沥青质在富里酸上的吸附特征

通过连续分级提取法从同一来源土壤中分级提取得到3个富里酸级分,并将其负载于无腐殖酸土壤颗粒上考察富里酸在土壤环境中与沥青质的吸附特征,重点研究了沥青质在3种级分富里酸上的吸附动力学和等温吸附特性。结果表明:吸附过程由快速吸附阶段和慢速吸附阶段构成,1级富里酸对沥青质的吸附动力学数据符合伪一级动力学方程(R~2=0.973),2、3级富里酸对沥青质的吸附动力学数据符合伪二级动力学方程(R~2分别为0.974、0.955);不同温度下,3种级分富里酸对沥青质的吸附等温线均更符合Langmuir-Freundlich模型(R~2分别为0.992、0.977、0.979),反应温度升高有利于对沥青质的吸附。3种级分富里酸对沥青质的饱和吸附容量大小顺序为:1级富里酸3级富里酸2级富里酸。     

炭材料调理改善活性污泥脱水性能的影响机制

活性污泥中的胞外聚合物EPS含黏性蛋白类物质并高度亲水,调控污泥中溶解性EPS和溶解性蛋白类物质是改善污泥脱水的有效途径。通过使用不同炭材料调理污泥的方法来观察污泥脱水性能的变化,深入解析污泥絮体及EPS含量和组分的变化特征。结果表明:炭材料调理污泥可以改善其脱水性,且炭材料吸附容量越大对污泥脱水性改善效果越好;不同炭材料对污泥絮体影响效果不同,经过未改性活性炭(AC-0)、HNO3改性活性炭(AC-1)和石墨调理的污泥絮体粒径变大,经酸碱交替改性活性炭(AC-5)调理的污泥絮体粒径变小;炭材料调理后EPS中蛋白类的荧光峰A、B和腐殖酸、富里酸的荧光峰C、D都得到有效降低,且其对腐殖酸和富里酸的吸附效果比蛋白类物质要好,对低分子质量物质和中分子质量物质的吸附效果要好于对大分子质量物质的吸附效果。     

镁铝水滑石及焙烧产物去除水中的天然有机物

为有效去除饮用水中天然有机物,提高水处理效果,本研究对比分析了合成镁铝水滑石及其在200℃、500℃和800℃下的焙烧产物对腐植酸、富里酸在不同pH与温度影响下的吸附去除性能及机理。结果表明,吸附效果有明显的差别,吸附不是简单单分子层物理吸附,存在一定程度的化学作用机理。其中500℃焙烧产物对腐殖酸与富里酸的吸附效果最好,对HA与FA的最大吸附量分别为105.2 mg/g和100.3 mg/g。     

混凝和活性炭吸附深度处理制药废水中有机物去除特征

研究了混凝、活性炭吸附及其组合工艺对内蒙古某制药废水二级生化出水中有机物的去除效率,同时采用荧光光谱和凝胶色谱分析了不同技术对废水中有机物的影响。研究显示,污水中主要的有机物为微生物代谢产物、腐殖酸和富里酸,分子量在800~1 250。混凝与吸附对污水中的有机物表现出不同的去除特征,混凝无法有效去除溶解性有机物,而活性炭吸附对3种物质的去除率均达到90%以上。采用混凝和吸附组合处理后,总COD去除率达到76%,满足污水综合排放标准。     

造纸工业园区污水处理厂溶解性有机物迁移转化规律

在对某造纸工业园区污水处理厂污染物变化规律分析的基础上,采用UV-vis光谱、凝胶色谱和三维荧光等指纹图谱手段对溶解性有机物(DOM)特性进行表征。结果表明,该工业园区污水处理厂能够有效去除以造纸废水为主的混合污水中的有机污染物。UV-vis光谱和凝胶色谱分析表明:水解酸化可将大分子有机物分解成小分子,腐殖化程度降低;高级氧化深度处理后小分子物质所占比例明显增加。三维荧光光谱结果表明,DOM中主要的荧光物质包括色氨酸类蛋白质、芳香族类蛋白质、类腐殖酸、类富里酸物质和酪氨酸类蛋白质。水解酸化可以提高芳香族类蛋白质、类腐殖酸和类富里酸的含量。高级氧化则能有效降低类蛋白质和类腐殖酸物质的含量。     

腐殖酸对生物炭吸附水环境中雌激素的影响

以玉米秸秆为原料,通过500℃限氧裂解制备生物炭(记为500BC),并采用批量吸附实验对比500BC及腐殖酸负载后生物炭(记为500BC-HA)对于水环境中两种雌激素(双酚A(BPA)和17α-乙炔雌二醇(EE2))的吸附性能及作用机制。结果表明,腐殖酸分子可阻塞部分500BC孔隙,使500BC的孔径、孔容及比表面积下降,负载腐殖酸后,500BC的比表面积由8.43m~2/g减小至4.40m~2/g,孔径从26.1nm减小至3.2nm,孔容由0.018cm~3/g下降至0.001cm~3/g;与500BC相比,500BC-HA对BPA、EE2的吸附能力均明显降低,一方面是因为腐殖酸分子占据了500BC表面的吸附点位并堵塞部分孔隙,使其吸附能力降低,另一方面腐殖酸负载后引入更多的含氧官能团,使500BC表面疏水性降低,与雌激素间的疏水作用减弱。腐殖酸负载质量浓度为0～10mg/L时,增加负载质量浓度对500BC吸附性能影响明显,当负载质量浓度大于10mg/L时,腐殖酸在500BC表面达到饱和,继续增加负载浓度对500BC的吸附性能不再产生影响。     

改性凹凸棒土的优化定向制备及对腐殖酸的吸附效果

以天然凹凸棒土为原料,以去除以腐殖酸为代表的天然有机物为目的,研究酸活化、热处理和十八烷基三甲基氯化铵(OTAC)有机改性3种改性方法,进行定向筛选。进一步比较3种方法联合改性凹土后对腐殖酸的吸附效果,确定最优定向改性方法。结果表明,先酸处理后OTAC改性凹土对腐殖酸的吸附效果最好,改性凹土投药量为0.7 g/L时,腐殖酸的去除率可达97%。利用正交实验确定凹土改性的最佳工艺条件、钠化时间和有机改性剂的用量对改性凹土吸附腐殖酸的能力影响显著。改性的最佳工艺条件为:酸浓度3 mol/L,氯化钠浓度0.5 mol/L,钠化时间2 h,改性剂用量为凹土质量的3%,微波改性时间为9 min。单独投加改性凹土时p H值对腐殖酸的吸附效果有重要影响。该方法制备的改性凹土在水处理工艺有良好的应用前景。     

pH和溶解性有机质对磺胺甲恶唑光降解的影响

为了考察pH和溶解性有机质(DOM)对磺胺甲恶唑(SMX)自然光降解的影响,采用光化学反应器对SMX降解过程进行模拟实验,并利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)和三维荧光光谱(3DEEM)对腐殖酸进行表征。结果表明:SMX光解过程符合准一级反应动力学方程,在中等酸性条件下反应速率明显高于中性或碱性条件;添加不同浓度的Pahokee泥炭腐殖酸(PPHA)和Sigma-Aldrich腐殖酸(SigHA)时,均对SMX的光降解产生了不同程度的抑制作用;FT-IR检测发现,PPHA与SigHA均含有含氧官能团,具有一定的还原能力,3DEEM显示PPHA具有荧光特性,可能和SMX结合生成配合物。pH影响SMX的光解与物质本身的酸离解常数有关,对光子的竞争、淬灭作用和掩蔽效应可能是PPHA和SigHA对SMX光降解抑制作用的主要原因。     

腐殖酸在泥灰岩中的吸附与降解特征研究

为研究腐殖酸在泥灰岩中的吸附与降解特性,借助三维荧光技术,采用静态吸附和动态淋滤实验模拟了腐殖酸在平顶山矿区泥灰岩中运移的过程。结果表明:(1)随着腐殖酸初始浓度的增加,泥灰岩对腐殖酸的吸附呈现出线性增加的趋势。(2)泥灰岩对腐殖酸的吸附符合原始质量吸附方程,斜率为0.008 7,截距为0.073 1,R~2=0.986 2,拟合度很好,泥灰岩对于腐殖酸有着很强的亲和力。(3)腐殖酸在泥灰岩中发生了微生物降解,这是一个先吸附后降解的动力过程,泥灰岩中的微生物将腐殖酸(Ⅴ区)降解为溶解性微生物代谢产物(Ⅳ区)。     

SBR-混凝处理渗滤液过程中有机物的变化特征

考察了SBR-混凝组合工艺对垃圾渗滤液中溶解性有机物(DOM)不同分子量区间物质及组分腐殖酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)和亲水性有机物(Hy I)的去除效果,同时利用傅里叶红外光谱及三维荧光光谱对处理过程中DOM各组分变化特性进行了分析。结果表明,组合工艺对表观分子量为2 000~4 000及2 000的DOM去除率分别为89.3%和72.1%;对渗滤液DOM组分HA、FA和Hy I的去除率分别为-52.0%、73.1%和77.1%。红外光谱显示,DOM各组分都含有醇、羧酸、脂等多种有机物,SBR对糖、醇、羧酸等去除效果较好,而混凝对脂肪族及芳香族化合物去除效果较好;三维荧光光谱分析表明,经组合工艺处理,DOM各组分荧光峰强度及复杂化程度明显降低,且SBR工艺对色氨酸等类蛋白物质去除效果较好,混凝工艺对类腐殖酸、类富里酸等大分子物质的去除效果较好。     

溴化十六烷基吡啶改性沸石对水中甲基橙的吸附

采用溴化十六烷基吡啶(CPB)对天然沸石进行改性制备得到了CPB改性沸石,通过批量吸附实验考察了CPB改性沸石对水中阴离子染料甲基橙的去除作用。结果表明,天然沸石对水中甲基橙的吸附能力很差,而CPB改性沸石则可以有效吸附去除水中的甲基橙。CPB改性沸石对水中甲基橙的吸附能力随CPB负载量的增加而增加,CPB负载量最大的改性沸石对水中甲基橙的吸附能力最强。双分子层CPB改性沸石对水中甲基橙的去除率随吸附剂投加量的增加而增加,而CPB改性沸石对水中甲基橙的单位吸附量则随吸附剂投加量的增加而降低。双分子层CPB改性沸石对水中甲基橙的吸附平衡数据可以采用Langmuir等温吸附模型加以描述。根据Langmuir模型计算得到的CPB负载量为341 mmol/(kg沸石)的双分子层CPB改性沸石对水中甲基橙的最大吸附容量为63.7 mg/g(303 K和pH 7)。准二级动力学模型适合用于描述双分子层CPB改性沸石对水中甲基橙的吸附动力学过程。pH和反应温度对双分子层CPB改性沸石吸附水中甲基橙的影响较小。以上结果说明,双分子层CPB改性沸石适合作为一种吸附剂用于去除废水中的甲基橙。     

Fine route for an efficient removal of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) by zeolite-supported TiO2

Zeolites HY, Hbeta and HZSM-5 with different physico-chemical properties were chosen as support for TiO2 to illustrate their adsorption, dispersion and electronic structure in photocatalysis. The extent of TiO2 loading was monitored by XRD and BET surface area measurements. The adsorption capacity of HY zeolite was found to be high and hence chosen for further modification to continue the investigation. Photodegradation kinetics were carried out with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in aqueous solution. The extent of 2,4-D degradation on TiO2/HY loading revealed the importance of adsorption in photocatalysis. Mineralisation studies on all three zeolites with 1 wt.% TiO2 loading demonstrated the good dispersion properties of TiO2/HY. Its photocatalytic activity was found to be excellent with formulated 2,4-D. Comparison of relative photonic efficiencies demonstrated that supported photocatalysts exhibited higher activity than some of the commercial photocatalysts. The high activity of supported TiO2 is due to synergistic effects of improved adsorption of 2,4-D and efficient delocalisation of photogenerated electrons by zeolite support.     

Iron improving bio-char derived from microalgae on removal of tetracycline from aqueous system

Novel magnetic carbonaceous bio-char was hydrothermal prepared from microalgae under different loadings of iron and its structures and surface chemistry were characterized with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm (BET). The morphology of bio-char changed from sheet to particle as iron loading increased and its surface area also increased. When 3.0 g of dried microalgae and 6.0 mmol iron salt ((NH₄)₂SO₄·FeSO₄·6H₂O) were mixed and treated, the obtained bio-char possessing the highest amount of oxygen-containing functional groups resulted in the best adsorption performance on tetracycline (TC). This adsorption process was fitted to Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the maximum adsorption capacity was 95.86 mg/g, which is higher than other bio-char reported. The iron loading contributed to the higher adsorption capacity of bio-char, which may be due to three factors, the high surface area, more hydrogen bonding, and bridging effects of the structural Fe for TC. Our data suggest that bio-char may have more important role in stabilization of pollutants in the environment.     

腐殖酸、细颗粒泥沙对粉末活性炭吸附苯酚特性影响的研究

通过一系列实验,探讨了粉末活性炭吸附水中苯酚时,腐殖酸(HA)浓度和细颗粒泥沙用量对苯酚吸附量和去除率的影响.实验结果表明:在中性条件下,随着HA浓度的增加,粉末活性炭对苯酚的吸附量减少;在不同质量细颗粒泥沙的影响下,苯酚的去除率基本不变;在未加HA时,粉末活性炭对苯酚的吸附行为用Langmuir吸附等温式拟合效果最好,对苯酚的最大吸附量为150.60 mg/g,而在有HA存在时,粉末活性炭对苯酚的吸附行为用Freundlich吸附等温式拟合效果最好,对苯酚的最大吸附量为28.49 mg/g.     

Molecular evidence for benzo[a]pyrene and naphthalene genotoxicity in Trifolium repens L

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the most dangerous environmental contaminants due to their toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. Although there are many data in literature that detail the effects of PAHs on animals, little is known about their action on higher plants which are often used as bioindicators. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the genotoxicity of two different PAHs, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and naphthalene (Naph), on Trifolium repens L. Clover plants were exposed to soil which had been artificially contaminated with three concentrations of BaP (5, 10 and 20 microg g-1) or Naph (25, 50 and 100 microg g-1). After 15 days, changes in the DNA content and sequence of roots and shoots were evaluated by flow cytometry (FCM) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Root and shoot dry weight were also determined to assess plant growth. Results showed that BaP and Naph were both genotoxic for white clover, inducing significant changes in root and shoot DNA sequence. Damage was more severe in the root than in the shoot suggesting that the translocation of these compounds and their genotoxic metabolites was limited. Ploidy alterations were not detected and the extent of damage caused by all the tested PAH concentrations was not sufficient to affect plant development.     

Effects of organic acids on adsorption of lead onto montmorillonite,goethite and humic acid

Adsorption isotherms for Pb onto six soil components (quartz, feldspar, kaolinite, montmorillonite, goethite and humic acid) were studied. The influence of pH, EDTA and citric acid on the adsorption of Pb onto montmorillonite, goethite and humic acid were considered. Results indicate that the experimental data fit the Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm. The adsorption capacity for Pb at pH 6 was found to be in the order: humic acid (22.7 mg g(-1)) > goethite (11.04 mg g(-1)) > montmorillonite (10.4 mg g(-1)) > kaolinite (0.91 mg g(-1)) > feldspar (0.503 mg g(-1)) > quartz (0.148 mg g(-1)). Generally, the amount of Pb adsorbed onto montmorillonite, goethite and humic acid decreased with increasing concentrations of EDTA and citric acid and with increases in alkality. However, there were two exceptions: (1) addition of citric acid increased the amount of Pb adsorbed onto humic acid; and (2) the amount of Pb adsorbed onto goethite decreased with increasing pH in the presence of EDTA. Some mechanisms involved in the adsorption reactions are discussed.     

高温载硫活性炭的制备及脱汞能力研究

研究了载硫温度、硫炭比(简称S/C),吸附温度等因素对载硫活性炭的硫含量、脱汞能力以及硫损失的影响,探讨载硫活性炭制备的工艺条件优化。结果表明,不同载硫温度下制备的载硫活性炭的气态Hg0吸附能力远强于原料活性炭;载硫温度不同时,负载到活性炭孔隙或表面上的硫的形态不同,导致了脱汞能力的差异,较合适的载硫温度为350℃;S/C为5%(质量分数,下同)时,随着吸附温度的升高,载硫活性炭的气态Hg0吸附量降低;在一定的载硫温度下,原料中S/C越高时,制备的载硫活性炭的硫含量越高、气态Hg0吸附能力越强,但其硫损失率也越高,从实际的使用效果来看,较合适的S/C为10%。     

Adsorption capacity of powdered activated carbon for 3,5-dichlorophenol in activated sludge

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of powdered activated carbon treatment (PACT) process based on the adsorption capacity of powdered activated carbon (PAC) in activated sludge and the effect of dissolved organic substances in activated sludge on the adsorption capacity of PAC. The DCP adsorption capacity of three PACs originated from different raw materials (coal, soft coal and sawdust) in activated sludge were 29%, 34% and 17% of that of new PAC, respectively. The performance of PACT process for shock loading of 3,5-dichlorophenol (3,5-DCP) was different among PACs in spite of the same adsorption capacity in new PAC. The performance of PACT process for removal of DCP is dependent not on the adsorption capacity of new PAC but on the adsorption capacity of PAC in the aeration tank. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) with molecular weight smaller than 50kDa did not affect the adsorption capacity of PAC for 3,5-DCP in the activated sludge reactor. DOM with molecular weight larger than 50kDa and biofilm developed on the surface of PAC seemed to be responsible for the decreased adsorption capacity of PAC for the DCP.     

Cellulose supported layered double hydroxides for the adsorption of fluoride from aqueous solution

Cellulose supported layered double hydroxides (CSLDHs) were synthesized and tested for adsorption of fluoride in aqueous medium. Three samples of cellulose supported LDHs were synthesized by varying the LDH loading on cellulose. The raw cellulose, unsupported LDH and cellulose supported LDHs were characterized by XRD, SEM and BET surface area. Batch adsorption as well as fixed-bed column experiments were performed for determining the fluoride adsorption characteristics of CSLDHs. The fluoride adsorption properties of CSLDHs were found to be superior to that of reported adsorbents, including activated alumina and carbon nanotubes. Defluoridation capacity of the CSLDHs was 2-4 times higher than that of unsupported LDH. The cellulose supported LDH, CSLDH-50, having an LDH loading of 27% showed maximum fluoride uptake capacity (5.29 mg g(-1) of CSLDH, 25.18 mg g(-1) of LDH) in fixed-bed column study.     

负载IB族金属海泡石吸附NO性能的研究

采用浸渍法制备了负载IB族元素的系列金属基海泡石,用气相色谱等手段对制得的金属基海泡石对NO的吸附性能进行研究,并且对灼烧温度、金属负载量、分散度和压力等影响因素进行了讨论。实验结果表明,经过酸改性、负载金属后的海泡石对NO的吸附能力比原矿有很大的提高;选择出Cu/海泡石的最佳灼烧温度为300℃,最佳Cu负载量为5％;并证明在实验条件下Cu/海泡石上的NO吸附符合经验吸附等温式。