二氧化氯-接触催化氧化联合去除水中铁和锰

为了解决水体中铁锰季节性超标的问题,提出一种既能够减少化学试剂的使用又能有效去除铁锰的经济有效的方法。研究了单一方法(二氧化氯氧化法、接触催化氧化法)及两者联合对铁锰的去除效果,提出用二氧化氯氧化-锰砂过滤联合方法解决。研究表明,用ClO2氧化去除水中Fe2+的反应先发生、速率较快且效果较好,而与Mn2+反应则较慢并且不能完全转化为沉淀。单纯接触催化氧化法需要较长时间,过滤层才能达到稳定且较好的处理效果,培养过程中其除锰效果并不理想。两者联合时,利用过滤层的吸附作用去除部分铁锰,减少了氧化剂的使用。初期3个柱的除Mn2+效果都比较好,去除率均大于80%;然而采用石英砂或纤维束滤料的滤柱去除Mn2+的效果随时间变差,但采用锰砂的除锰效果在实验期间始终维持在较高水平。     

新型生物除锰滤料处理含锰地下水研究

采用聚乙烯醇-硼酸-戊二醛法固定锰氧化细菌,并将其粘附于石英砂表面制备出一种新型生物除锰滤料,将生物除锰滤料装填模拟滤柱,进行了处理含锰水的连续流实验。结果表明:利用细胞固定化技术制备的生物除锰滤料使滤柱的启动期缩短到16d左右,且成熟期的滤柱在10m/h滤速下仍然保持95%以上的锰去除率;过量铁的存在不利于锰的氧化去除,进水中Fe2+质量浓度在2.0mg/L时降低了对锰的去除能力;滤柱对高浓度锰原水在10m/h滤速下仍然保持较高的锰去除率,且对低铁高锰水进行处理后,出水锰可以降到0.05mg/L以下。     

pH对预氧化沸石滤柱启动过程中除锰效率的影响

针对当前接触氧化除锰法启动期较长的问题,采用改性沸石滤料耦合次氯酸钠预氧化辅助滤柱启动,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散X射线光谱(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对滤料进行分析,探究了原水pH对滤柱启动中锰去除效率的影响,并对持续运行过程中次氯酸钠的投加量进行了优化,对改性沸石滤料进行静态吸附实验,并在进水pH分别为6.5、7.0、7.5时进行滤柱启动实验。结果表明,改性沸石滤料对Mn²⁺的吸附符合Langmuir模型与准二级动力学方程,当pH为5.5～8.0时,随pH升高改性沸石滤料对Mn²⁺的去除率上升。在3种pH条件下,滤柱的锰穿透期分别为5、8和9 d,并分别在第20、16和14天启动成功;次氯酸钠预氧化启动的3种滤柱次氯酸钠最低投加量分别为0.8、0.3与0.2 mg·L^-1。SEM与XRD表征结果证实了水钠锰矿在滤料表面的出现;而EDS与XPS结果分别表明,更高的pH会同时带来滤料表面锰元素含量和锰价态的升高。以上研究结果可为地表水水厂中对除锰有利的pH范围及沸石在启动过程中...     

接触氧化过滤去除地表水中的氨氮

接触氧化过滤工艺普遍用于去除地下水中的氨氮,在去除地表水中氨氮的应用较少。为了对此工艺去除地表水中的氨氮进行研究,以附有铁锰氧化物的石英砂为滤料填充滤柱,测试了滤柱对地表水中的铁、锰和氨氮的去除效果,并重点分析了影响氨氮去除的主要因素。结果表明:当滤速为8 m·h-1,进水铁、锰、氨氮浓度分别为0.6、1.1和1.8 mg·L~(-1)时,滤柱对3种污染物的去除率分别为83.3%,95.3%和80.6%,3种污染物的出水浓度均达标。此外,升高进水温度、提高进水碱度可增大氨氮的去除率。当温度由8℃增大到14℃时,氨氮去除率提高了近一倍。进水投加NaOH(浓度为4mg·L~(-1))时,氨氮的平均去除率比不投加NaOH时高23.1%。     

地下水中锰对滤料表面氧化膜去除氨氮的影响

在中试实验条件下,考察锰对石英砂滤料表面复合氧化膜去除氨氮的影响。实验结果表明:进水不含Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)的条件下,接触氧化对NH_4~+-N的最大去除能力约为2.0 mg/L;氨氮浓度低于2.0 mg/L时,锰离子对氨氮的去除没有明显影响;增大进水氨氮浓度为2.7 mg/L时,进水锰离子浓度为1.8 mg/L时最有利于活性滤膜对氨氮的去除,氨氮的去除率较进水不含锰离子时提高了14.3%,出水氨氮浓度低于饮用水标准限值0.5 mg/L。     

内电解-水解酸化-接触氧化-氧化絮凝处理印染废水研究

采用内电解-水解酸化-接触氧化-氧化絮凝处理印染废水,考察了内电解反应中进水pH、反应时间、反应温度、鲍尔环填料中铁粉与焦炭质量比(简称Fe/C)对废水COD和色度去除效果的影响;在实验所得最佳条件下,内电解反应对废水中NH3-N和TP的去除效果;水解酸化-接触氧化对内电解出水的COD和NH3-N的去除效果及反应前后的...     

微絮凝深床层过滤去除无机营养物及典型金属离子

在分析了微絮凝深床层过滤机理的基础上,实验研究了以煤矸石燃后残渣为滤料的深床层对微污染矿井水中无机营养物及典型金属离子的去除效果。结果表明,对于微污染矿井水中的NH3-N及COD的去除率仅有20%～40%;对可形成微絮凝体的磷的去除率高达80%以上,对于矿井水中的铁、锰离子的去除率可达75%以上,而絮凝剂的适量加入,不会大幅增加出水中铝离子的含量;分析表明,煤矸石燃后残渣滤料具有良好的吸附、截留作用;对溶解性NH3-N及COD的去除以吸附及生物作用,对铁、锰离子的去除则是以形成絮体沉淀为主,同时金属离子的水合作用、溶度积等对其去除有一定的影响。     

生物砂滤池处理生活污水的研究

选取不同粒径的河砂及填料厚度构筑生物砂滤池,研究生活污水主要污染组分的去除规律.结果表明:(1)COD的去除主要发生在生物砂滤池的中上部,在距填料顶部1.1 m处,COD已降到较低的水平,实验第1、3、7天COD分别为67.07、52.63、74.67 mg/L,COD去除率分别达到64.98%、69.05%及68.1...     

铁促电解去除高浊度老龄垃圾渗滤液COD的机理

铁促电解是去除水中有机污染物的新型方法,采用箱式电化学反应器研究了该法去除填埋场高浊度老龄垃圾渗滤液COD的机理.实验结果表明：用浊度衡量老龄垃圾渗滤液非溶解态有机物的含量是合理的;垃圾渗滤液中非溶解态有机物对铁促电解去除COD的效率有显著影响.铁促电解对高浊度垃圾渗滤液COD的去除存在三种机理,即电化学氧化、电解气浮和絮凝沉淀.随着水质与实验参数的变化,三种机理对COD总去除率的贡献亦发生变化;对比了Fe^2＋与Fe^3＋促进COD去除的效果,提出了一种铁离子循环电解处理老龄垃圾渗滤液的新工艺.     

改性锰砂滤料处理高铁锰煤矿矿井水

采用KMnO4溶液浸渍法制备了新型改性锰砂滤料,研究了滤料表面性能和过滤处理高铁锰矿井水的效果。结果表明,锰砂滤料除铁锰性能优于石英砂、陶粒以及瓷砂,采用KMnO4溶液浸渍能够提高锰砂滤料的过滤性能,最优的浸渍浓度为5%。5%KMnO4改性锰砂滤料过滤处理高铁锰矿井水的最佳工艺参数为：过滤周期24 h,反冲洗强度3.2 L/（s.m2）,反冲洗时间5 min;通过比表面积测试分析和SEM表征分析发现,KMnO4溶液浸渍能够提高锰砂滤料比表面积,并在锰砂滤料表面形成了氧化膜,从而提高除铁除锰效果,而且浸渍液浓度越高,这种作用越明显。     

改性沸石处理高铁锰地下水

采用不同方法对天然沸石改性,并用改性后沸石进行了静态和动态除铁锰实验。结果表明,采用NaCl、HCl、微波方法对沸石改性,以NaCl改性效果最好。经浓度为25%的NaCl改性后的沸石铁去除率提高了13.81%,锰去除率提高了26.4%。沸石改性可以同步提高其除铁、除锰效果,且除锰效果提高更多。铁或锰的存在都能使对方单一被沸石吸附效果下降。用沸石滤柱处理高铁锰地下水,在停留时间1.0 h时,铁最高去除率为62.3%,锰最高去除率为58.3%。     

反冲洗周期对生物除锰滤池去除效果的影响简

反冲洗周期是生物除铁除锰滤池的一个重要运行参数,实验中分别设定反冲洗周期为24、48和72 h,考察反冲洗周期对成熟稳定运行的滤柱出水铁、锰、氨氮和浊度的影响。结果表明,不同反冲洗周期,滤柱对铁、锰和氨氮均有很好的去除效果,出水中的总Fe、Mn²⁺和NH₄⁺-N的平均浓度分别为0.018、0.003和0.016 mg/L,0.010、0.001和0.014 mg/L,0.013、0.001和0.014 mg/L,均远低于国家标准,说明反冲洗周期变化对三者的去除效果没有影响。反冲洗周期为24、48和72 h时,出水平均浊度分别为0.27、0.38和0.57 NTU,反冲洗周期越长,出水浊度越高。滤柱沿程浊度分析发现,浊度主要在0~0.4 m去除,出水浊度与滤层厚度无关。反冲洗后5 min出水浊度为3.16 NTU,15 min降到了1 NTU以下,25 min降到了0.5 NTU,60 min大约降到了反冲洗前的水平。     

反冲洗周期对生物除锰滤池去除效果的影响

反冲洗周期是生物除铁除锰滤池的一个重要运行参数,实验中分别设定反冲洗周期为24、48和72h,考察反冲洗周期对成熟稳定运行的滤柱出水铁、锰、氨氮和浊度的影响。结果表明,不同反冲洗周期,滤柱对铁、锰和氨氮均有很好的去除效果,出水中的总Fe、Mn“和NH？-N的平均浓度分别为0．018、0．003和0．016mg／L,0．010、0．001和0．014mg/L,0．013、0．001和0．014mg／L,均远低于国家标准,说明反冲洗周期变化对三者的去除效果没有影响。反冲洗周期为24、48和72h时,出水平均浊度分别为0．27、0．38和0．57NTU,反冲洗周期越长,出水浊度越高。滤柱沿程浊度分析发现,浊度主要在0～O．4m去除,出水浊度与滤层厚度无关。反冲洗后5rain出水浊度为3．16NTU,15min降到了1NTU以下,25min降到了0．5NTU,60min大约降到了反冲洗前的水平。     

改性锰砂对废水中锰的吸附特性研究

通过正交实验,研究pH值、反应时间、锰砂投加量和锰砂改性时间等因素对Mn2+吸附效果的影响。结果表明,在25℃,吸附反应体系pH=9,锰砂投加量为15 g/L,吸附时间为30 min,锰砂的高锰酸钾改性时间为36 h时,改性锰砂对锰的吸附去除率最高,达到了99.99%。四因素的影响顺序为:pH>反应时间>锰砂投加量>锰砂改性时间。在单因素实验中,当pH=7,吸附剂投加量为25 g/L时,经60 min可达吸附平衡,锰的去除率为60.04%,其等温吸附符合Freundlich和Langmuir模型,并且与Langmuir模型的拟合程度更高。本研究还对改性锰砂吸附除锰的机理做了初步探讨。     

Combined use of molecular biology taxonomy, Raman spectrometry, and ESEM imaging to study natural biofilms grown on filter materials at waterworks

DNA-based population analysis was applied in combination with Raman spectrometry and Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy for the characterisation of natural biofilms from sand and activated carbon filters operated for a long term at a municipal waterworks. Whereas the molecular biology polymerase chain reaction combined with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis approach provides a deeper insight into the bacterial biofilm diversities, Raman spectrometry analyses the chemical composition of the extracellular polymer substances (EPS), microorganisms embedded in EPS as well as other substances inside biofilm (inorganic compounds and humic substances). Microscopy images the spatial distribution of biofilms on the two different filter materials. In addition, bacterial bulk water populations were compared with biofilm consortia using the molecular fingerprint technique mentioned.Population analysis demonstrated the presence of more diverse bacterial species embedded in a matrix of EPS (polysaccharides, peptides, and nucleic acids) on the sand filter materials. In contrast to this, activated carbon granules were colonised by reduced numbers of bacterial species in biofilms. Besides α-, β-, and γ-Proteobacteria, a noticeable specific colonisation with Actinobacteria was found on activated carbon particles. Here, the reduced biofilm formation came along with a decreased EPS synthesis. The taxonomy profiles of the different biofilms revealed up to 60% similarity on the same filter materials and 32% similarity of different materials. Similarity of adherent communities from filter materials and bulk water populations from the filter effluent varied between 36% and 58% in sand filters and 6–40% in granular activated carbon filters.The biofilm investigation protocols are most crucial to subsequent acquisition of knowledge on biofilm dynamics and bacterial contributions to transformation or adsorption processes in waterworks facilities.     

Hot filter/impinger and dilution sampling for fine particulate matter characterization from ferrous metal casting processes

A study using two stack-sampling methodologies for collecting particulate matter (PM) emissions was conducted using a hot filter followed by a cold impinger sampling train and a dilution sampler. Samples were collected from ferrous iron metal casting processes that included pouring molten iron into a sand mold containing an organic binder, metal cooling, removal of the sand from the cooled casting (shakeout), and postshakeout cooling. The shakeout process contributed more to PM emissions than the metal pouring and cooling processes. Particulate matter less than 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) mass emissions for the entire casting cycle ranged from 3.4 to 4.7 lb/t of metal for the hot filter/impinger method and from 0.8 to 1.8 lb/t of metal for the dilution method. Most of the difference was due to PM captured by the impingers, much of which was probably dissolved gases rather than condensable vapors. Of the PM fraction captured by the impingers, 96-98% was organic in nature. The impinger PM fraction contributed 32-38% to the total suspended particle mass and caused a factor of 2-4 positive bias for PM2.5 emissions. For the pouring and cooling processes only, the factor increased to over seven times.     

The role of aqueous iron(II) and manganese(II) in sub-aqueous active barrier systems containing natural clinoptilolite

Increasing attention is being placed on capping as a relatively new option in managing both contaminated sediments and dredged materials, due to its economic and environmental benefits. Capping denotes the placement of a cover onto potentially hazardous sediments or dredged material dumps to inhibit the transfer of contaminants into the water column. Retention of divalent iron and manganese cations using sandy capping layers containing natural zeolites as a reactive additive (active barrier systems, ABS) is evaluated in this study. Three different natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) rocks, two from deposits in Australia and one from a North-American deposit, were investigated and compared with respect to their mineralogical, physical and chemical properties. In particular, results from batch and column experiments show that ABS based on these materials can efficiently demobilise iron and manganese from percolating, anoxic pore water by cation exchange under favourable conditions. The retention, however, may be reduced strongly where competitive exchange with divalent cations such as calcium prevails or where mobile colloidal pore water constituents such as clay minerals or humic substances bind fractions of the dissolved iron or manganese. Therefore, the potential of ABS as a means for in situ remediation has to be evaluated diligently with particular regard to the pore water composition of the sediment to be capped.     

Hot Filter/Impinger and Dilution Sampling for Fine Particulate Matter Characterization from Ferrous Metal Casting Processes

Abstract

A study using two stack-sampling methodologies for collecting particulate matter (PM) emissions was conducted using a hot filter followed by a cold impinger sampling train and a dilution sampler. Samples were collected from ferrous iron metal casting processes that included pouring molten iron into a sand mold containing an organic binder, metal cooling, removal of the sand from the cooled casting (shakeout), and postshakeout cooling. The shakeout process contributed more to PM emissions than the metal pouring and cooling processes. Particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM_2.5) mass emissions for the entire casting cycle ranged from 3.4 to 4.7 lb/t of metal for the hot filter/impinger method and from 0.8 to 1.8 lb/t of metal for the dilution method. Most of the difference was due to PM captured by the impingers, much of which was probably dissolved gases rather than condensable vapors. Of the PM fraction captured by the impingers, 96–98% was organic in nature. The impinger PM fraction contributed 32–38% to the total suspended particle mass and caused a factor of 2–4 positive bias for PM_2.5 emissions. For the pouring and cooling processes only, the factor increased to over seven times.