胶州湾水质自动站周边水质及运行效果分析

据2016年胶州湾水质自动监测的数据结果,分析了水质变化趋势,并统计和评价其水质超标情况。结果表明:2016-04—11水质自动站海域溶解氧质量浓度和pH 的日均值均达到二类海水水质标准,达标率为100%;活性磷酸盐年均值为0.023mg/L,无机氮年均值为0.154mg/L,以硝酸盐为主(64.9%);无机氮和活性磷酸盐超标率均为16.7%,而且集中在降雨量较大的8月、9月,营养盐指标超标基本与海泊河的淡水输入有关;叶绿素a质量浓度与溶解氧、pH 和浊度呈显著正相关,浮游植物光合作用对该海域表层海水的水质参数影响较大;自动站监测和人工监测的营养盐在年际变化上呈现较一致的趋势,说明运用水质自动站监测该海域的营养盐变化趋势较为准确。     

基于陆海统筹的海洋生态环境管理体系研究

经过近60年的探索和实践,我国海洋生态环境管理机制体制不断完善,海洋生态环境综合管理能力显著提升。本文立足我国海洋生态环境管理现状,重点从强化制度约束性、机制协同性和政策指导性等角度分析了存在的主要问题,阐述了陆海统筹的海洋生态环境管理体系框架,并提出了构建以生物多样性保护为核心的海洋生态环境管理分区、建立以氮磷污染物为重点的陆海协同排放管控制度、完善以监测评估为核心的海洋生态监管制度、建立以入海河流和海湾为重点的区域联防联控机制和完善以海洋生态补偿和赔偿为核心的财政政策等重点任务,可为建立陆海统筹的生态环境治理制度提供参考。     

新时代生态环境建设中陆海统筹发展对策研究——以厦门为例

海岸带地区是陆海交互作用区,是陆海统筹中需要重点关注的区域,党的十九大报告里提出要坚持陆海统筹,《深化党和国家机构改革方案》中提出整合原环境保护部等部委的相关污染防治和生态保护执法及国家海洋局的海洋环境保护职责,组建生态环境部。本研究通过对厦门市陆海统筹政策现状系统梳理分析,厘清生态环境建设中陆海统筹的关键问题,总结出陆海统筹工作的对策建议,包括构建生态环境陆海统筹管理新模式、蓝色经济与生态文明协同发展新模式、基于绿色发展的弹性海岸新模式、"三个一"智慧海岸带大数据信息系统技术新体系等。这些对策对于我国海岸带城市区域生态环境建设的陆海统筹和海岸带综合管理工作具有借鉴意义。     

稠油热采系统综合能耗监测方法及评价

针对目前稠油热采系统节能措施和节能产品对某一环节单个节能产品的节能效果进行检测、评价的现状,提出了将稠油热采系统作为一个整体,采取组合节能措施及产品,给出了稠油热采系统的能耗监测流程、监测要求、程序与方法、数据分析评价方法等。形成了稠油热采系统综合能耗监测数据分析及效果评价方法。     

规模养殖畜禽粪便污染物监测与评价

对奶牛、猪、禽规模养殖30个粪便样品,监测9个不同参数,在单项与综合指数评价基础上,提出预警级率与污染级率参数,进行不同评价依据与方法的筛选分析。结果表明：粪便主要污染因子按大小顺序生猪为铜〉总磷〉铁〉氨氮〉总氮,奶牛为铁〉总氮〉氨氮〉总磷〉铜,家禽为总氮〉总磷〉氨氮〉铁〉铜。其中均以生猪的污染综合指数与单项指数最高,预警级率与污染级率评价,也以生猪最高,分别为47％和24％,均极显著高于奶牛与家禽（P〈0．01）。确立总氮3％、氨氮0．8％、总磷1．5％、铜65mg·k^-1、铁1500mg·kg^-1、镉0-3mg·kg^-1的污染限值,经线性模型与线性概率因子分析,以铜、铁、总磷、汞、镉为主要影响因子;     

学校环境噪声监测与研究

目前，随着城市建设和交通事小的发展，噪声已与废水、废气、废渣并列为城市的4大污染物，它可以对人体产生多方面的不良影响、正处于长身体，求知识时期的中小学生，更容易受到噪声的不良影响。为保护中小学生的身心健康，并为制定学校噪声标准提供科学依据，我们于1995年3月对长春市朝阳区21所中小学校的噪声污染状况及来源进行了监测，研究了噪声对中小学师生行为的影响。一、监测的内容与方法（一）噪声监测的内容：1、监测地点：每所学校选两间距离声源最近的教室，关闭门窗测量．共监测21所中小学。2、监测时间：根据学校作息时间，选…     

构建流域水质综合监测体系的初探

流域水质监测是流域水环境改善与污染防治的重要前提,为流域水环境管理提供了必要的技术支撑。目前环保、水利、流域管理等众多部门均承担了一定范围内的流域水质监测工作,但由于监测方法、取样断面等方面的差异,各监测机构的数据往往存在较大差异,不利于流域水质现状评价、预警预报和水环境的综合管理。本文以长江流域的跨省界断面为研究对象,对构建流域水质综合监测体系进行初探研究,对于确保流域水质安全具有重要意义。     

陆海统筹视域下海洋与陆地环境民事公益诉讼协同研究

海洋环境民事公益诉讼与环境民事公益诉讼系特殊与一般的关系,海洋环境问题较强的涉外属性决定了海洋环境民事公益诉讼在适格主体、管辖法院等方面存在特殊的规定,此种特殊规定不宜废除。但海洋环境民事公益诉讼与环境民事公益诉讼双轨并行的关系造成了海陆交叉污染案件存在适格主体、管辖等争议,且存在两诉协同上的挑战。导致这一问题的根本原因在于,海洋环境民事公益诉讼的受案范围限制在地理概念上的海域,这割裂了同一污染行为下陆地与海洋的联系。陆海统筹理念要求打通陆地与海洋之间的联系,以陆海一体化保护海洋生态环境。在这一理念的指导下,可对海洋环境民事公益诉讼受案范围进行陆海一体化调整,以克服陆地与海洋环境民事公益诉讼双轨并行造成的协同问题。具体而言,在海陆交叉污染案件中可以损害发生地为判断标准,当损害发生地在海洋时,则以海统陆,属海洋环境民事公益诉讼受案范围;当损害发生地在陆地时,则以陆统海,属环境民事公益诉讼受案范围。     

胶州湾水质及主要营养盐季节性变化分析

于2010年4个季度对胶州湾水质进行了调查,根据单因子污染指数法,利用计算机软件绘制了水质分区图,分析了胶州湾水质的最新状况及不同季节的水质变化情况,同时对胶州湾主要营养盐无机氮和活性磷酸盐的变化进行了分析。调查结果显示,2010年胶州湾水质定性评价为差,无机氮和活性磷酸盐的平均浓度分别为0.393 mg/L、0.018 mg/L,高值区主要分布在胶州湾东北角,无机氮和活性磷酸盐的平均浓度及空间分布随着季节的变化而呈现了一定的变化。     

油井远程监控与综合评价系统开发

为解决油田管理中面临的用工总量多、生产建设成本高和管理难度大的问题,胜利油田进行了大规模数字化建设。通过电参数、示功图、产液量自动采集传输,对油井进行综合评价分析,提出节电意见,确保油井安全正常运转,有效地减少了油田生产用工需求,进一步促进了油田管理的现代化。     

胶州市农村生态环境保护的对策及建议

在对胶州市农村生态环境保护工作进行调查研究的基础上,分析了胶州市农村生态环境保护现状和污染来源,以及农村环保工作存在的环境意识差、管理混乱、环境治理资金不足等主要问题。同时结合胶州农村生态环境保护现状,提出了编制农村生态规划、加强基础设施建设、建设生态农业、实行农业清洁生产等解决胶州市农村生态环境保护工作的对策和建议。     

浅论环境监测数据的综合分析方法

准确、可靠、可比的环境监测数据是环境科学研究工作的基础,是环境管理的依据。在第一时间判断出监测分析数据是否合理的基础上,再对监测分析的数据作进一步的分析评价,是整个数据综合分析的基础,为进一步综合分析数据提供了依据。本文通过分析几种常用的监测数据的分析方法,说明对监测数据进行综合分析是至关重要的。     

Response of Nitrogen Loading to the Chesapeake Bay to Source Reduction and Land Use Change Scenarios: A SPARROW‐Informed Analysis

In response to concerns regarding the health of streams and receiving waters, the United States Environmental Protection Agency established a total maximum daily load for nitrogen in the Chesapeake Bay watershed for which practices must be in place by 2025 resulting in an expected 25% reduction in load from 2009 levels. The response of total nitrogen (TN) loads delivered to the Bay to nine source reduction and land use change scenarios was estimated using a Spatially Referenced Regression on Watershed Attributes model. The largest predicted reduction in TN load delivered to the Bay was associated with a scenario in which the mass of TN as fertilizer applied to agricultural lands was decreased. A 25% decrease in the mass of TN applied as fertilizer resulted in a predicted reduction in TN loading to the Bay of 11.3%, which was 2.5–5 times greater than the reductions predicted by other scenarios. Eliminating fertilizer application to all agricultural land in the watershed resulted in a predicted reduction in TN load to the Bay of 45%. It was estimated that an approximate 25% reduction in TN loading to the Bay could be achieved by eliminating fertilizer applied to the 7% of subwatersheds contributing the greatest fertilizer‐sourced TN loads to the Bay. These results indicate that management strategies aimed at decreasing loading from a small number of subwatersheds may be effective for reducing TN loads to the Bay, and similar analyses are possible in other watersheds.     

A Comprehensive Approach to Identifying Monitoring Priorities of Small Landbirds on Military Installations

Military installations provide important native habitat for songbirds, including many species that have experienced population declines in recent decades. As part of the Land Condition Trend Analysis (LCTA) program to monitor animal populations on military lands, we surveyed small (<250 g) breeding landbirds on 60 permanent plots on the Fort Riley Military Installation in northeastern Kansas from 1991 to 2002. During this period, species richness averaged 39.0 species (SE 0.9)/year and mean species richness per plot ranged from 3.6 species (SE=0.2)/plot (1999) to 7.5 species (SE=0.3)/plot (1992). Turnover (the appearance and disappearance of species on all plots from one year to the next) ranged from 5 species (2000–2001) to 16 species (1992–1993) and was driven primarily by turnover of woodland species. We developed an index of relative difference (C) to evaluate relative trends of local populations and found that 25 species declined, 15 species increased, and 7 did not change. Based on migration assemblages, more resident species (6 of 10) and more short-distant migrants (9 of 12) decreased than long-distance migrants (10 vs. 11). Our analysis of major vegetation communities on plots showed few changes in the quantity of habitats (grassland vs. woodlands) during the study. Our results indicate that Fort Riley provides important habitats for many landbirds, particularly those that require grasslands for breeding. Several species exhibited local declines when compared to the regional Breeding Bird Survey routes. We offer an approach that evaluates population changes of small landbirds and provides objective inputs for conservation directives. These can be adopted easily for use on military installations (that use LCTA), parks, and wildlife refuges that have data from annual breeding bird surveys.     

A Modeling System to Assess Land Cover Land Use Change Effects on SAV Habitat in the Mobile Bay Estuary

Estuarine ecosystems are largely influenced by watersheds directly connected to them. In the Mobile Bay, Alabama watersheds we examined the effect of land cover and land use (LCLU) changes on discharge rate, water properties, and submerged aquatic vegetation, including freshwater macrophytes and seagrasses, throughout the estuary. LCLU scenarios from 1948, 1992, 2001, and 2030 were used to influence watershed and hydrodynamic models and evaluate the impact of LCLU change on shallow aquatic ecosystems. Overall, our modeling results found that LCLU changes increased freshwater flows into Mobile Bay altering temperature, salinity, and total suspended sediments (TSS). Increased urban land uses coupled with decreased agricultural/pasture lands reduced TSS in the water column. However, increased urbanization or agricultural/pasture land coupled with decreased forest land resulted in higher TSS concentrations. Higher sediment loads were usually strongly correlated with higher TSS levels, except in areas where a large extent of wetlands retained sediment discharged during rainfall events. The modeling results indicated improved water clarity in the shallow aquatic regions of Mississippi Sound and degraded water clarity in the Wolf Bay estuary. This integrated modeling approach will provide new knowledge and tools for coastal resource managers to manage shallow aquatic habitats that provide critical ecosystem services.