浅谈环境监测类实验室污染及管理对策

环境监测分析化验作为环境监测的基础性工作,在环境管理中具有重要作用。本文结合实际对分析化验室污染物的产生、处理、存在的问题及管理措施等方面做了初步探讨。     

实验室信息管理系统在农业监测领域中的应用

运用实验室信息管理系统（ALIMS）从业务管理、样品检验管理、检验报告管理、标准管理、文件管理、仪器设备管理、易耗品管理、人员管理和评审模块9个方面对农业监测实验室进行了日常管理。结果表明：该系统极大地提高了工作效率,缩短检测周期并降低了劳动成本,实现了方便溯源、监控检测工作的过程,且简单易用,是农业监测实验室规范化管理的有力工具之一。     

实施国家实验室认可实现环境监测站持续发展

将ISO／IEC17025：1999的条文概括为4句话，即“服务客户，面向市场，按章行事，以人为本”，论述了环境监测站实施实验室认可工作是打造自身竞争力，以适应市场，实现持续发展的重要途径。     

德国环境保护及其管理概况

1997年8月至9月，由国家环境保护局和国家科委共同组织，国内各省区18名环境保护管理人员和监测技术人员，在德国柏林经济技术交流与培训中心进行短湖学习，同时由德国联邦环保局和柏林市政府健康与社会发展部安排，访问和参观了德国环境保护管理机构、监测机构和有关污染物治理防治设施。笔者作为访问团成员之一，通过有关环境保护政策、监测技术和治理工艺的考察，对欧洲目前环境保护的现状已有大概了解和认识。1德国环境概况德国全称德意志联邦共和国，其地理位置位于欧洲中部，周围同九个国家接壤，国土面积约35．7ｘ104km2，南北长876k…     

自然科学类实验室建设项目环保自主验收重点分析

以某自然科学类实验室建设项目竣工环境保护自主验收工作为例,介绍了实验室建设项目环保自主验收的主要流程、自查要点和监测方案,着重分析了环境保护相关法律法规和规章制度,实验室污染物排放等验收工作中应关注的主要问题。分析了自然科学类实验室环保验收工作的特点,并提出了对应策略,以期为同类项目竣工环境保护验收提供参考和借鉴。     

工业互联网技术在数字化实验室管理中的应用

主要介绍了采用工业互联网技术建设数字化实验室,提出了数字化实验室的建设系统方案,主要分为数据采集层、人机交互层、应用平台层、系统管理层。并以现有某实验室数字化改造为例,分别介绍了各个系统实现方式,使得工业互联网技术更好的应用于实验室的建设,将实验室流程规范化、网络化、数字化,降低人员劳动强度,可提高工作效率及管理水平。     

浅谈我校生态综合实验室的合理利用和管理

我校生态综合实验室由实验室、仪器设备储藏室和教师预备室组成。本文针对该实验室在运行中由于教学任务的逐年增加导致的实验室软硬件建设相对滞后等问题,在实验室的管理建设方面提出了提高综合利用率等建议。     

实验室的危险化学品安全管理

高校实验室危险化学品使用品种繁多、性质各异,存储地点分散,使用人员较多,稍有不慎,就会发生安全事故。因此。危险化学品的安全管理是高等学校实验室安全管理工作的重要组成部分。要健全规章制度,加强安全教育,落实安全责任制,加大安全检查和整改力度,确保学校教学、科研、生产工作的安全顺利进行。     

便携式水质分析实验室在应急监测中的应用

文章对DR 2800型便携式水质分析实验室的使用进行了介绍,针对不同分析项目对其准确度和精密度进行考察,并与常规的试验方法进行比较。通过实验证明,便携式水质分析实验室携带方便、方法简单易行、准确性较高、精密性较好,既可适用于突发事件的水质应急监测、野外监测,也可用于实验室内常规分析,尤其是滴定分析其准确度很高,相比常规实验室分析其优势更为明显,为便携式水质分析实验室应用于应急监测提供了指导。     

高校化学实验室有害气体的分析与管理

通过对高校实验室各种有害气体的分析，提出了加强实验室管理的建议，以促进高校实验室的科学管理，保护操作人员及周围人员的身体健康，保护实验室周围的大气环境。     

Risk management in the Federal Republic of Germany

Spectacular industrial accidents, such as the ones in Bhopal, Mexico City, and Basle, have in recent times made the risks associated with the modern chemicals industry unmistakably evident. It has been seen that effective emergency plans for the people living in the vicinity of a hazardous installation become particularly important. The situation of hazardous installations in the Federal Republic of Germany is reviewed and the three-stage safety system, which is established within the German Regulation on Major Industrial Accidents (Störfallverordnung), is described. The evaluation of the current practice shows a couple of problems, especially connected with off-site safety precautions. The disaster control teams are often ill-equipped and inadequately trained. There is a need for further establishment of detailed and specific emergency plans, especially in rural areas. It is expected that the updating of the Regulation on Major Industrial Accidents, which is at present being undertaken in the Federal Republic of Germany and the compilation of instructions for the competent authorities will contribute to better emergency plans for the protection of areas in the vicinity of hazardous industrial installations.     

Applications of Turbidity Monitoring to Forest Management in California

Many California streams have been adversely affected by sedimentation caused by historic and current land uses, including timber harvesting. The impacts of timber harvesting and logging transportation systems on erosion and sediment delivery can be directly measured, modeled, or inferred from water quality measurements. California regulatory agencies, researchers, and land owners have adopted turbidity monitoring to determine effects of forest management practices on suspended sediment loads and water quality at watershed, project, and site scales. Watershed-scale trends in sediment discharge and responses to current forest practices may be estimated from data collected at automated sampling stations that measure turbidity, stream flow, suspended sediment concentrations, and other water quality parameters. Future results from these studies will provide a basis for assessing the effectiveness of modern forest practice regulations in protecting water quality. At the project scale, manual sampling of water column turbidity during high stream flow events within and downstream from active timber harvest plans can identify emerging sediment sources. Remedial actions can then be taken by managers to prevent or mitigate water quality impacts. At the site scale, manual turbidity sampling during storms or high stream flow events at sites located upstream and downstream from new, upgraded, or decommissioned stream crossings has proven to be a valuable way to determine whether measures taken to prevent post-construction erosion and sediment production are effective. Turbidity monitoring at the project and site scales is therefore an important tool for adaptive management. Uncertainty regarding the effects of current forest practices must be resolved through watershed-scale experiments. In the short term, this uncertainty will stimulate increased use of project and site-scale monitoring.     

Adaptive management for sound ecosystem management

Sound ecosystem management meshes socioeconomic attitudes and values with sustainable natural resource practices. Adaptive management is a model for guiding natural resource managers in this process. Ecosystems and the societies that use them are continually evolving. Therefore, managers must be flexible and adaptable in the face of uncertainty and lack of knowledge. To couple good science to management, it is important to develop goals, models, and hypotheses that allow us to systematically learn as we manage. Goals and models guide the development and implementation of management practices. The need to evaluate models and test hypotheses mandates monitoring, which feeds into a continuous cycle of goal and model reformulation. This paper reviews the process of adaptive management and describes how it is being applied to oak/pine savanna restoration at Necedah National Wildlife Refuge as an illustration. Our aim is to help managers design their own adaptive management models for successful ecosystem management.     

The role of Earth Observation (EO) technologies in supporting implementation of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

Over one hundred wetland specialists and Earth Observation experts from around the world gathered at the European Space Agency's 'GlobWetland Symposium: Looking at wetlands from space' in Frascati, Italy, from 19 to 20 October, 2006. The aim of the Symposium was to stimulate discussion between the two communities by reviewing the latest developments in Earth Observation (EO) for the inventory, assessment and monitoring of wetlands and identify key scientific, technical and policy-relevant challenges for the future. The results provide an overview of the key areas of current research in the use of EO for mapping and managing wetlands, while also pointing out gaps that could hinder global inventory, assessment and monitoring of wetlands. This paper provides a summary of the main outputs with a focus on the role of EO technologies in supporting the implementation of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. The summary contains a qualitative analysis of the state of the art and considers possible directions and priorities for future research, development and application of EO-based technologies in wetland management. In this context we: 1) highlight those applications where EO technologies are ready for wider uptake by wetland managers, and provide suggestions for supporting such uptake; 2) indicate where EO technologies and applications currently in the research and development stages could potentially be useful in wetland management; and 3) provide recommendations for new research and development of EO technologies, that can be utilized to address aspects of wetland management not covered by the range of current EO applications.     

Private land management for biodiversity conservation

As human influences fragment native communities and ecosystems, remaining land must be better managed to conserve many elements of biodiversity. Much of this land is privately held, yet traditional private land-use management practices often further diminish biodiversity by promoting favored or edge-adapted species. Today, private land stewards are increasingly aware of and concerned about biodiversity, but little guidance exists for them to make land-use decisions incorporating principles and knowledge from conservation biology. Consequently, most management strategies are highly subjective. This article addresses that problem by introducing current conservation wisdom to management and use of private lands. The result is a model program for developing land management plans, with the goal of maintaining viable populations and natural distributions of native species and communities from a landscape perspective. The program establishes a protocol for classifying sites according to the importance of their species, communities, and other elements to global and regional biodiversity. These site classifications are based on the management objectives necessary to maintain important elements. Once managers classify a site, the program provides management standards, general stewardship principles, examples of land management strategies, and basic monitoring and evaluation procedures.     

Why most conservation monitoring is, but need not be, a waste of time

Ecological conservation monitoring programmes abound at various organisational and spatial levels from species to ecosystem. Many of them suffer, however, from the lack of details of goal and hypothesis formulation, survey design, data quality and statistical power at the start. As a result, most programmes are likely to fail to reach the necessary standard of being capable of rejecting a false null hypothesis with reasonable power. Results from inadequate monitoring are misleading for their information quality and are dangerous because they create the illusion that something useful has been done. We propose that conservation agencies and those funding monitoring work should require the demonstration of adequate power at the outset of any new monitoring scheme.     

Improving Operational Planning and Management of National Parks in Turkey: A Case Study

The purpose this study was to improve operational planning and management of national parks in Turkey to balance conservation use and sustainable management. Souksu National Park (SNP) was chosen as the study area. The data were obtained from interviews of 182 visitor groups (in total, 819 people) and analyzed using correlation, factor, discriminant, and regression analyses. It was found that the most important factors affecting operational planning and management of SNP are (1) travel cost, (2) visitor welfare level, (3) intensity of use, (4) size of visitor group, (5) type of recreational demand. The main source of visitors to SNP is from a zone within a 0–90-km radius. This region comprised 53.85% of total visitors to the park. The capital of Turkey (Ankara) is the most important source of visitors from within this zone. The optimum activity mix in SNP is also determined. Picnicking, viewing the scenery, and nature walks or trekking comprised the main uses of the park. It is anticipated that these findings will help to improve operational planning and sustainable management of the national park and the environment.     

Monitoring the Response of Butterfly Communities to Prescribed Fire

Federal land managers in the western United States are interested in the potential of prescribed fire as a tool to decrease fuel loads, increase vegetational heterogeneity, and increase faunal diversity in various ecosystems. I tested whether implementation of a prescribed fire program by the US Forest Service in a watershed in the central Great Basin had significant effects on butterfly species richness and composition. I monitored butterfly communities during the first two years after implementation in five to seven burn units and controls in the watershed. To estimate baseline spatial and temporal variation in butterfly communities in the greater ecosystem, I also monitored butterflies in five untreated canyons outside the project area. Butterfly species richness and butterfly species composition (measured as community similarity) did not differ significantly between burn units and controls. Geographic location had statistically significant effects on species richness. Butterfly species composition of individual locations varied over time, as did the magnitude of that variation. These results emphasize that standardized, repeatable monitoring protocols are vital for evaluating the effects of experimental management treatments and for predicting and assessing the effects of future management strategies and environmental changes.