综合考虑减排效益的污染物总量分配方法研究

如何在目标总量控制和容量总量控制间找到契合点,使总量控制既体现环境改善需求,又能促进环保基础设施建设和经济调控目标的实现成为当前的研究重点。基于目标总量控制,探索一种综合考虑减排效益的污染物总量分配方法,构建了以人口、GDP、水资源量、水环境容量和环保投资作为评价指标的环境基尼系数最小化模型,并将其应用于内蒙古自治区COD总量的优化分配。结果表明,与初始分配相比,优化分配后的环境基尼系数总和下降了0.85%,优化后的分配方案更公平、合理。在优化分配过程中,各评价指标间互相制约,较好提高了最终分配结果的科学性和可操作性。     

基于公平与效益原则的流域水污染负荷分配研究

为改善流域水环境质量，以乡镇单元为流域污染物总量控制单元，基于公平与效益原则构建了多目标水污染负荷分配模型，分别采用理想点法与基于淘汰算子的改进非支配排序遗传算法Ⅲ(NSGA-Ⅲ-EO)求解分配模型。以眉山市东坡区江东片区为研究区，对研究区COD入河总量进行分配，分析了两种求解算法的优化性能，并制定了兼顾公平与效益的污染物排放方案。研究结果表明：理想点法获得的优化分配方案具有较高的污染物削减率(16.65%);NSGA-Ⅲ-EO得到的综合最优分配方案的效益与公平性更佳，其中污染物削减率为12.70%,综合环境基尼系数为2.489 8,环境效益为37.84亿元，污染排放成本为89.89亿元。证实了流域污染总量控制中存在兼顾社会公平和效益的均衡策略，构建的优化模型可为流域污染防治提供多种可选的污染防控方案，为各利益主体提供策略参考。     

基尼系数法在新疆COD总量分配中运用探讨

借鉴经济学中评价贫富差距的基尼系数理论分配区域水污染物(COD)削减总量,基于基尼系数的内涵建屯一套适合新疆的COD总量公平削减方法.以2008年新疆各地州(市)COD总量削减为例,采用基尼系数法计算出水资源量,GDP和人口对水污染物(COD)总量分配的基尼系数,从公平性的角度结合计算结果进行量化分析并提出削减方案.结...     

湖库型水体总氮总量控制目标的区域分配研究

基于层次分析法原理,以资源禀赋、社会经济、农业生产生活、污染治理水平为主要考虑因素设计指标体系和层次结构,建立了湖库型水体总氮总量控制目标分配方法,并在石头口门水库流域进行了应用,为湖库型水体总氮总量控制目标分配及石头口门水库流域总氮总量控制提供借鉴。     

区域间水环境容量多目标公平分配的水环境基尼系数法

基于区域间水环境容量分配的控制指标和公平性准则分析,应用水环境基尼系数概念,以定量表达各公平性准则;并将各控制指标的水环境基尼系数均达到最小值作为界定多目标公平性的标准值。以此为基础,以各区域水环境容量分配比例为搜索变量,以水环境基尼系数达到多目标公平性标准值为目标,采用多目标最优化方法确定区域间水环境容量公平分配方案。应用该方法,对长乐江流域水环境容量在区域间的分配进行了实例分析。结果表明,将水环境基尼系数作为水环境容量分配结果的公平性衡量指标具有客观性,确定的水环境容量公平分配方案体现了多目标公平性。水环境基尼系数法可以推广至同一层面、具有可比性的排污单位间水环境容量公平分配问题上,且方法简单、可靠。     

大气污染物总量控制方法的研究

污染物总量控制是目前我国广泛应用的一种控制区域环境质量达标的方法 ,在总量控制中 ,环境容量分配的科学化、合理化和各点浓度的合理值计算是至关重要的。本文就此做些研究 ,以确保实现从局部到区域的环境质量达标。     

基于SWAT模型的大宁河流域污染物负荷分布特性分析

为了给流域污染物总量控制及分配工作提供理论依据,利用SWAT模型分析了大宁河巫溪水文站控制流域污染物负荷分布特性,结果表明：耕地是泥沙和总磷污染的主要来源,泥沙和总磷负荷分别占整个流域的95%和50%以上;后溪河流域是整个流域内污染负荷最高的支流流域,泥沙贡献率为46.02%,总磷负荷贡献率为60.15%;流域西南部的土壤侵蚀现象较为严重,尤其是子流域17和20;东溪河内子流域7是总磷负荷较高的地区,应重点进行控制。     

大气污染物总量控制方法的研究

污染物总量控制是目前我国广泛应用的一种控制区域环境质量标准的方法，在总量控制中，环境容量分配的科学化、合理化和各点浓度的合理值计算是至关重要的。本文就此做些研究，以确保实现从局部到区域的环境质量达标。     

陆海统筹的南流江流域污染物总量分配研究

综合考虑广西南流江流域陆域和廉州湾海域水质目标,遵循南流江流域、南流江河口、廉州湾近岸海域的污染路径,构建了基于陆海统筹的南流江流域污染物总量分配技术体系。首先,以廉州湾近岸海域环境功能区水质目标为约束条件,计算入海化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的最大允许排放量,分别为24 494、3 425、10 052、776 t/a。然后以南流江河口最大允许排放量和南流江流域水功能区水质目标为约束条件,计算南流江流域陆域COD、氨氮、TN和TP的最大允许排放量,分别为126 365、5 403、8 939、1 127 t/a。为实现入海总量的控制目标要求,重点应在南流江流域削减污染物排放量,到2020年,南流江流域主要污染控制工程项目的削减能力已超过2020年污染物总量控制削减量,因此2030年实现南流江和廉州湾控制断面全面稳定达到相应功能区水质目标压力不大。     

石头口门水库流域水污染物排放总量控制目标的确定方法研究

流域水污染物排放总量控制目标的确定是当前总量控制领域的研究热点。采用ReNuMa模型对石头口门水库流域建立了污染源—水质的定量响应关系,从径流量、总氮的模拟结果来看,模型的模拟精度满足要求。其次,建立了包括4部分内容(容量总量控制目标、规划年预测排污量、目标合理性因子、环境管理调控系数)的流域总氮总量控制目标确定模型。通过模型计算得到2020年石头口门水库流域总氮的总量控制目标为2.49万t。该总量控制目标确定模型统筹了目标总量控制与容量总量控制要求,兼具科学性与可行性。     

The use of SEM/EDX for studying the distribution of air pollutants in the surroundings of the emission source

A new application of SEM/EDX-methods to study the distribution of air pollutants in the surroundings of an emission source is described. An energy dispersive X-ray microanalyzer (EDX) connected to a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to measure the amount of several elements on the surface of Scots pine bark. To test this method, bark samples were collected near a limestone quarry and plant. The results indicated that the pollutant gradient in the surroundings of the emission source was clearest, when this new method was used. The coefficient of determination (R2) for calcium on pine bark was as high as 0.99, whereas in the same study line, measurements of total Ca content of pine needles and soil humus yielded R2 values of 0.46 and 0.74, respectively.     

The wind-frequency allocation method on discharge loading of function zones

This paper introduces a new allocation method on discharge loading of each function zone in a total emission control region. The wind frequency, the position of each district, and the pollutant's influence area were taken into account in this new method. The concept of "average downwind distance" was brought forward in this paper. The method here is more reasonable than the original method of area distribution, which was proposed by the "A-value" method in regulation of total emissions in China, by means of the simulation of annual average concentration in the total emission control region.     

The Wind-Frequency Allocation Method on Discharge Loading of Function Zones

Abstract

This paper introduces a new allocation method on discharge loading of each function zone in a total emission control region. The wind frequency, the position of each district, and the pollutant’s influence area were taken into account in this new method. The concept of “average downwind distance” was brought forward in this paper. The method here is more reasonable than the original method of area distribution, which was proposed by the “A-value” method in regulation of total emissions in China, by means of the simulation of annual average concentration in the total emission control region.     

区域大气环境中PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)空间分布研究

提出了一种利用移动监测技术研究区域大气环境中PM2.5/PM10空间分布的方法,并在2004年12月进行了宁波市全市域PM2.5/PM10空间分布的研究.数据显示:相同路径所代表的地区PM2.5和PM10具有很好的相关性,多数路径上PM2.5与PM10数据的相关系数平方在0.95以上,而不同路径上PM2.5与PM10的比值不同.文中给出了宁波市PM2.5/PM10污染的空间分布图,直观地显示出PM2.5/PM10污染的空间分布情况,突出了污染的重点点位和地区.     

A 3-mode parameterization of below-cloud scavenging of aerosols for use in atmospheric dispersion models

Atmospheric aerosols are subject to below-cloud scavenging by precipitation. The scavenging coefficient depends on the aerosol size significantly. The traditional bulk parameterization represents the mean wet scavenging coefficient for the whole aerosol size range. This parameterization significantly overestimates the scavenging of aerosol mass by a heavy rain or a long-duration medium rain. In this study, we present a 3-mode parameterization of the mean scavenging coefficient for each aerosol mode instead of representation for the whole aerosol size range. The new parameterization takes into account the aerosol number size distribution, the rain droplet size distribution and the spectral collision efficiency between the aerosol particle and the rain droplet. Comparing the calculation of mass depletion due to below-cloud scavenging, the 3-mode parameterization agrees well with the size-resolved explicit method. The new parameterization can be easily implemented in atmospheric dispersion models.     

区域大气环境中PM2．5／PM10空间分布研究

提出了一种利用移动监测技术研究区域大气环境中PM2.5／PM10空间分布的方法,并在2004年12月进行了宁波市全市域PM2.5／PM10空间分布的研究。数据显示：相同路径所代表的地区PM2.5和PM10具有很好的相关性,多数路径上PM2.5与PM10数据的相关系数平方在0．95以上,而不同路径上PM2.5与PM10的比值不同。文中给出了宁波市PM2.5／PM10污染的空间分布图,直观地显示出PM2.5／PM10污染的空间分布情况,突出了污染的重点点位和地区。     

基于遗传算法的大气污染总量控制新方法

提出一种利用遗传算法进行大气污染总量控制的新方法,并以柳州市SO2总量控制为例说明这种方法的具体运用.遗传算法具备自适应全局搜索寻优特点,从控制点浓度推算源强分布,该源强分布满足总量控制的根本要求.该方法的具体实现是:将区域内各污染源的排放量编码为染色体,让染色体群体在模拟的进化环境下按生物进化规律进行优胜劣汰的自然选择,经过若干代的进化,最终得到的最优个体即代表最佳的源强分布.研究结果表明,这种方法是有效的和可行的.     

Stochastic evaluation of mass discharge from pointlike concentration measurements

The contaminant mass discharge crossing a control plane is an important metric in the assessment of natural attenuation at contaminated sites. For risk-assessment purposes, the mass discharge must be estimated together with a level of uncertainty. We present a conditional Monte Carlo approach that allows estimating the statistical distribution of mass discharge. The approach is based on conditioning multiple realizations of the hydraulic conductivity field on all data available. We jointly determine a first-order decay coefficient in each realization, leading to conditional statistical distributions of all estimated parameters and the total mass discharge. The resulting statistical distribution of contaminant mass discharges can be used in the assessment of risks at the contaminated site. The method is applied to data of hypothetical test cases, which gives the opportunity to compare estimation results to the true field. As concentration data, we account for pointlike measurements obtained in multi-level sampling wells. The obtained empirical distribution of mass discharge crossing the multi-level sampling fence could be well fitted by a log-normal distribution.     

Confirmation of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) distribution in the blood and verification of simple quantitative method for PCBs based on specific congeners

We measured the concentration of each polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener in whole blood, plasma and blood cells, and investigated the distribution of PCBs in human blood using high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). The PCB concentrations in plasma and whole blood in terms of lipid concentrations were almost equal, with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.972. In the blood, the ratio of PCBs in blood cells to those in plasma was generally about 1:9 and the congener distribution patterns in blood cells and plasma were similar.We performed verification of a simple mass screening method by obtaining information on the main PCB congeners for investigations on human accumulation and exposure. The total concentration of the seven PCB congeners (UNEP-7) proposed to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) by Muir and Morita was about 50% of the total concentration of all PCB congeners, and UNEP-30 was about 80%. The seven main congeners in the blood (MCB-7) showed a value that was about 60%, and MCB-30 showed a value that was about 90%. Determinations with the main congeners in the blood showed a correlation of r = 0.990 or more between the main eight congeners (MCB-7 plus #74) and the total PCB concentration for all congeners. The results suggest that, although total PCB concentration can be effectively estimated from the main seven congeners, the main eight congeners would be preferable, and that the use of these congeners in the simple mass screening method would be effective for populations in areas uncontaminated by PCBs.     

Influence of temperature on formaldehyde emission parameters of dry building materials

The diffusion coefficient, D, partition coefficient, K, and the initial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in dry building materials, are the three key parameters used to predict the VOC emissions. D and K may be strongly affected by temperature. We have developed a new and simple method, the C-history method, to measure the diffusion coefficient, D and the partition coefficient, K of formaldehyde in dry building materials at temperatures of 18, 30, 40 and 50 °C. The measured variations of the diffusion coefficients and the partition coefficients with temperature for particle board, vinyl floor, medium- and high-density board are presented. A formula relating the partition coefficient and related factors is obtained through analysis. This formula can predict the partition coefficient in principle and provide an insight for fitting experimental data, and it agrees well with the experimental results.