城市生活垃圾成份和产量的统计分析

本文报道了全国城市生活垃圾成份和人均日产量,不同行业的垃圾成份以及几种不同影响因素对垃圾成份和产量的影响。并用计算机进行了统计分析,建立了全国城市垃圾成份和产量的数学模型。     

关于城市垃圾出路的思考

本文通过对城市垃圾现象的关注,揭示出城市垃圾其实是一种宝贵的资源,并结合国内外的研究成果指出了城市垃圾的出路和解决途径,最后,对由此衍生出的“垃圾产业”进行了展望。     

城市生活垃圾收运过程对环境的影响及对策

本文调查了广州市城市生活垃圾的收运和处置现状，研究了垃圾收运过程所造成的水，大气和微生物污染，并对消除垃圾运过程所产生的环境污染提出了对策和建议。     

我国城市垃圾管理现状和问题

目前我国城市垃圾管理呈现出不可持续的态式。伴随着经济高速发展和城市化进程不断加快，城市垃圾数量不断增加，而这又给我国垃圾管理带来了更大的压力。由于制度缺陷和缺少人力资源及资本，城市管理部门难以对所有垃圾回收处理，导致我国许多城市垃圾常年暴露在外甚至向河流、湖泊倾倒，危害人身健康和环境质量。从我国城市垃圾管理体系、垃圾管理政策、垃圾生成和成分、垃圾收集、循环利用、垃圾处置、垃圾管理技术和管理成本等方面描述了我国城市垃圾管理的现状和问题。     

高校垃圾分类回收管理初步研究——以云南师范大学呈贡校区为例

通过问卷调查和访谈的方式,调查了云南师范大学呈贡校区校园目前的垃圾排放量、垃圾桶配置情况及垃圾处理方法。在此基础上,提出了大学校园的垃圾分类体系、垃圾分类设施的布局及相关收集与管理措施。     

家庭垃圾收费初析

随着经济的迅速发展,城市规模不断扩大,城市人口日益膨胀,城市垃圾污染越来越严重.1997年,我国城市垃圾排放量约为20万吨.而且每年以10%的速度在递增.城市垃圾处理率不足35%.大量的垃圾不仅占用了农田,严重影响了投资环境,危害人民的健康,垃圾的管理和处置已成为城市化进程中不容忽视的突出问题.     

北京市垃圾问题的现状及对策

介绍了北京市近年垃圾的产量、成分、热值及其变化情况。并对北京市垃圾处理所遵循的方针以及为处理垃圾做的工作,垃圾处理项目建设的进展情况作了简要介绍。目前北京市垃圾处理率约40%,到2000年可达到60%以上,处理垃圾要逐步达到以焚烧和实现资源化为主,适当发展堆肥处理,尽量减少填埋处理的垃圾量。文中另就垃圾的资源化、产业化发表了意见。为了加快处理垃圾、减轻政府负担,应逐步建立处理垃圾的产业,并逐步实现社会化,为此建议政府应制定相应的优惠政策。      

校园垃圾分类处理现状调查及建议——以东北师范大学净月校区为例

近日我国发布的垃圾强制分类方案使"垃圾分类无法落实的原因"、"如何实行全民垃圾分类"等问题广受关注。以东北师范大学净月校区为例,调查了该校区内的垃圾分类现状及影响因素,分析了其中存在的问题,针对其不足提出了高校实现垃圾分类收集应该注意的问题以及实施建议。     

垃圾资源产业化是解决城市垃圾的重要途径

垃圾资源产业化是彻底解决城市生活垃圾问题的关键.据此,本文提出了建立我国的与市场经济相适应的城市垃圾管理体制,从而实现我国的垃圾资源产业化体系.     

构建生活垃圾“两网融合”模式的探讨

通过对比目前我国生活垃圾处理的主要方式的优劣,文章指出不论是垃圾填埋还是垃圾焚烧都不能根治垃圾治理问题。文章指出了推行生活垃圾"两网融合"的必要性和重难点,并对有机易腐垃圾和可回收垃圾的"两网融合"模式进行了具体探讨。     

Adaptation to climate change in Ethiopia and South Africa: options and constraints

Climate change is expected to adversely affect agricultural production in Africa. Because agricultural production remains the main source of income for most rural communities in the region, adaptation of the agricultural sector is imperative to protect the livelihoods of the poor and to ensure food security. A better understanding of farmers’ perceptions of climate change, ongoing adaptation measures, and the decision-making process is important to inform policies aimed at promoting successful adaptation strategies for the agricultural sector. Using data from a survey of 1800 farm households in South Africa and Ethiopia, this study presents the adaptation strategies used by farmers in both countries and analyzes the factors influencing the decision to adapt. We find that the most common adaptation strategies include: use of different crops or crop varieties, planting trees, soil conservation, changing planting dates, and irrigation. However, despite having perceived changes in temperature and rainfall, a large percentage of farmers did not make any adjustments to their farming practices. The main barriers to adaptation cited by farmers were lack of access to credit in South Africa and lack of access to land, information, and credit in Ethiopia. A probit model is used to examine the factors influencing farmers’ decision to adapt to perceived climate changes. Factors influencing farmers’ decision to adapt include wealth, and access to extension, credit, and climate information in Ethiopia; and wealth, government farm support, and access to fertile land and credit in South Africa. Using a pooled dataset, an analysis of the factors affecting the decision to adapt to perceived climate change across both countries reveals that farmers were more likely to adapt if they had access to extension, credit, and land. Food aid, extension services, and information on climate change were found to facilitate adaptation among the poorest farmers. We conclude that policy-makers must create an enabling environment to support adaptation by increasing access to information, credit and markets, and make a particular effort to reach small-scale subsistence farmers, with limited resources to confront climate change.     

邯郸市畜禽养殖业污染防治对策研究

根据邯郸市经济发展,了解农林牧渔业和畜禽养殖业之间的关系及所占其比重;调查分析畜禽养殖业现状和发展趋势及分布情况,摸清主要畜禽养殖区域及养殖种类;根据不同养殖种类、污染物产生量、主要污染途径、环境管理现状以及存在主要环境问题,因地制宜,相关部门密切配合,坚持污染防治与生态养殖并重,采取合理的污染防治措施及对策,加强环境管理,合理规划养殖区,调整农业产业结构,切实解决畜禽养殖与环境保护协调发展的矛盾.保护区域生态环境,保持邯郸市畜禽养殖业健康发展,是首要关注的问题.     

建筑施工场界噪声监测存在的问题及对策

文章对目前建筑施工场界噪声监测中存在的影响监测结果的代表性问题进行了系统分析,并对这些问题提出了要坚持客观、公正的原则,根据施工单位的排污申报表掌握工程情况,配合环境管理和监察人员选准监测时机,适当增加监测点位作好监测记录,适当增加监测次数,提高监测结果的透明度等对策和建议.     

An evaluation of adaptation options for climate change impacts on agriculture in Kazakhstan

Agriculture in Kazakhstan is sensitive to climate, and wheat yields could be reduced up to 70% under climate change. With the transition from a socialist economy to a free market economy, decisions are being made now that will affect Kazakhstan's ability to cope with climate change. A team of Kazakh and American researchers examined the cost-effectiveness and barriers to implementations of adaptation options for climate change. Twelve adaptation options that increase flexibility to respond to climate change were identified using a screening matrix. Four options, forecasting pest outbreaks, developing regional centers for preserving genetic diversity of seeds, supporting a transition to a free market, and reducing soil erosion through the use of changed farming practices, were examined. The Adaptation Decision Matrix (ADM) was then applied to estimate benefits using expert judgment (using an arbitrary numerical scale, not monetary values) and benefits estimates were compared to costs to determine cost-effectiveness. The ADM uses subjective measures of how well adaptation options meet policy objectives. Controlling soil erosion was estimated to have the highest benefits, but the high costs of implementation appears to make it relatively cost-ineffective. Supporting a transition to a free market was ranked as the most cost-effective measure, with regional centers second. However, use of different scales to quantify benefits or different weights can result in regional centers being more cost-effective than the transition to a free market. Regional centers was also judged to have fewer barriers to implementation than a transition to a free market. These results will be incorporated in Kazakhstan's National Action Plan. The ADM and other tools are relatively easy to apply, but are quite subjective and difficult to evaluate. The tools can be quite useful by decision makers to analyze advantages and disadvantages between different adaptation options, but should be supplemented with additional, particularly quantitative analysis.     

广州市生活垃圾填埋场新场选址的比较研究

广州市现使用的李坑、大田山垃圾埋场将于２０００年前后满容，拟选垃圾填埋场有黄陂、金坑、兴丰、荔枝山四处，经过地质钻探、可行性研究与环境影响评价，最后确定兴上增圾填埋场。本文通过对四场址的比较研究，提出了７个选址条件，包括符合城市总体规划；不违背当地环境功能区的要求；相应的盆谷位置，地形与合适的地质基础；具有社会、经济、环境效益，不会引起不良的社会反映，便于垦复和复貌条件。     

Mini-review on river eutrophication and bottom improvement techniques, with special emphasis on the Nakdong River

Water quality in rivers is vital to humans and to maintenance of biotic and ecological integrity.During the Four Major Rivers restoration of South Korea, remarkable attempts have been made to decrease external nutrient loads and moveable weirs were designed to discharge silt that may deposit in pools. However, recently eutrophication of the Nakdong River, which was limited to the lower reaches, is seen to be spreading upstream. The reduction of external nutrient loads to rivers is a long-term goal that is unlikely to lead to reductions in algal blooms for many years because of the time required to implement effective land management strategies. It would therefore be desirable to implement complementary strategies. Regulating the amount of water released is effective at preventing algae blooms in weir pools; so, the relationship between discharge, stratification and bloom formation should be understood in this regard. However, pollutants are likely to accumulate in the riverbed upstream from release points. Thus, to control phosphorus levels, total phosphorus density should be lowered by applying in-river techniques as well. As many ecosystem properties are controlled by multiple processes, simultaneous river bottom improvement techniques, such as combined dissolved oxygen supply and nutrient inactivation, are likely to be effective. The purpose of this review is to present a series of technological approaches that can be used to improve the river bottom area and hence sediment nutrient release, and to illustrate the application of these techniques to the Nakdong River.     

The 10-tenets of adaptive management and sustainability: An holistic framework for understanding and managing the socio-ecological system

The three basic principles of sustainable development, relating to ecology, economy and society, have long been embedded within national and international strategies. In recent years we have augmented these principles by a further seven considerations giving rise to the so-called 10-tenets of sustainable management. Whilst theoretically appealing, discussion of the tenets to date has been largely generic and qualitative and, until the present paper, there has been no formal and quantitative application of these tenets to an actual example. To promote the concept of successful and sustainable environmental management there is the need to develop a robust and practical framework to accommodate value judgements relating to each of the tenets. Although, as originally presented, the tenets relate specifically to management measures, they may also be applied directly to a specific development or activity. This paper examines the application of the tenets in both of these contexts, and considers their incorporation into an assessment tool to help visualise and quantify issues of sustainability.     

The utilization rate and value of goods as strategic factors in resource productivity development

The utilization rate and value of goods should be considered the central elements of a new global strategy to be adopted in the pursuit of sustainable consumption and sustainable business.The definition and measurement of the utilization rate are not a simple task, but one that has to be performed in order to contribute towards the radical modification of the present situation and trends, which tend to lead towards a very low utilization rate, and consequently, to a very low level of resource productivity.The present work attempts to establish which factors influence the degree and value of utilization of goods, and how these factors may be measured; it then proposes an indicator which takes into consideration all parameters influencing the manner of utilization. The indicator, if implemented at all levels and countries, can make it possible to elaborate a double-purpose ranking: the first expressing the absolute capacity of each good to satisfy at the same time, individuals and society; the second the capacity to do it in economic manner.The objective comparisons that can be made for different or equivalent goods, in the same or different countries, may be used to see which are the most or less effective of them with reference to the fundamental aspect of “resource productivity”, and, consequently, to make choices able to increase it.     

中国人不会使世界挨饿

本文通过对中国国土资源食物生产潜力的比较全面、系统的分析,认为中国只要举国上下支持、保护和发展农业,强化国家对农业的主导作用,建立食物安全保障体系,认真执行＂米袋子＂省长负责制,加大对农业特别是对科技的投入力度,面向国土,开发国土,充分、合理利用国土,并相应地建立起具有中国特色的包括耕地、草地、林地、海洋和野生生物资源的食物来源的五大生产体系、符合中国国情的、具有浓厚东方色彩的消费体系、节粮体系以及推行人口计划控制政策,虽农业发展具有艰巨性,但前景依然是光明的。跨越新世纪,中国人定能养活中国人,中国人不会使世界挨饿。     

2009-2018年太湖大气湿沉降氮磷特征对比研究

为了研究太湖2009-2018年大气湿沉降的时空变化特征,于2009年8月-2010年7月及2017年8月-2018年7月进行了两次环太湖大气湿沉降逐月调查,并从降水中ρ（TN）和ρ（TP）、湿沉降率及沉降通量三方面,对比分析了太湖大气湿沉降的时空变化特征.结果表明:①2009年8月-2010年7月降水中ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）平均值分别为3.170、0.077 mg/L;2017年8月-2018年7月降水中ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）平均值分别为3.160、0.056 mg/L;T检验结果表明,两次调查ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）污染水平差异显著,主要是由于2017年8月-2018年7月较高污染浓度降水事件的减少,全年降水中ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）变异较小.②与2017年8月-2018年7月相比,2009年8月-2010年7月太湖TN、TP湿沉降率平均值分别下降33%和53%,且TN、TP湿沉降空间分布更均匀.③与2009年8月-2010年7月相比,2017年8月-2018年7月太湖流域大气TN、TP沉降通量分别为7 641和131 t,分别下降30%、47%.研究显示,两次调查降水中ρ（TN）平均值均远高于水体富营养化阈值（0.2 mg/L）,因此大气湿沉降中的营养盐对太湖富营养化的贡献不可忽视.