钢渣-灰岩人工湿地脱除粪便污水高氮素的实验研究

构建小试系统研究了钢渣-灰岩垂直潜流人工湿地对粪便污水中高浓度氮素的降解效果。同时比较分析了填料填铺方式和表层填料对钢渣-灰岩垂直潜流湿地降解粪便污水氮素效能的影响。结果表明：当原水氨氮在42.72～272.60 mg/L,总氮在107.40～689.35 mg/L内,钢渣-灰岩垂直潜流人工湿地出水氨氮和总氮浓度可分别达到13.57 mg/L和62.83 mg/L;从长期效果来看,大级配差的正反粒径混合填铺的填料结构更有利于钢渣-灰岩人工湿地保持氮素降解效能;表层的基质材料选择要充分考虑渗透性和复氧能力;钢渣不但对氨氮有吸附作用,而且为氨氮的挥发和硝化/反硝化作用创造有利环境;灰岩在钢渣协助下溶出钙离子以利于氨氮的阳离子交换,同时为铁自养反硝化菌和脱硫杆菌的自养反硝化作用提供碳源。     

纳米氧化锌粒径效应对人工湿地运行性能的影响

为考察ZnO NPs粒径效应对人工湿地运行性能的影响,在进水COD约为216.00 mg·L-1、总氮约为11.10 mg·L-1和总磷约为3.84 mg·L-1的条件下连续运行126 d,对暴露于不同粒径ZnO NPs(10.00mg·L-1)的人工湿地脱氮除磷性能、填料渗透系数、胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)产量和特性以及微生物群落结构和多样性的变化进行了研究.结果表明:与对照组(未投加ZnONPs)相比,进水中投加15、50和90nm ZnO NPs后,人工湿地对COD的去除率分别下降了8.73％、7.55％和6.97％;氨氮和总氮的去除率分别下降了21.96％和10.95％、17.75％和10.00％以及15.34％和3.78％.高通量测序结果表明,ZnO NPs粒径越小,对硝化菌属Thauera的抑制作用越明显.投加Zn ONPs后,其释放的Zn2+会与水中磷酸盐结合生成磷酸锌等不溶物,同时会增加异养硝化菌Acinetobacter的相对丰度,从而导致总磷的去除率比对照组提高了42.49％～56.38％.此外,与对照组(97.18 mg·g-1)相比,投加15、50和90 nm的ZnO NPs后EPS的产量分别增加到212.97、156.30和128.53 mg·g-1.EPS分泌量的增大,导致填料渗透系数快速降低,在运行83 d后分别下降了71.17％、67.83％和37.50％.     

新型人工湿地生态填料净化生活污水的试验研究

采用单一粒级的碎石作为粗骨料,水泥、粉煤灰和化学添加剂为胶结材料制备了2种新型人工湿地生态填料(以下简称人工生态填料),分别为普通人工生态填料(ES-C)和内置空隙人工生态填料(ES-V),对比研究了2种人工生态填料和普通碎石填料对模拟农村生活污水的净化处理效果,探讨了影响其去除效果的几个因素。结果表明,处理第5天,效果最好的ES-V对COD、NH4+-N和TP的去除率分别为83.13%、75.25%和75.17%,浓度达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)一级B标准;普通碎石填料的NH4+-N去除率比人工生态填料低30%左右,TP的去除率约为人工生态填料的一半。当COD/NH4+-N(质量比)为9～13,NH4+-N负荷为20～55mg/L时,人工生态填料对NH4+-N的去除效果较好;TP为3～10mg/L时,人工生态填料对TP有较高的去除率。最后从物理、化学和生化作用3个方面探讨了人工生态填料的去污机制。     

低温对湿地填料内微生物生长分布及处理效能的影响研究

针对人工湿地低温运行效率低、填料层内部结构对微生物生长分布影响不明确等问题,采用最大或然数(MPN)法对典型人工湿地正反级配试验柱中氨化细菌、硝化细菌及反硝化细菌生长分布情况及对污染物去除效果进行检测分析,研究环境温度及湿地填料级配设置对微生物生长的影响。结果表明,低温环境对湿地微生物生长均产生抑制,环境温度为15℃的试验柱各项污染物去除率均高于环境温度为5℃的试验柱,在相同环境温度下,反级配试验柱污染物去除效率优于正级配试验柱。反级配试验柱表层较大孔隙率使得氧气更易进入填料层,因此上层填料中氨化细菌、硝化细菌数均高于同温度下正级配试验柱,而反硝化细菌数量则呈现相反的规律。污染物去除效率受环境温度和反硝化底物浓度共同影响,本研究中环境温度为15℃的反级配试验柱对污染物的去除效率最优,其对COD、氨氮、TN污染物平均去除率可分别为46.18%、45.50%、45.28%。     

粉煤灰碎砖颗粒除磷实验研究

磷含量过高会导致水体富营养化。人工湿地除磷简单经济,但常用填料砾石除磷能力有限。通过等温吸附实验和人工湿地模型实验研究粉煤灰碎砖颗粒的除磷效果,实验结果表明,Langmuir和Freundlich吸附方程可较好地描述吸附过程,粒径为4～6 mm的粉煤灰碎砖颗粒对磷素的理论饱和吸附量为21 277 mg/kg。当初始溶液...     

自制填料与常用湿地填料除磷能力的比较

用石英砂、石灰、水泥和铝粉等材料制作人工湿地填料,并对自制填料、粉煤灰块和钢渣等6种填料的等温吸附特性进行研究,发现自制填料在较低与较高浓度P溶液中吸附率都最高,在P浓度为(10～50 mg/L)时,平均吸附率达96.8%,其次是粉煤灰和钢渣,分别为87.6%和85.4%;填料对P的理论饱和吸附量分别为:自制填料(2 413.6 mg/kg)>粉煤灰块(1 605.8 mg/kg)>钢渣(1 277.5 mg/kg)>碎砖(451.6 mg/kg)>碎石(182.5 mg/kg)>砾石(18.4 mg/kg);填料中金属矿物成分含量高、比表面积大,是除P效果好的原因。     

适宜处理分散性生活污水的人工湿地除磷填料的筛选及改性

为提高人工湿地除磷效能,从沸石、陶粒、萤石、膨胀蛭石、石灰石、麦饭石、火山岩、牡蛎壳、钢渣和废砖块这10种具有较高磷素饱和吸附量的填料中,筛选出钢渣、沸石和石灰石3种适宜处理分散性生活污水的人工湿地填料,并分别使用不同浓度梯度的酸(碱)、盐对3种填料进行改性,以增强其除磷能力。研究结果表明,钢渣、沸石和石灰石分别经2 mol/L AlCl3、2 mol/L NaOH及2 mol/L AlCl3、0.5 mol/L AlCl3溶液改性后,磷素吸附量达到最高值(0.272、0.0801和0.351 mg/g),而双常数方程能更好地描述优选填料对生活污水中磷的吸附动力学过程,综合考虑填料的吸附效果、成本及来源,改性石灰石是人工湿地处理分散性生活污水时较为理想的除磷填料;此外,填料经铝改后,氮磷吸附效果普遍优于其他改性条件,且Al-P有利于植物直接吸收利用,含铝废水来源广泛,故利用铝改液处理人工湿地填料具有较高的应用推广价值。     

自由表面流人工湿地微生物气溶胶研究

微生物气溶胶的种类、浓度和粒径分布与人类健康关系密切。采用MD8空气浮游菌采样仪和FA-1型6级筛孔撞击式空气微生物采样器,对人工湿地细菌和真菌气溶胶的数量和粒径分布进行研究。结果表明,人工湿地进水前,细菌和真菌气溶胶平均值较低,分别为64.0、126.0CFU/m3;进水后,细菌气溶胶平均值在6月26日达到最高,为2292.5CFU/m3,真菌气溶胶平均值在8月27日达到最高,为6200.0CFU/m3;易进入肺部的细菌和真菌(粒径为0.65～4.70μm)粒子数分别占粒子总数的22.2%～62.3%、54.2%～87.6%;空气细菌中值直径为1.88～4.13μm,空气真菌中值直径在3.00μm左右波动。空气细菌中革兰氏阳性菌明显多于革兰氏阴性菌,空气真菌主要为酵母菌、镰刀菌属、枝孢属、毛霉属、交链孢属、肉座菌属、枝霉属、青霉属和曲霉属。     

基质粒径与排空时间对潮汐流人工湿地运行效能的影响

潮汐运行是强化人工湿地供氧的一种有效途径。为了解基质粒径对潮汐流人工湿地(TFCWs)处理效果及复氧过程的影响,研究了不同基质粒径TFCWs的处理性能,建立了TFCWs排空期氧转移过程的研究方法。结果表明基质粒径影响湿地对NH4+的吸附性及排空期基质孔隙氧体积占比进而影响处理效果,7～9 mm基质粒径的湿地达到最佳的氨氮去除率82.6%,3～5 mm基质粒径的湿地达到最佳的COD去除率88.2%,粒径基质小的湿地中氨氧化菌属和反硝化菌属的相对丰度更高,脱氮能力强;分析排空期基质孔隙氧体积占比变化与湿地微生物耗氧过程的联系,能够优化潮汐流湿地系统的排空时间,湿地微生物的耗氧活动主要集中在氧体积占比快速下降阶段,更长的排空时间对复氧能力没有明显提升,本研究中8 h的排空时间即可满足湿地系统的氧需求。     

垂直流人工湿地中基质组合对污水的处理效果及模型模拟

选择石砾、粗砂、细砂作为垂直流人工湿地的基质在实验室内研究不同粒径的基质在不同的水力负荷和对不同浓度污水对污染物的去除效果,根据实验结果选取基质应用于示范基地,利用人工湿地模型Subwet2.0对人工湿地示范基地进行模型模拟,为农村生活污水人工湿地系统的处理设计及模拟出水水质提供参考。研究结果表明:石砾、粗砂、细砂为基质对污染物去除率较好的水力负荷分别为小于0.9、0.6和0.3 m/d时;石砾基质对COD的最佳污染负荷为970 mg/L,粗砂、细砂基质为468~970 mg/L;粗砂和细砂基质对NH_4~+-N去除效果相似;在北方地区垂直流人工湿地主体基质建议使用粗砂或石砾以减少堵塞的风险;利用Subwet2.0模型模拟人工湿地示范基地的出水水质,根据当地条件在反应参数的取值范围内调整了相应的参数值,模拟的结果符合性很高。     

8种植物床人工湿地脱氮除磷的研究

分别以水葫芦、西洋芹、空心菜、水芹、混合种(黄菖蒲、千屈菜、再力花)、千屈菜、再力花、黄菖蒲等植物床构建潜流人工湿地,研究其对生活污水氮、磷的净化功能及其去除率与水力停留时间(HRT)的变化规律。结果表明,各种植物床对TN、TP的去除率随HRT的延长而增加,不同植物床的脱氮除磷效果是不同的。千屈菜植物床对TN的去除效果最好,HRT为3d时,TN去除率为56%;HRT为6d时,TN去除率达77%。再力花植物床对TP的去除效果最好,HRT为3d时,TP去除率达78%;HRT为6d时,TP去除率达96%。其他植物床也有较好的脱氮除磷效果。各种植物床处理后出水TN、TP均较低,HRT为3d时,出水TN均低于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)一级A标准规定的限值(15mg/L),出水TP均低于GB 18918—2002二级标准规定的限值(3mg/L);7种植物床构建的潜流人工湿地(水葫芦的数据丢失)对TN、TP的去除均满足一级反应动力学方程,且相关性显著。     

在线超声对流化床膜生物反应器污泥混合液性能影响的研究

在流化床膜生物反应器中引入在线超声辐射来控制膜污染,超声功率为300 W、频率分别为中频(50 kHz)和中低频(50 kHz和25 kHz)混合频率,考察了在线超声对反应器内混合液性能的影响及对膜污染的控制效果。结果表明,中频超声辐射不会对反应器内混合液的污泥浓度和粘度产生显著影响,而中低频超声辐射会降低混合液的污泥浓度并造成混合液粘度的升高。2种频率的超声辐射对污泥混合液的过滤性能和污泥活性都有一定的改善作用。连续运行26 d和29d后,在中频和中低频超声辐射的作用下,超声流化床膜生物反应器比普通流化床膜生物反应器的跨膜压差分别低8 kPa和14 kPa,说明2种频率的在线超声均可显著延缓膜污染。     

Phytoremediation of selenium by two helophyte species in subsurface flow constructed wetland

The phytoremediation of selenium by two different wetland species was investigated. Selenium (20.4 microg/l) was supplied continuously to subsurface flow constructed wetlands, one vegetated with Typha latifolia L. and the other with Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. The beds of both species had same hydraulic loading rate (0.079 m(3)/m(2)/d) and water retention time (24 h). However, the mass loading rate was 1.27 mg Se/m(2)/d for Phragmites and 1.35 mg Se/m(2)/d for Typha. In the Typha bed Se migrated faster than in the Phragmites bed. After 25 d of Se supplementation in the Typha bed about 54% of the Se inlet concentration remained in the outlet water. In the Phragmites bed Se was removed completely from the water after passing through 3/4 of the bed length. After 65 d of Se supplementation the highest amount of Se (2.8 microg/g dry matter) was determined in the organic material of the Typha bed. Roots and rhizomes accumulated 2.2 and 1.8 microg/g dry matter respectively. Phragmites accumulated Se in the leaves and stems, but not in the rhizomes. The accumulation in the leaves (1.8 microg Se/g dry matter) was three times higher than in the stems (0.6 microg Se/g dry matter).     

高速泳动床对村镇微污染水体的预处理效果

利用高速泳动床反应器作为预处理装置处理村镇微污染水体,出水进入组合人工湿地。结果表明,实验阶段高速泳动床在HRT为1.2 h时,尽管泳动床进水各污染物浓度较低,但反应器对COD、TN和TP仍具有较明显（P〈0.05）的去除效果,平均去除率分别为11.3%、14.6%和25.8%。高速泳动床反应器对氨氮去除效果尤为明显,去除率达到46.9%。此外,高速泳动床反应器内硝化作用较强,出水中硝态氮含量平均增加率为45.5%,弥补了后续人工湿地硝化作用不强、除氨氮效果不佳的缺点。     

人工湿地构筑根孔作用下土壤物质分布状况

嘉兴市石臼漾湿地应用人工构筑根孔技术,以玉米秸秆和油菜秸秆按比例混合埋植于土壤亚表层,作为湿地的基质/填料。在湿地运行一年半后,按照正交设计表,以埋植秸秆的种类(S)、填埋的土壤层次(L)、距离秸秆外环的远近(D)和秸秆周围土壤的表观颜色(C)作为实验因素,对秸秆周围养分物质浓度、土壤酶活性以及铁含量进行采样分析。实验结果显示:玉米秸秆和油菜秸秆腐烂较充分,分别形成较发达的粗根孔和细根孔;根孔周围土壤呈中度还原状态;粗根孔具有较强的优先流效应,其周围土壤具有较高的养分物质含量和较低的Fe2+/Fe3+比。粗根孔周围土壤具有较高的磷酸酶活性,而细根孔周围具有较高的β-葡糖苷酶活性和脲酶活性。综合比较,人工湿地构建初期,径级较大秸秆腐烂后形成的粗根孔发挥着更高的水分传导效率和更强的物质截留效应。     

复合人工湿地对城市受污染河水的净化效果

采用2种复合人工湿地系统处理昆明市城市河流污水,为期1年的运行结果表明:2种复合人工湿地系统对城市河流污水具有良好的污染物去除性能,TN、TP、COD和SS的月平均去除率分别达到50%、85%、85%和80%以上;2种复合人工湿地系统具有良好的耐冲击性,季节变化对出水水质不存在显著影响。其中,垂直上行流复合人工湿地系统性能更优于垂直上行流与水平流复合人工湿地系统;强降雨会对复合人工湿地出水水质造成一定的影响。     

高速泳动床对村镇微污染水体的预处理效果

利用高速泳动床反应器作为预处理装置处理村镇微污染水体,出水进入组合人工湿地。结果表明,实验阶段高速泳动床在HRT为1.2 h时,尽管泳动床进水各污染物浓度较低,但反应器对COD、TN和TP仍具有较明显(P<0.05)的去除效果,平均去除率分别为11.3%、14.6%和25.8%。高速泳动床反应器对氨氮去除效果尤为明显,去除率达到46.9%。此外,高速泳动床反应器内硝化作用较强,出水中硝态氮含量平均增加率为45.5%,弥补了后续人工湿地硝化作用不强、除氨氮效果不佳的缺点。     

水平潜流人工湿地处理太原市城市再生水的运行效能

以山西省太原市某污水厂的高氮低碳尾水为研究对象,开展基于3床并联的水平潜流人工湿地处理尾水的中试研究。研究结果表明,该人工湿地系统启动2个月进入稳定运行期;稳定运行期3个床体的出水水质除TN外其余指标均满足《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）中Ⅳ类水体标准,TN指标满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918．2002）中一级A标准,该湿地系统出水可直接用于补充景观用水;稳定运行期3床的植物与基质的配置更适合处理同类尾水,3个床体对各污染物的去除效果均为3床〉2床〉1床;本系统中填料对污染物处理效果的影响大于植物对污染物处理效果的影响,最优填料顺序依次为沸石、砾石和钢渣,最适植物栽种顺序为芦苇、香蒲、美人蕉、黄菖蒲和芦苇。     

Reed beds receiving industrial sludge containing nitroaromatic compounds

Goal, Scope and Background Sweden has prohibited the deposition of organic waste since January, 2005. Since 1 million tons of sludge is produced every year in Sweden and the capacity for incineration does not fill the demands, other methods of sludge management have to be introduced to a larger degree. One common method in the USA and parts of Europe is the use of wetlands to treat wastewater and sewage sludge. The capacity of reed beds to affect the toxicity of a complex mixture of nitroaromatics in sludge, however, is not fully elucidated. In this study, an industrial sludge containing explosives and pharmaceutical residues was therefore treated in artificial reed beds and the change in toxicity was studied. Nitroaromatic compounds, which are the main ingredients of many pharmaceuticals and explosives, are well known to cause cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Recently performed studies have also showed that embryos of zebrafish (Danio rerio) are sensitive to nitroaromatic compounds. Therefore, we tested the sludge passing through constructed wetlands in order to detect any changes in levels of embryotoxicity, genotoxicity and dioxin-like activity (AhR-agonists). We also compared unplanted and planted systems in order to examine the impact of the root system on the fate of the toxicants. Methods An industrial sludge containing a complex mixture of nitroaromatics was added daily to small-scale constructed wetlands (vertical flow), both unplanted and planted with Phragmites australis. Sludge with an average dry weight of 1.25%, was added with an average hydraulic loading rate of 1.2 L/day. Outgoing water was collected daily and stored at −20°C. The artificial wetland sediment was Soxhlet extracted, followed by clean-up with multi-layer silica, or extracted by ultrasonic treatment, yielding one organic extract and one water extract of the same sample. Genotoxicity of the extracts was measured according to the ISO protocol for the umu-C genotoxicity assay (ISO/TC 147/SC 5/WG9 N8), using Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 as test organism. Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity were studied using the fish egg assay with zebrafish (Danio rerio) and the dioxin-like activity was measured using the DR-CALUX assay. Chemical analyses of nitroaromatic compounds were performed using Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) and GC-MS. Results Organic extracts of the bed material showed toxic potential in all three toxicity tests after two years of sludge loading. There was a difference between the planted and the unplanted beds, where the toxicity of organic extracts overall was higher in the bed material from the planted beds. The higher toxicity of the planted beds could have been caused by the higher levels of total carbon in the planted beds, which binds organic toxicants, and by enrichment caused by lower volumes of outgoing water from the planted beds. Discussion Developmental disorders were observed in zebrafish exposed directly in contact to bed material from unplanted beds, but not in fish exposed to bed material from planted beds. Hatching rates were slightly lower in zebrafish exposed to outgoing water from unplanted beds than in embryos exposed to outgoing water from planted beds. Genotoxicity in the outgoing water was below detection limit for both planted and unplanted beds. Most of the added toxicants via the sludge were unaccounted for in the outgoing water, suggesting that the beds had toxicant removal potential, although the mechanisms behind this remain unknown. Conclusions During the experimental period, the beds received a sludge volume (dry weight) of around three times their own volume. In spite of this, the toxicity in the bed material was lower than in the sludge. Thus, the beds were probably able to actually decrease the toxicity of the added, sludge-associated toxicants. When testing the acetone extracts of the bed material, the planted bed showed a higher toxicity than the unplanted beds in all three toxicity tests. The toxicity of water extracts from the unplanted beds, detected by the fish egg assay, were higher than the water extracts from the planted beds. No genotoxicity was detected in outgoing water from either planted or unplanted beds. All this together indicates that the planted reed beds retained semi-lipophilic acetone-soluble toxic compounds from the sludge better than the unplanted beds, which tended to leak out more of the water soluble toxic compounds in the outgoing water. The compounds identified by SPME/GC in the outgoing water were not in sufficient concentrations to have caused induction in the genotoxicity test. Recommendations and Perspectives This study has pointed out the benefits of using constructed wetlands receiving an industrial sludge containing a complex mixture of nitroaromatics to reduce toxicity in the outgoing water. The water from planted, constructed wetlands could therefore be directed to a recipient without further cleaning. The bed material should be investigated over a longer period of time in order to evaluate potential accumulation and leakage prior to proper usage or storage. The plants should be investigated in order to examine uptake and possible release when the plant biomass is degraded. This article has been developed on the basis of a presentation given at the Annual meeting of SETAC Europe German Language Branch 2004 in Aachen. ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Ludek Blaha (blaha@recetox.muni.cz)