件在公司机关和油库、加油站、运输公司等基层单位设备设施新、改、扩建、装潢、检维修诸施工作业活动中的应用,而运输公司的油罐车检维修作业又是其中一个难点.中国石化江苏盐城石油分公司对此进行了有益的探讨和尝试,现以油罐车检维修作业为例,介绍一下HSE管理程序在具体施工作业中的应用.     

由一起苯储罐闪爆事故看我国毒性介质储罐技术和管理现状

介绍了一起苯储罐检维修作业事故,透过事故分析了我国极度和高度危害介质储罐的技术和管理现状。结合事故中暴露出的问题,以及当前国内外常压储罐的最新技术和要求,从储罐设计建造、运行、检维修和安全管理等几个方面,提出了极度和高度危害介质储罐风险控制措施和改进建议。     

石化企业检维修单位在线作业过程的危害识别与风险评价

运用工作危害分析方法对在线检维修作业活动进行危害识别与风险评价,对重大风险提出有效的控制措施,以杜绝和减少事故的发生.     

RCM技术在污水处理设备管理中的应用

传统的检维修方式是基于厂家说明书和实践经验来考虑的,对设备的经济性、可靠性和可能的风险等方面考虑不足。以可靠性为中心的维修(Reliability Centered Maintenance,RCM)作为先进的设备管理方法,是保障设备安全可靠运行的有效措施之一。RCM技术根据不同设备实际运行情况,并结合不同维修方式的特点来确定设备维修策略,解决传统维修管理模式中存在的"过剩维修"、"维修不足"等问题。本文分析和探讨了RCM技术在污水处理设备管理中的应用。     

Nitrogen cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

The nitrogen (N) distribution and cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (TMCW) and marsh meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (MMCW) in the Sanjiang plain were studied by a compartment model. The results showed that the N wet deposition amount was 0.757 gN/(m2·a), and total inorganic N (TIN) was the main body (0.640 gN/(m2·a)). The ammonia volatilization amounts of TMCW and MMCW soils in growing season were 0.635 and 0.687 gN/m2, and the denitrification gaseous lost amounts were 0.617 and 0.405 gN/m2, respectively. In plant subsystem, the N was mainly stored in root and litter. Soil organic N was the main N storage of the two plant-soil systems and the proportions of it were 93.98% and 92.16%, respectively. The calculation results of N turnovers among compartments of TMCW and MMCW showed that the uptake amounts of root were 23.02 and 28.18 gN/(m2·a) and the values of aboveground were 11.31 and 6.08 gN/(m2·a), the re-translocation amounts from aboveground to root were 5.96 and 2.70 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from aboveground living body to litter were 5.35 and 3.38 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from litter to soil were larger than 1.55 and 3.01 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from root to soil were 14.90 and 13.17 gN/(m2·a), and the soil (0-15cm) N net mineralization amounts were 1.94 and 0.55 gN/(m2·a), respectively. The study of N balance indicated that the two plant-soil systems might be situated in the status of lacking N, and the status might induce the degradation of C. angustifolia wetland.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

喀斯特石漠化生态恢复中的生物多样性研究进展

喀斯特生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,生态恢复是喀斯特石漠化治理的核心任务,研究石漠化生态恢复机理、优化生态系统功能、提升生态系统服务和实现喀斯特生态环境可持续发展是当前石漠化治理的重要议题.通过对遗传、物种、生态系统和景观四个层次生物多样性退化与恢复的关注,生物多样性作为重要的生态系统特征及表征指标,在石漠化生...     

锌冶炼-氯碱复合污染区昆虫中的重金属

采集葫芦岛草地中14种昆虫（植食性、杂食性、肉食性）及蚯蚓,测定生物体内汞、镉、铅含量,研究生物体内重金属污染情况.植食性昆虫汞、镉、铅平均含量分别为0.168、 9.19、 12.58 mg·kg^-1;杂食性昆虫汞、镉、铅平均含量分别为0.375、 24.43、 17.71 mg·kg^-1;肉食性昆虫汞、镉、铅平均含量0.928、 29.78、 18.39 mg·kg^-1;蚯蚓平均汞含量为1.923 mg·kg^-1,葫芦岛生物体内重金属污染严重.不同种类昆虫对重金属的富集能力差异较大,蜗牛、蜻蜓对汞的富集能力较高;蜘蛛对镉、铅的富集能力较高.昆虫体内重金属含量顺序为汞<铅<镉.汞、镉、铅含量由低到高的顺序均为植食性昆虫<杂食性昆虫<肉食性肉昆虫,杂食性昆虫与肉食性昆虫平均镉、铅含量之间较为接近.昆虫体内镉、铅含量之间极显著相关,而汞与镉、汞与铅含量之间的相关性较差.表明昆虫体内镉铅具有同一来源,而汞的来源较为复杂.     

胶态泡沫在饱和介质迁移特性及对PCE冲洗效果

利用表面活性剂胶态微泡沫冲洗技术来提高四氯乙烯（PCE）在地下水的溶解性和流动性,提高污染物迁移通量,强化去除效果.主要工艺参数和影响因素对泡沫稳定性的影响,结果表明4000r/min的搅拌转数即可产生稳定的胶态微泡沫,泡沫稳定性随表面活性剂浓度增大有小幅度提高,PCE对泡沫稳定性有不利影响;胶态微泡沫在含水层的迁移规律表明,泡沫前端迁移时不断破裂并气液分离,形成气体在上部,液体在下部,后续泡沫稳定向前推流的迁移模式,泡沫在含水层中受到地下水的静水压力,与在土壤迁移相比其体系压力更大,泡沫破裂更严重、迁移速率更慢;和液体冲洗相比,泡沫冲洗对PCE增溶增流效果明显,介质粒径为0.1~0.25mm、0.25~0.5mm和0.5~1mm时,PCE去除率分别达到83.7%、90.8%和98.2%,介质粒径越大,去除效果越明显.     

Integrating mitigation and adaptation into climate and development policy: three research questions

The potential for developing synergies between climate change mitigation and adaptation has become a recent focus of both climate research and policy. Presumably the interest in synergies springs from the appeal of creating win–win situations by implementing a single climate policy option. However, institutional complexity, insufficient opportunities and uncertainty surrounding their efficiency and effectiveness present major challenges to the widespread development of synergies. There are also increasing calls for research to define the optimal mix of mitigation and adaptation. These calls are based on the misguided assumption that there is one single optimal mix of adaptation and mitigation options for all possible scenarios of climate and socio-economic change, notwithstanding uncertainty and irrespective of the diversity of values and preferences in society. In the face of current uncertainty, research is needed to provide guidance on how to develop a socially and economically justifiable mix of mitigation, adaptation and development policy, as well as on which elements would be part of such a mix. Moreover, research is needed to establish the conditions under which the process of mainstreaming can be most effective. Rather than actually developing and implementing specific mitigation and adaptation options, the objective of climate policy should be to facilitate such development and implementation as part of sectoral policies. Finally, analysis needs to focus on the optimal use and expected effectiveness of financial instruments, taking into account the mutual effects between these instruments on the one hand, and national and international sectoral investments and official development assistance on the other.     

挥发性有机物泄漏检测与修复技术经验研究

近年来挥发性有机物的泄漏检测及有效修复越来越受环保重视,介绍了挥发性有机物泄漏检测与修复技术,详细分析了检测过程中的实施经验,结合实际经验对现存现场检测中排放源遗漏、挂牌、检测及复测、泄漏检测介质的选择、人员、泄漏量统计及控制标准等问题进行了探讨.提出了对该项技术今后的展望,化工类企业可通过泄漏和逸散排放的检测以及相关管理体制的建立有效查找泄漏并及时修复.     

Monitoring bioaccumulation and toxic e ects of hexachlorobenzene using the polyurethane foam unit method in the microbial communities of the Fuhe River,Wuhan

Hexachlorobenzene （HCB） is a chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon that was widely used for seed dressing in prevention of fungal growth on crops, and also as a component of fireworks, ammunition, and synthetic rubbers. Because of its resistance to degradation and mobility, HCB is widely distributed throughout the environment and is accumulated through food chains in different ecosystems. In this study, a preliminary investigation was carried out on the bioaccumulation and the toxic effects of HCB in the microbial （protozoan in particular） communities in the Fuhe River, Wuhan, a water body receiving industrial wastewaters containing HCB and other pollutants, using the standardized polyurethane foam units （PFU） method. Field samples were taken from eight stations established along the Fuhe River in January and August 2006. The concentration ratios of HCB in microbial communities and in water were 9.66-18.64, and the microbial communities accumulated 13.29-56.88 μg/L of HCB in January and 0.82-10.25 μg/L HCB in August. Correlation analysis showed a negative correlation between the HCB contents in the microbial assemblage, and the number of species and the diversity index of the protozoan communities. This study demonstrated the applicability of the PFU method in monitoring the effects of HCB on the level of microbial communities.     

基于激光雷达的北京市气溶胶光学参数季节特征

利用米散射激光雷达ALS300系统在北京城区开展了为期近1年的观测,观测时间为2009年6月~2010年5月份.先将观测数据划分为春(3~5月份)、夏(6~8月份)、秋(9~11月份)、冬(12~2月份)四个季节,再对数据进行质量控制.研究了气溶胶后向散射系数、消光系数以及气溶胶光学厚度AOT和大气边界层的日均值变化特征,以及这些要素的季节和全年特征统计值.结果表明,气溶胶消光系数和后向散射系数的日平均变化形态趋于相同,数量上消光系数是后向散射系数的约10倍.它们的季节平均值廓线形态结构也并没有呈现出明显的季节性结构特征差异,2个系数最大递减均发生在1km高度范围内.在0.15~3.0km高度范围做垂直平均,夏季的后向散射系数和消光系数有最大平均值(分别为31.2Mm^-1·sr^-1和517.0Mm^-1),说明夏季有较强对流.冬季后向散射系数和消光系数最低.对于冬、春2个季节,700m高度是2个量大小分化的高度.700m高度以上,春季的后向散射系数和消光系数均大于冬季.AOT和大气边界层高度的日均值波动特性明显,日均值最大振幅出现在春季.月平均来说,在春季,气溶胶层高度和边界层高度最高(分别为3450m和970m),冬季最低(分别为2970m和712m).春、夏季节AOT波动变化大,而在秋季和冬季变化比较平缓.春夏秋冬4个季节的平均气溶胶光学厚度分别是0.689、0.699、0.571和0.647.     

ATR-FTIR and XPS study on the structure of complexes formed upon the adsorption of simple organic acids on aluminum hydroxide

Information on the binding of organic ligands to metal （hydr）oxide surfaces is useful for understanding the adsorption behaviour of natural organic matter on metal （hydr）oxide. In this study, benzoate and salicylate were employed as the model organic ligands and aluminum hydroxide as the metal hydroxide. The attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared （ATR-FTIR） spectra revealed that the ligands benzoate and salicylate do coordinate directly with the surface of hydrous aluminum hydroxide, thereby forming innersphere surface complexes. It is concluded that when the initial pH is acidic or neutral, monodentate and bridging complexes are to be formed between benzoate and aluminum hydroxide while bridging complexes predominate when the initial pH is alkalic. Monodentate and bridging complexes can be formed at pH 5 while precipitate and bridging complexes are formed at pH 7 when salicylate anions are adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide. The X-ray photoelectron （XP） spectra demonstrated the variation of C 1 s binding energy in the salicyate and phenolic groups before and after adsorption. It implied that the benzoate ligands are adsorbed through the complexation between carboxylate moieties and the aluminum hydroxide surface, while both carboxylate group and phenolic group are involved in the complexation reaction when salicylate is adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide. The information offered by the XPS confirmed the findings obtained with ATR-FTIR.