氢氧化镁共沉淀—导数示波极谱法测定水中微量铅镉

水样中加入氯化镁 ,调节溶液的pH =10 ,使水样中的微量元素铅和镉与氢氧化镁形成共沉淀而富集。沉淀经酸溶后 ,在盐酸—碘化钾—抗坏血酸—磷酸—酒石酸底液中 ,用示波极谱法连续测定铅和镉。方法的最低检出浓度铅为 0 .0 0 2mg L,镉为 0 .0 0 1mg L,11次测定的相对标准偏差 3 .1%～ 4.2 % ,标准回收率 96 .0 %～ 10 4 .0 %。     

地表水中挥发酚测定影响因素分析

论述了地表水中挥发酚测定结果的主要影响因素。利用实验测定了不同净化方式对4-氨基安替比林的净化效果,通过比选确定日常以三氯甲烷萃取和乙醇洗涤两种方式作为4-氨基安替比林净化方法。同时,分析了三氯甲烷、铁氰化钾对测定结果产生的影响,为地表水中挥发酚的准确测定提供一定的参考。     

氢化物发生原子荧光法测定钻井废水中的铅

目前测定铅的分析方法主要有分光光度法、阳极溶出伏安法、示波极谱法、原子吸收法等。针对比色法灵敏度低,试剂不稳定;电化学法干扰严重;而原子吸收法,线性范围窄,样品用量大等问题,江苏油田采用氢化物发生原子荧光法测定钻井废水中的铅。样品经HNO3-HClO4消解,3％～4％KBH4还原,以0.8％～1.5％的HCl为介质,加入10％K3Fe(CN)6和2％H2C2O4基体改进剂,用原子荧光法连续测定钻井废水中的铅。铅的检测限为0.61ng/mL,回收率为87.4％～146％,变异系数＜4.2％。该方法操作简单,灵敏度高。     

土壤中铅、镉的碘络合物萃取火焰原子吸收测定法中高氯酸干扰萃取的研究

本文研究了采用酸性溶液中生成碘铅和碘镉络离子用甲基异丁酮萃取,直接雾化有机相,火焰原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中微量铅和镉时,样品溶液中高氯酸根对萃取的干扰作用。结果说明,当溶液中高氯酸根增加,则铅的萃取率迅速下降,对镉的干扰较少。采用碘化钾做络合剂,高氯酸根的干扰可部分被消除,但由于生成大量的高氛酸钾沉淀,影响测定操作及测定结果偏低。采用碘化钠做络合剂,则高氯酸别根的干扰特突出。高氯酸根浓度增加,则铅测定结果降低。加入二苯胍,使萃取率得到很大的改善,但干扰并未完全消除,故采用在标准系列中加入适量的高氯酸以抵消干扰,收到良好的效果。使铅的回收率达到100—120％之间,镉的回收率达到90—114％之间。     

石墨炉测定废水中铅、镉元素的升温程序研究

针对废水中铅、镉元素的测定,通过研究灰化温度、原子化温度对铅、镉元素吸光度的影响,优化了石墨炉加热程序。采用硝酸作为基体改进剂,测定废水中的铅、镉元素,研究表明:铅元素灰化温度为350 C、原子化温度为1 600℃,镉元素灰化温度为300℃、原子化温度为1 600℃,能够获得较好的吸光度测试结果。在此条件下,铅元素的检出限为0.30μg/L,镉元素的检出限为0.10μg/L。采用石墨炉法测定废水中的铅、镉元素具有准确、快捷、灵敏度高的优点。     

成都市幼儿体铅水平与环境铅污染的关系

本文检测了成都市 50 1名 3～ 6岁儿童的发铅和血铅水平。发铅平均含量为 17 2 9± 9 70 μg/ g ,血铅平均浓度为 0 59± 0 33μmol/L( 12 3 81± 68 95μg/L)。 60 3%的儿童血铅浓度≥ 0 4 8μmol/L ( 10 0 μg/L) ;3 0 %的儿童血铅浓度≥ 1 4 4 μmol/L( 30 0 μg/L)。发铅与血铅无直线相关关系。市区儿童的发铅和血铅水平显著高于郊区儿童。大气铅测定显示市区铅污染重于郊区。讨论了铅污染的主要来源和儿童铅中毒的预防对策研究。     

畜禽养殖场废水中铜铁铬镉元素测定的研究

用原子吸收光谱法对畜禽养殖废水中总铜、总铁、总铬、总镉进行测定,使用自制的改进液体进样装置,直接在线加入硝酸镧一十二烷基磺酸钠复配溶液,提高了铅和铬元素的灵敏度,降低了干扰。方法回收率较好,能够达到检测要求。     

阳极溶出伏安法连续测定底泥中的总镉和总铅

样品经盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸消解后，用1＋1盐酸溶解残渣，以高氯酸做支持电解质，采用阳极溶出伏安法的标准加入法，测定样品中的总镉和总铅，取得满意结果。     

人尿中痕量铜的分光光度测定

本文采用自己合成的水溶性卟啉Ｔ（４－ＴＡＰ）Ｐ作试剂，在ｐＨ４５，盐酸羟胺存在下，建立了一种测定人尿中痕量铜的分光光度法，操作简便，结果准确，令人满意。     

不同酸消解方法在土壤重金属测定中的比较研究

分别用三种不同的酸消解方法进行土壤标准样品的前处理,用原子吸收分光光度法测定其中铜、铅、锌、镉、镍、锰、总铬元素的含量。结果表明,电热板/硝酸-过氧化氢-氢氟酸消解方法耗酸量少,消解时间短,适用于土壤中铜、铅、锌、镉、镍、锰元素的前处理,相对标准偏差为1.0%～5.0%;而使用电热板/硝酸-硫酸-氢氟酸方法针对土壤中总铬元素进行消解前处理,准确度更高,相对标准偏差为2.7%～5.1%。     

Synthesis of calcium phosphate hydrogel from waste incineration fly ash and its application to fuel cell

Waste incineration fly ash was successfully recycled to calcium phosphate hydrogel, a type of fast proton conductor. The crystallized hydrogel from incineration fly ash had a lower electric conductivity and a lower crystallinity than that from calcium carbonate reagent. However, the difference in electric conductivity between these crystallized hydrogels decreases with temperature. This was due to the presence of potassium in the incineration fly ash. The fuel cell with a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) using the calcium phosphate hydrogel membrane prepared from incineration fly ash was observed to generate electricity. The performance of this fuel cell was almost equal to that of a mixture of K₂CO₃ and CaCO₃ reagents; further, the performance of the former was superior to the fuel cell with a perfluorosulfonic polymer membrane at temperatures greater than approximately 85 °C.     

Characterization of MSWI fly ash through mineralogy and water extraction

This paper investigates the mineralogical characteristics of fresh, aged and hot water extracted MSWI fly ash for providing the baseline information of minerals stability which controls the released heavy metals into the environment. Quantitative determination of bulk phase abundance in the fresh fly ash by the XRD Rietveld refinement method provided composition levels for amorphous and crystalline phases such as potassium tetrachlorozincate (K₂ZnCl₄), gehlenite, halite, quartz, anhydrite, and feldspar. The minerals association in the fly ash is clearly unstable and subject to mineralogical reactions. The phases of K₂ZnCl₄, halite and anhydrite in the fresh fly ash were involved in hydration and dissolution/precipitation processes to form new minerals such as the Zn-bearing mineral gordaite, syngenite, gypsum and hydrocalumite. The solubility-controlling phases and extractability of heavy metals were examined in a Soxhlet hot water-extractor. Here the soluble salts were simply removed from fly ash while Ca-, Al-, Si- and SO₄²⁻-bearing hydrate minerals were precipitated from the extraction solution. Furthermore, a low release of heavy metals Zn, Pb and Cd in hot water was noticed, indicating a strong retention of the trace metals in the mineral phases remaining in the insoluble fly ash residues.     

Investigation of the uptake ability of fly ashes produced after lignite combustion

Fly ash samples from the five steam electric power stations of the Lignite Center of Western Macedonia were used in this study. They consisted mainly of anhydrite, lime, quartz and amorphous material as well as feldspars, calcite, micas + clays, portlandite and gehlenite which were all present in minor amounts. Anhydrite, lime and portlandite in the fly ash samples diminished upon treatment with ammonium acetate aqueous solution, whereas quartz, feldspars, gehlenite and amorphous material were enriched. The uptake ability of the fly ash samples ranged from 89 to 101 mequ./100g. The uptake ability of the samples was mainly attributed to the amorphous material and the microporous minerals, micas + clays. The amorphous material content was estimated at between 17 and 20 wt% in the treated fly ashes and may be unburned organic matter and amorphous inorganic material that resulted during the combustion of the lignite. A positive correlation was observed between the uptake ability and the total percentage of amorphous material and micas + clays. The relatively high uptake ability of the fly ash samples could lead to additional industrial and environmental uses of the fly ashes. The environmental advantage of fly ash exploitation will be particularly important for large electric power centers, such as the LCWM.     

Utilization of washed MSWI fly ash as partial cement substitute with the addition of dithiocarbamic chelate

The management of the big amount of fly ash as hazardous waste from the municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) has encountered many problems in China. In this study, a feasibility research on MSWI fly ash utilization as partial cement substitute in cement mortars was therefore carried out. MSWI fly ash was subjected to washing process to reduce its chlorine content (from 10.16% to 1.28%). Consequently, it was used in cement mortars. Ten percent and 20% replacement of cement by washed ash showed acceptable strength properties. In TCLP and 180-day monolithic tests, the mortars with washed ash presented a little stronger heavy metal leachability, but this fell to the blank level (mortar without washed ash) with the addition of 0.25% chelate. Therefore, this method is proposed as an environment-friendly technology to achieve a satisfactory solution for MSWI fly ash management.     

FACTORS INFLUENCING ACUTE TOXICfrY OF COAL ASH TO RAINBOW TROUT (SALMO GAIRDNERI) AND BLUEGILL SUNFISH (LEPOMIS MACROCHIRUS)1

ABSTRACT: The potentially toxic components in coal ash (ash particles, heavy metals) were evaluated in laboratory static, acute (96 hr) bioassays, both separately and in various combinations with extreme pH (5.0 and 8.5), using rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and bluegifi sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Ash particle morphology and metal distribution anlaysis, using electron microscopy and surface-subsurface analysis by ion microscopy, showed that metals could be either clumped or evenly distributed on the surface of fly ash. Surface enrichment on fly ash particles from electrostatic precipitators, as measured by ion microscopy, was found for cadmium, copper, chromium, nickel, lead, mercury, titanium, arsenic, and selenium. Bottom (heavy) ash was not acutely toxic to either fish species at concentrations of up to 1500 mg/l total suspended solids (TSS) at pH 5.0, 7.5, or 8.5. Fly ash particles were not acutely toxic to blue-gill at levels up to 1360 mg/l TSS. Rainbow trout were highly sensitive to fly ash (25 to 60 percent mortality) at concentrations of 4.3 to 20.5 mg/I TSS when dissolved metal availability was high but were not sensitive at higher particulate concentrations (58 to 638 mg/I TSS) when dissolved metals were low. When metals were acid-leached from fly ash prior to testing, no rainbow trout mortality occurred at TSS concentrations of up to 2,350 mg/l TSS. When the percent of dissolved metal was high (e.g., 50–90 percent of the total), fish mortality was increased. Rainbow trout were nearly two orders of magnitude more sensitive than bluegill when subjected to a blend of cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc. The two species were similar in their acute sensitivity to acidic pH at levels at or below 4.0 and alkaline pH of 9.1. If the pH of coal ash effluent is contained within the range 6.0 to 9.0, acute toxicity to fish can be attributed to trace element availability from fly ash but not heavy ash. Control of holding pond and effluent pH and maximizing pond residence time are important strategies for minimizing effects of ash pond discharges on fish.     

Experimental study on the effect of fly ash content in cemented paste backfill on its anti-sulfate erosion

ABSTRACT

In order to study the effect of fly ash content in cemented paste backfill (CPB) on its anti-sulfate erosion, the apparent phenomenon, strength development, and hydration products change the law of CPB with different fly ash content under long-term soaking of 5% sodium sulfate solution were studied by the macrotest and microanalysis, in addition, the mechanism of CPB anti-sulfate attack was analyzed by combining with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results indicated that the effect of sulfate environment on the strength of fly ash cemented paste backfill (FCPB) was mainly determined by the hydration products in the FCPB at different soaking times. In the early soaking stage, the formation of ettringite (AFt) in FCPB could improve its compactness, which was conducive to improving the strength of FCPB. In the late soaking stage, there were ettringite-type erosion damage and gypsum erosion-type damage internal of the FCPB with low content fly ash, resulting in microfracture, cracking of the FCPB, and reducing the strength. CPB with an appropriate content of fly ash could improve the internal structure of the FCPB to achieve the purpose of anti-sulfate erosion.     

Increasing bioavailability of phosphorus from fly ash through vermicomposting

Due to the environmental problems created by large-scale fly ash generation throughout the world, efforts are being made to recycle these materials. An important component of the recycling effort is using fly ash to improve low-fertility soils. Because availability of many nutrients is very low in fly ash, available ranges of such nutrients must be improved to increase the effectiveness of fly ash as a soil amendment. In the present study, we assessed the possibility of increasing P bioavailability in fly ash through vermicomposting in a yard experiment. Fly ash was mixed with organic matter in the form of cow (Bos taurus) dung at 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1 ratios and incubated with and without epigeic earthworm (Eisenia fetida) for 50 d. The concentration of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) was found to increase many fold in the earthworm-treated series of fly ash and organic matter combinations compared with the series without earthworm. This helped to transform considerable amounts of insoluble P from fly ash into more soluble forms and thus resulted in increased bioavailability of the nutrients in the vermicomposted series. Among different combinations of fly ash and organic matter, P availability in fly ash due to vermicomposting was significantly higher in the 1:1 fly ash to cow dung treatment compared with the other treatments.     

Fly ash as a liming material for cotton

A field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of fly ash from a coal combustion electric power facility on soil acidity in a cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) field. Fresh fly ash was applied to a Bosket fine sandy loam (fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Mollic Hapludalf) soil with an initial soil pH(salt) of 4.8. The fly ash was equivalent to 42 g kg(-1) calcium carbonate with 97% passing through a 60 mesh (U.S. standard) sieve. Fly ash was applied one day before cotton planting in 1999 at 0, 3.4, 6.7, and 10.1 Mg ha(-1). No fly ash was applied in 2000. Within 60 d of fly ash application in 1999, all rates of fly ash significantly increased soil pH above 6.0. Manganese levels in cotton petioles were reduced significantly by 6.7 and 10.1 Mg ha(-1) of fly ash. Soil boron (B) and sodium (Na) concentrations were significantly increased with fly ash. In 1999, B in cotton leaves ranged from 72 to 84 mg kg(-1) in plots with fly ash applications. However, no visual symptoms of B toxicity in plants were observed. In 1999, cotton lint yield decreased on average 12 kg ha(-1) for each Mg of fly ash applied. In 2000, cotton yields were significantly greater for the residual 3.4 and 6.7 Mg fly ash ha(-1) plots than the untreated check. Due to the adverse yield effects measured in the first year following application, fly ash would not be a suitable soil amendment for cotton on this soil at this time.     

大庆石油管理局粉煤灰综合利用现状及前景

简要介绍了目前国内外粉煤灰利用的情况,分析了大庆石油管理局粉煤灰利用范围,主要包括筑路、生产水泥、加工切块、陶粒和步踏砖等,粉煤灰的综合利用率在70%以上。通过调查粉煤灰综合利用情况,对制作水泥和制作步踏砖存在的问题提出了解决办法。针对大庆油田的实际情况,在借鉴国内外其他方法和技术的基础上,提出了综合利用粉煤灰的其他建议,例如用于固井作业的水泥浆体系,生产铝盐,用于填埋固体废物等。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰处置与资源化利用研究进展

随着生活垃圾焚烧处理方式的不断推广,焚烧飞灰的产生量也不断增加。按照我国固体废物分类方法,焚烧飞灰属于危险废物,必须进一步处置才能进入填埋场或资源化利用。本文分析了飞灰物理化学特性,论述了常规处置技术（水泥固化、化学药剂稳定化、酸溶剂提取和熔融固化等）存在的问题。将原始飞灰直接应用于水泥、混凝土或路基材料,飞灰中高含量的重金属和盐类会产生新的环境问题。飞灰水洗可以高效去除其中的可溶性盐类,水洗飞灰在焙烧后重金属的浸出浓度远低于原始飞灰烧结后的相应浓度,飞灰水洗-焙烧技术具有很好的应用前景。