高盐度、高氨氮肠衣废水的治理研究

高盐度、高氨氮肠衣废水经过简单的絮凝预处理后，进行ＰＡＣ－ＳＢＲ生化处理。在原水Ｃｌ￣－，ＮＨ＿３－Ｎ，ＣＯＤｃ＿ｒ浓度分别高达９０００ｍｇ／Ｌ，１４５ｍｇ／Ｌ和２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ时，预处理ＣＯＤｃ＿ｒ可去除３０％以上。生化法取得了９５％以上的ＮＨ＿３－Ｎ去除率及９０％左右的ＣＯＤｃ＿ｒ去除率．脱氮效果显著，Ｃｌ￣－对系统的生化能力无明显影响．     

制革废水处理及回用一元化技术

制革废水是一种含多种污染物的混合废水,经碱沉淀法回收后,废水中ＣＯＤｃｒ＞２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＢＯＤ５＞１０００ｍｇ／Ｌ,Ｓ＾２＾－＞０－１００ｍｇ／Ｌ。经气浮→氧化沟法处理后,ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率＞９０％,ＢＯＤ５去除率＞９５％,Ｓ＾２＾－去除率≥９８％。经处理后的出水,进一步采用混凝→沉淀→过滤一元化技术处理后,其水质达到回用水的各项指标,水的循环回用率可达５０％。     

味精浓度水稀释液厌氧消化—SBR工艺处理

采用ＵＢＦ－ＳＢＲ工艺处理味精浓度水稀释液，ＵＢＦ段的进水ＣＯＤｃｒ１８９００ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＮＨ３－Ｎ１５００ｍｇ／Ｌ，有机容积负荷率９．４５ｋｇ（ＣＯＤ）／ｍ＾３．ｄ时，ＣＯＤｃｒ平均去除率为８４．５％，ＳＢＲ段的进水ＣＯＤｃｒ２９５０ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＮＨ３－Ｎ１６７８ｍｇ／Ｌ，曝气６５ｈ，ＤＯ为４～４．５ｍｇ／Ｌ，停曝气时ＤＯ在０．３ｍｇ／Ｌ以下，ＣＯＤｃｒ和ＮＨ３－Ｎ的平均去除率分别为９２％和９９．４     

冷轧废水处理的试验研究

采用混凝－ＳＢＲ生化－砂滤工艺，以超滤处理后的冷轧废水进行了处理。结果表明，ＣＯＤｃｒ为５９０￣１０００ｍｇ／Ｌ的冷轧超滤废水经该工艺处理后，ＣＯＤｃｒ和ＢＯＤ５的平均去除率分别为８２．５％和９４．３％，出水达到国家排放标准。     

驯化活性污泥处理有机溶剂废水研究

利用驯化活性污泥对有机溶剂异丙醇废水进行有机物降解试验，驯化活性污泥法对该废水的处理效果表明：该有机溶剂废水的ＢＯＤ．ＣＯＤＣｒ比值为０．４０左右，可生化性良好；在该废水ＣＯＤＣｒ进水浓度为２０００－３０００ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内，ＣＯＤＣｒ去除率可达８４％－８５％左右，ＢＯＤ５去除率可达８９％－９０％左右。     

SBR法处理豆制品废水的试验研究

采用ＳＢＲ法对豆制品制品废水处理进行了试验研究，就Ｃ／Ｎ对硝化－反硝化的影响及提高脱氮效果的途径作了讨论。试验结果表明，采用ＳＢＲ法的最佳运行模式处理，当豆制品废水的ＣＯＤｃｒ，ＮＴ，ＮＨ３－Ｎ分别为２０００ｍｇ／１，４７０ｍｇ／１和４６５ｍｇ／１时，经处理后，其去除率可分别达到９６％、８５％和９８％，出水ＣＯＤｃｒ≤９０ｍｇ／１，ＴＮ≤７５ｍｇ／１，ＮＨ３－Ｎ≤９ｍｇ／１，脱氮效果显著。     

异丙醇工业废水生物处理研究

感光材料工业排出的异丙醇废水的ＢＯＤ５ＣＯＤｃｒ 比值为０ ．４０ 左右，可生化性良好；经水解酸化处理后该废水的ＢＯＤ５ＣＯＤｃｒ 比值可提高至０ ．５０ 左右，平均增加了２５ ％ ，证实了水解酸化菌在该工艺条件下具有提高异丙醇废水可生化性的功能．水解酸化———好氧串联工艺对该废水总的处理效果表明：在异丙醇废水ＣＯＤｃｒ 进水浓度２０００ ～３０００ｍｇＬ 范围内，ＣＯＤｃｒ 总去除率可达９０ ％ 左右，ＢＯＤ５ 总去除率可达９５ ％ 左右．     

味精稀废水水解—接触氧化—混凝处理

采用水解－膜法－混凝处理系统，进水ＣＯＤｃｒ，２３００ｍｇ／Ｌ调节废水ＰＨ至７．５，以水解１４ｈ，以气水比２５：１曝气２２ｈ后，出水ＣＯＤｃｒ１４０ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率达９４％。     

生化一物化组合工艺处理棉浆粕生产综合废水

棉浆粕生产综合废水的生化一物化处理试验表明，采用驯化活性污泥法可用效地除废水中易生物降解的有机物，当浆粕废水进水ＣＯＤｃｒ，浓度１２００～１８００ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内，ＣＯＤｃｒ负荷１．８～２．８ｋｇ／ｍ＾３·ｄ时，ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率可达５８％～６４％，ＢＯＤ５去除率可达８５％－８９％，生化出水经投加化学混凝剂进行物化处理后。ＣＯＤｃｒ可进一步去除６５％－７５％左右，可满足排放标准的要求。     

厌氧消化反应器进行条件的选择

研究了ＵＢＦ－ＳＢＲ工艺中ＵＢＦ段的几个运行参数，在３５℃，进水ＣＯＤｃｒ１５５４６ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＮＨ３－Ｎ１２１４ｍｇ／Ｌ，有要容积负荷率７．５５ｋｇ（ＣＯＤ）／ｍ＾３．ｄ时，运行最佳。其ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率为９３．９％，产气率为０．６４ｍ＾３（气）／为５．４６ｋｇ（ＣＯＤ）／ｍ＾３．ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率为９１．４％。并气率为０．５９ｍ＾３（气）／去除率ｋｇ（ＣＯＤ），ＣＨ４含量为５７．５％，两者出水ＰＨ均     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.