我国青少年犯罪的原因与预防对策

犯罪是当今世界所共同面临的社会问题.当今我国青少年犯罪呈逐年上升的趋势.如何有效地预防青少年犯罪,已经成为全社会不容忽视的问题.笔者对青少年犯罪现状、特点和原因进行研究,并提出预防和减少青少年犯罪的对策.参7.     

流动人口计划生育管理现状分析与对策

我国自改革开放以来，流动人口居高不下，流动人口的数量与日俱增．目前，全国流动人口总数已达1.5亿.因此，我国流动人口计划生育管理的现状，已成为当今社会人口与计划生育工作的重点和难点，所以，本文就此提出了一些建议与看法．     

浅析我国青少年犯罪的原因及对策

进入新世纪后,我国青少年犯罪出现许多新情况,表现出许多新的特点,究其原因不外乎两个方面:一是客观原因,二是主观原因,因此为了减少和遏止青少年犯罪,必须采取对策进行有效的预防和治理.     

加强思想道德教育预防高职学生犯罪探讨

寻求有效的预防高职学生犯罪的对策是研究高职学生犯罪问题的出发点和根本目的．只有通过对犯罪特点的正确分析,找出高职学生犯罪的规律性,才可能采取有针对性的预防高职学生犯罪的相应对策．因此,对高职学生犯罪特点的分析是该文论述的核心问题,对高职学生犯罪预防的对策思考则是该文的落脚点．表1,参6．     

群体感应抑制剂对费氏弧菌生物荧光随时间变化Hormesis效应的机制探究

群体感应抑制剂(quorum sensing inhibitor,QSIs)是作用于细菌群体感应系统的一类新型抗菌药物.目前关于QSIs引起Hormesis效应的机制探究较少.本文以费氏弧菌(Aliivibrio fischeri,A.fischeri)为模式生物,测定了3种高丝氨酸内酯(N-Acyl homoseri...     

缢蛏6个群体遗传结构的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记对采自福建宁德(ND)、浙江台州(TZ)、上海崇明(CM)、山东海阳(HY)、天津汉沽(HG)和辽宁庄河(ZH)的缢蛏6个野生群体进行遗传多样性和遗传关系分析.筛选出10条ISSR引物对6个群体共216个样品进行扩增,共得到138个清晰的扩增位点,其中多态性位点135个,多态位点百分率为97.83%,在物种水平上的遗传多样性较为丰富.群体遗传多样性分析结果表明,6个群体的多态位点百分率在61.59%～72.46%之间,基因多样性指数和Shannon's信息指数分别在0.104 3～0.176 6和0.178 9～0.280 8之间,其中ND群体的多样性指数最低.群体间遗传分化、遗传距离和聚类结构显示,ND群体和TZ群体亲缘关系最近,首先聚为一支,之后依次与CM群体及HG群体和HY群体聚类,最后与ZH群体聚在一起,表明地理位置较远的群体,遗传距离也较远.     

打击环境犯罪与环境保护:UNEP的绿色海关行动

环境犯罪是一个利益巨大且不断膨胀的行当--一宗涉案多少亿元的全球大买卖.从危险废物的倾倒、被禁危险品的走私以及受保护自然资源的开采与交易中,全世界的地方与国际犯罪集团每年可以赚取220-310亿美元.商品,诸如臭氧耗损物质(ODS)、有毒化学品、危险废物和濒危物种的非法贸易,是一个能产生严重后果的国际问题.它直接威胁着人类的健康和环境,造成物种的消失,减少政府税收.     

打击环境犯罪与环境保护:UNEP的绿色海关行动

环境犯罪是一个利益巨大且不断膨胀的行当--一宗涉案多少亿元的全球大买卖.从危险废物的倾倒、被禁危险品的走私以及受保护自然资源的开采与交易中,全世界的地方与国际犯罪集团每年可以赚取220-310亿美元.商品,诸如臭氧耗损物质(ODS)、有毒化学品、危险废物和濒危物种的非法贸易,是一个能产生严重后果的国际问题.它直接威胁着人类的健康和环境,造成物种的消失,减少政府税收.……     

藻际环境铁载体细菌的筛选及群体感应信号对其合成的调节作用

铁载体是海洋微生物获取铁元素的重要代谢因子，现有的一些研究推测海洋微生物铁代谢功能的发挥依赖群体效应，但海洋微生物群体行为的介导方式及其对铁载体功能的调节还未见揭示.为深入了解微生物的铁代谢特征，以藻际微生物为例，从中分离筛选产铁载体的细菌，并探讨群体感应信号（QS）对其合成的调控作用.利用稀释涂布法从甲藻赤潮样品中分离得到5株产铁载体的细菌，16Sr RNA基因序列鉴定为新鞘氨醇杆菌（Novosphingobium sp.）、鞘氨醇单胞菌（Sphingomonas sp.）、寡养单胞菌（Stenotrophomonas sp.）、嗜水气单胞菌（Aeromonas hydr ophi la）和根瘤菌（R hizobiumar enae）.铬天青S(CAS)检测法结合化学显色反应分析显示，细菌分泌的铁载体主要包括羧酸盐、异羟肟酸、儿茶酚和肠杆菌素.薄层色谱法（TLC）检测到4株细菌具有明显产群体感应信号的能力，信号分子主要为高丝氨酸内酯（AHLs）AHL-C8、AHL-C8-O以及AHL-10.为验证群体感应信号对铁载体的调节能力，以新鞘氨醇杆菌为代表构建AHL突变株，通过突变株与野生株...     

群体感应信号对“藻—菌”关系的调节作用

藻类的生消过程中有多种微生物参与,其结构多样性和功能多样性构成了藻菌间复杂的共生关系.这些共生关系的行使依赖于一定的群体数量和组成结构,并受化学信号调节.本文聚焦于群体感应信号(Quorum sensing,QS),从化学生态学视角综述QS信号介导下的微生物行为.生存在微生物群落中的个体并非以单个形式独立存在,而是具有一定的结构,且个体之间存在广泛的交流,QS信号便是通讯语言之一.细菌可以利用QS信号进行信息交流,协调群体行为,并调控特定基因表达.QS介导下的菌群行为包括在藻际生态位(Niche)的营造、生物被膜(Biofilm)的形成、物质代谢(C、N、S、Fe)的调节以及对溶藻行为的调控等.藻菌关系除了受QS调节外,其抑制剂(Quorum sensing inhibitor,QSI)也参与藻菌的共生关系.基于共生环境中存在着对藻类影响性质各异的菌群(有益菌或有害菌),开发QS或QSI是干扰藻菌关系、抑制藻类生长的潜在方法,可为赤潮的有效防控提供借鉴.     

Reputation is valuable within and outside one’s own social group

To find conditions under which humans cooperate within groups of unrelated individuals has been of major interest in the behavioral sciences. The experimental paradigm for studying potential cooperation in social dilemmas is the public goods game. Here humans regularly fail to sustain a public resource cooperatively. However, the need to maintain good reputation for other social interactions, such as indirect reciprocity, has been identified as an effective mechanism to sustain cooperation in public goods situations. As a side effect of building a good reputation through cooperative actions, an individual provides direct benefits to members of his/her own social group. These benefits could be an incentive to reward a good reputation of group members. Here we show experimentally that building a good reputation through cooperative behavior in a public goods situation is rewarded in future social interactions, not only within ones own social group but also, at a similar level, in other social groups: humans regard cooperative behavior of others as an honest signal irrespective of past direct personal benefits. Reputation gained within as well as outside ones own social group can be a driving force for selfish individuals to cooperate in public goods situations, and thereby sustain any public resource.Communicated by T. Czeschlik     

Effect of Family Support on the Success of Translocated Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs

Abstract:  Translocation has become a widely used conservation tool but remains only marginally successful. High mortality is often attributed to predation, but for highly social species, founder group composition may also play a critical role in postrelease survival. I compared the fitness of black-tailed prairie dogs translocated with or without their family groups. Animals in the family translocated groups were individually marked and observed until coterie membership was determined. Nonfamily translocated animals were trapped without regard to family membership. I measured fitness by retrapping all marked animals remaining at release sites in the summer following release. Family translocated animals were five times more likely to survive and had significantly higher reproductive success than those translocated without families. Predation was an important impediment of translocation success, but family translocation significantly reduced the success of predators on newly established prairie dog colonies. Postrelease survival was also affected by the timing of release, but appeared to be more important for juveniles than adults. These results demonstrate the importance of considering familiarity when translocations are required. More broadly, these results illustrate the value of applying animal behavior to conservation efforts and suggest that other species dependent on social interactions for survival and reproduction may benefit substantially from the maintenance of social groups during translocations.     

A Voronoi diagram based population model for social species of wildlife

A population model is presented that accounts for spatial structure within habitat patches. It is designed for social species of wildlife that form social group home ranges that are much smaller than patch size. The model represents social group home ranges by Voronoi regions that tessellate a patch to form a Voronoi diagram. Neighbouring social groups are linked with habitat-confined shortest paths and form a dispersal network. The model simulates population dynamics and makes use of Voronoi diagrams and dispersal networks as a spatial component. It then produces density maps as outputs. These are maps that show predicted animal densities across the patches of a landscape. A construction procedure for the particular Voronoi diagram type used by the model is described. As a test case, the model is run for the squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis), a small arboreal marsupial native to Australia. A time series of density maps are produced that show squirrel glider density changing across a landscape through time.     

There will be blood: Crime rates in shale-rich U.S. counties

Over the past decade the production of tight oil and shale gas significantly increased in the United States. This paper examines how this energy boom has affected regional crime rates throughout the country. We find positive effects on rates of various property and violent crimes in shale-rich counties. In 2013, the cost of the additional crimes in the average treatment county was roughly $2 million. These results are not easily explained by shifts in observed demographics like gender and age. There is however evidence that people with criminal records (registered sex offenders) moved disproportionally to shale-boom towns in North Dakota. We also document a rise in income inequality (a postulated determinant of criminal activity) that coincides with the timing of the energy boom. Policy makers in boom towns should anticipate these crime effects and invest in public infrastructure accordingly.     

The effect of pollution on crime: Evidence from data on particulate matter and ozone

We estimate the effect of short-term air pollution exposure (PM_2.5 and ozone) on several categories of crime, with a particular emphasis on aggressive behavior. To identify this relationship, we combine detailed daily data on crime, air pollution, and weather for an eight-year period across the United States. Our primary identification strategy employs extremely high dimensional fixed effects and we perform a series of robustness checks to address confounding variation between temperature and air pollution. We find a robust positive effect of increased air pollution on violent crimes, and specifically assaults, but no relationship between increases in air pollution and property crimes. The effects are present in and out of the home, at levels well below Ambient Air Pollution Standards, and PM_2.5 effects are strongest at lower temperatures. The results suggest that a 10% reduction in daily PM_2.5 and ozone could save $1.4 billion in crime costs per year, a previously overlooked cost associated with pollution.     

Effects of the social environment on the survival and fungal resistance of ant brood

The phenotype of social animals can be influenced by genetic, maternal and environmental effects, which include social interactions during development. In social insects, the social environment and genetic origin of brood can each influence a whole suite of traits, from individual size to caste differentiation. Here, we investigate to which degree the social environment during development affects the survival and fungal resistance of ant brood of known maternal origin. We manipulated one component of the social environment, the worker/brood ratio, of brood originating from single queens of Formica selysi. We monitored the survival of brood and measured the head size and ability to resist the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana of the resulting callow workers. The worker/brood ratio and origin of eggs affected the survival and maturation time of the brood and the size of the resulting callow workers. The survival of the callow workers varied greatly according to their origin, both in controls and when challenged with B. bassiana. However, there was no interaction between the fungal challenge and either the worker/brood ratio or origin of eggs, suggesting that these factors did not affect parasite resistance in the conditions tested. Overall, the social conditions during brood rearing and the origin of eggs had a strong impact on brood traits that are important for fitness. We detected a surprisingly large amount of variation among queens in the survival of their brood reared in standard queenless conditions, which calls for further studies on genetic, maternal and social effects influencing brood development in the social insects.     

Colony fission affects kinship in a social insect

Establishment of new groups is an important step in the life history of a social species. Fissioning is a common mode not only in group proliferation, for instance, as a regular part of the life cycle in the honey bee, but also when multiple females reproduce in the same group, as in multiple-queen ant societies. We studied the genetic consequences of fissioning in the ant Proformica longiseta, based on DNA microsatellites. In P. longiseta, new nests arise by fissioning from the old ones when they grow large, and the daughter nests consist of workers and queens or queen pupae but never both. Our results show that fissioning is not entirely random with respect to kinship. Workers tend to segregate along kin lines, but only when the initial relatedness in the parental nests is low. Workers in a daughter nest also tend to be associated with closely related adult queens, whereas such an association is not detected between workers and queen pupae. Most queens and workers are carried to the daughter nest by a specialized group of transporting workers, suggesting active kin discrimination by them. Fissioning pattern in P. longiseta is different from that found in other social insects with regular fission (e.g., the honey bee, swarm-founding wasps), where no fissioning along kin lines has been found. It does, however, resemble fissioning in another group of social animals: primates.     

Division of labor and the evolution of task sharing in queen associations of the harvester ant<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Pogonomyrmex californicus</Emphasis>

Division of labor is a key factor in the ecological success of social groups. Recent work suggests that division of labor can emerge even without specific adaptations for task specialization and that it can appear in incipient social groups as a self-organizational property. We investigated experimentally how selection and self-organization may interact during the evolution of division of labor by examining task performance in groups of normally solitary versus normally social ant queens. We created social pairs of colony-founding queens from two populations of the ant Pogonomyrmex californicus, one in which queens are normally solitary and one in which queens form foundress groups, and observed their behavior during nest excavation. In both populations, one of the two queens usually performed most of the excavation, becoming the excavation specialist. We could predict which queen would become the specialist based on their relative propensities to perform the task in other contexts, consistent with a variance-based model of task specialization. The occurrence of specialization even when group members were not adapted to social life suggests that division of labor may well have been present in incipient queen groups. However, division of labor can result in cost skew among group members, and thus, paradoxically, within-group selection may constrain or even reduce specialization. Consistent with this effect, pairs of normally solitary queens were significantly more asymmetrical in their task performance than normally social pairs, in which both queens nearly always performed the behavior to some degree.Communicated by J. Heinze     

Fitness costs of neighborhood disruption in translocations of a solitary mammal

Translocation is used to reestablish wild populations of animals, but translocation projects often do not meet their objectives because postrelease mortality of animals is high. One reason for translocation failure is that the behavioral or ecological requirements of released animals are unmet. Maintaining founder-group social relationships during release can affect reestablishment of social species. Solitary territorial species with stable neighbors (restricted dispersal and lifetime occupation of a home range) of the same species may also benefit from the maintenance of these social relationships during translocation. We translocated Stephens' kangaroo rats (Dipodomys stephensi), a solitary species listed as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, with and without neighboring kangaroo rats. We compared the settlement (establishment of a stable home range) decisions and fitness of kangaroo rats between the 2 treatments. Kangaroo rats translocated with neighbors traveled shorter distances before establishing territories, had higher survival rates, and had significantly higher reproductive success than kangaroo rats translocated without neighbors. Number of offspring was 24-fold higher for kangaroo rats translocated with neighbors than those translocated without neighbors. Differences in behavior following release may partially explain differences in survival between the 2 groups. Immediately following release, animals translocated with neighbors fought less and spent significantly more time foraging and digging burrows than animals translocated without neighbors. Our results indicate that even for solitary species, maintaining relationships among members of a translocated group of animals can influence translocation success. This study is the first empirical demonstration of the fitness consequences of disrupting social relationships among territorial neighbors.     

Sustainable development in the BRICS countries: an efficiency analysis by data envelopment

There is much concern about the social and environmental impacts caused by the economic growth of nations. Thus, to evaluate the socio-economic performance of nations, economists have increasingly addressed matters related to social welfare and the environment. It is within the scope of this context that this work discusses the performance of countries in the BRICS group regarding sustainable development. The objective of this study regards evaluating the efficiency of these countries in transforming productive resources and technological innovation into sustainable development. The proposed objective was achieved by using econometric tools as well as the data envelopment analysis method to then create economic, environmental, and social efficiency rankings for the BRICS countries, which enabled to carry out comparative analyses on the sustainable development of those countries. The results of such assessments can be of interest for more specific scientific explorations.