基于多种预测模型的玉米低温冷害预测集成模型

引入大气环流特征量因子、500hPa高度场因子、太平洋海温因子以及预报量本身的均值周期因子等四类因子的低温冷害预测子模型来建立玉米低温冷害预测集成模型。利用该集成模型预报下一年温度等级时，将上一年的实况资料输入预测模型，滚动预测，克服了统计模型预报时效短的缺点，且试报准确性高，无错报。     

河北小麦白粉病流行的气象指标研究

以河北省中南部小麦白粉病发生较重的麦区为例,利用白粉病观测资料与区域病情调查资料和气象资料,采用合成分析法、秩和检验法进行了小麦白粉病关键气象影响因子的筛选和预测因子临界值的确定;建立了预测因子指标。基于灾变规律关键时方法,建立了白粉病发生程度的预测指标模型,并对区域小麦白粉病年度发生程度进行了拟合、外延预报。结果表明,10年拟合预报中仅有1年偏差1个等级;2年外延预报结果与实际发生情况完全一致。对1995—2007年,白粉病轻度发生年份的预测准确率为100％,流行年份的预测准确率为83％,模型的总预测准确率达90％以上。     

三种智能计算低温冷害预报模型的对比分析研究

为了探索不同的非线性智能计算预报建模方法在冬季低温冷害预报中的应用效果,利用广西区域逐日平均气温和降水资料计算得出的1951-2018年冷湿指数作为预报量。通过计算该预报量与前期再分析资料中的各种物理量相关得出预报因子。首先利用逐步回归方法,从初选的相关预报因子中,客观选出9个预报因子,再对未选入的预报因子作核主成分非线性降维计算,选出方差贡献最大的核主成分因子,作为各预报模型的输入因子。分别采用模糊神经网络方法(FNN)、遗传算法的神经网络集成(GA-ANN)预报方法以及粒子群算法的支持向量机(SVM-PSO)集成预报方法三种不同的智能计算预报建模方法建立预报模型,对2012-2018年的20次低温冷湿天气进行预报对比试验。结果表明,在同样的预报建模样本条件下,模糊神经网络预报模型对20个独立样本预报平均绝对误差最小。进一步的计算还表明,这三种智能计算预报模型均比同样预报建模样本和预报因子的线性回归预报平均绝对误差要小,显示了非线性智能计算预报建模方法,对于具有明显非线性变化特征的冬季低温冷害天气过程,比线性预报方法有更好的预报能力。     

西江年最高水位的神经网络预报模型

对西江洪水发生的特征进行分析表明，洪水发生频率高，具有明显阶段性特征，并与流域面雨量密切相关。利用前期环流场、海表温度（SST）场及环流特征量资料选择初选预报因子，然后对初选预报因子作EOF分解构造综合预报因子，结合人工神经网络方法建立了西江年最高水位预报模型，并对预报模型进行独立样本试验。结果表明，该预报模型对历史样本拟合精度高，试报效果明显好于传统的逐步回归模型，可在汛期预测业务中应用。     

遗传—神经网络集合预报方法在广西热带气旋降水预报中的应用

利用多维尺度分析可以从一系列数据集的相似性信息中发掘其中的潜在结构信息,并通过样本点间的相似度构建相似矩阵,再将相似矩阵映射到低维欧氏距离空间获取新的特征的能力。论文以1980—2015年共36年的广西热带气旋逐日降水量为基础,综合考虑热带气旋降水的数值预报产品物理量预报因子,采用多维尺度分析的预报因子信息数据挖掘技术,以进化计算的遗传算法,生成期望输出相同的多个神经网络个体,建立了一种新的非线性人工智能集合预报模型,进行遗传—神经网络的广西热带气旋降水集合预报模型研究。遗传—神经网络的集成个体的输入因子是通过选出相关程度较高的数值预报产品的物理量场格点因子,同时网络的输出是通过多维尺度降维方法对初选预报因子群进行合理的降维处理来实现的。通过对2011—2015年影响广西的22个热带气旋共94个独立样本的试验预报的统计结果表明,对于暴雨以上量级的预报,广西89站的预报平均TS评分达到了0.3;同区域同样本的对比分析表明,新预报模型5年的TS评分比欧洲细网格的TS评分提高了15%以上;进一步对大量级的降雨落区的预报对比分析表明,新方案的预报效果比欧洲中心的预报更理想。     

信息矩阵方法在面雨量预报集成中的应用

对多种数值天气预报降水产品进行集成应用,是克服单一预报模式缺点、提高预报准确率的有效途径。任何预报集成方法其本质是建立输入-输出关系,在数学上可以用函数关系表达。给出了用信息矩阵识别这种函数关系的方法,并以面雨量预报为例建立了集成方案。利用欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)、日本气象厅(JMA)两种数值模式降水预报产品分别计算输出了淮河流域面雨量预报产品。利用地面观测雨量资料,采用泰森多边形法计算流域面雨量实况。将2011年6-8月ECMWF、JMA面雨量预报产品和面雨量实况资料作为学习样本,构建了模糊关系矩阵。利用2012年6-8月ECMWF、JMA两种数值模式面雨量预报产品进行了集成预报试验。采用降水分级检验评分(TS)方法,对比分析了ECMWF、JMA以及集成预报(CFCST)的预报性能。结果表明:基于信息矩阵方法的面雨量集成预报性能总体上高于单个预报成员。     

基于自然正交展开的神经网络长期预报模型

对月降水量的前期500hPa高度场、海温场相关预报因子进行E0F展开，并取其中与预报量相关程度较高的主成分，结合人工神经网络技术，建立了一种新的短期气候预测模型。将这种新的预报模型与同样根据这些预报因子建立的回归预报模型进行了对比分析。结果表明，这种新的短期气候预测模型由于集中了众多预报因子的预报信息，并有效地利用了神经网络方法的非线性映射能力，因此比传统预报方法的预报精度显著提高，并且稳定性好，具有很好的应用前景。     

全国小麦条锈病长期预报模型比较研究

选择上年1月至当年4月为预报时段，采用预报因子膨化技术，将大气环流特征量按月依次组合成不同时段，计算出不同膨化时段的74项大气环流特征量距平值。从这些值中选出与全国小麦条锈病发病面积率距平相关显著的关键时段关键环流因子，建立了全国小麦条锈病发病面积率距平预报模型Ⅰ。与未采用因子膨化技术建立的预报模型Ⅱ相比，模型Ⅰ的预报准确率有显著的提高。同时发现，大气环流特征量与全国小麦条锈病发生流行之间存在着很好的相关性。     

多模式集成分级降水概率及落区预报试验

利用欧洲中心模式(EC-thin),日本模式(JAP),德国模式(GER),T639模式(T639)以及天津WRF模式(TJ-WRF)的格点降水预报资料和历史实况资料,分别基于Rank方法、平均法、相关法设计了三种集成降水概率预报方案,并对2014年4-10月进行集成降水概率预报试验及RPS、BS评分、ROC曲线检验,探讨了集成降水概率预报产品在实际降水预报业务中的应用方案。研究表明:对于各个量级的降水概率预报,Rank方法的预报准确性好于平均法和相关法。基于Rank方法的集成降水概率预报具有可预报性,通过晴雨概率阈值的试验分析,发现当集成降水概率预报达到40%时,降水预报准确率最高,晴雨预报准确率可达到85.1%,通过对各量级概率阈值的试验分析,发现基于集成概率预报阈值得到的分级降水预报产品的ETS评分明显高于单一模式成员;通过个例检验,多模式集成降水概率预报大于40%的区域对降水落区具有较好的指示意义,降水落区预报击中的准确率达到62.3%,典型个例分析显示,对天津小概率极端性的全区性暴雨落区和概率较大的一般性降水落区均有较好的预报效果。     

不同面积小流域山洪泥石流预报模型研究——以北京市密云县为例

针对北京市密云县境内密云水库上游山洪泥石流发生特点,以系统科学为基本思想,将Bayes判别分析法引入山区小流域山洪泥石流预报模型建立之中。通过对北京市密云县境内密云水库上游影响山洪泥石流发生的系统内部要素和其外部环境条件进行综合分析,选择影响山洪泥石流发生的前15d实效降雨量和当日降雨量作为预报模型因子,分别建立了三种不同流域面积范围的山洪泥石流预报模型,所建立的山洪泥石流预报模型适用的流域面积范围分别为0.30～2.00 km2、2.00～5.00 km2和5.00～15.42 km2。经检验,三组预报模型的正确率分别为86.4%、92.9%和83.3%,均满足了Bayes判别分析法所规定的其验证正确率的要求,表明模型可以应用于研究区域不同流域面积范围的山洪泥石流预报。预报模型的建立为北京市密云县境内密云水库上游山洪泥石流的即时预报提供了一种简捷易行方法。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。     

A general assessment of the environmental impact of refugees in Somalia with attention to the refugee agricultural programme

This paper attempts to examine the broad features of Somalia's harsh physical environment into which several hundreds of thousands of refugees, with mainly a nomadic or semi-nomadic life style and culture, dramatically descended six years ago. The thirty-six rural camps in which at least half of them live are described as is the refugee agricultural programme which is training several thousand families so that they may be "self-supporting." The four regions where the camps are located are each briefly summarized in terms of their soils, their climates, their natural vegetation, and the type of agriculture which the refugee farmers practice. A more detailed analysis is then given on the following critical environmental concerns: Vegetation and erosion on refugee farms, the growing problem of refugee livestock, the destruction of trees, and irrigation practices and salinity on refugee farms. The paper concludes with an argument to preserve Somalia's environment from careless and destructive exploitation, which is leading towards desertification, and calls for an in-depth study of the situation.