Liver Metallothionein Level and Metal Content in Fish of Chung-Kung Stream,Taiwan-Tilapia and Liza Macrolepsis

A survey of Chung-Kung sttream fish was undertaken on six occasions from March 1994 to August 1995. Tilapia (Oreochromis hybrid) and Liza macrolepsis were the major species found downstream and were chosen as the target species for metallothionein (MT) analysis of liver tissue. in total MT of 77 tilapia and 48 Liza macrolepsis liver samples were analyzed. Significantly higher values (p >0.05) were found for the August 1995 samples than for samples taken earlier at site B (6 km from the sea) for tilapia and at site A (estuary) for Liza macrolepsis. Liver zinc, copper and cadmium were analyzed for the 1995 samples. for tilapia, liver MT concentration was found to correlate well with zinc concentration (r = 0.84, p > 0.001). for Liza macrolepsis, good correlation was found for MT with both zinc (r = 0.89, p > 0.001) and copper (r = 0.90, p > 0.001). These results indicate that in the Chung-Kung stream, zinc and copper may be the major inducers of fish liver MT. Since these two species are ubiquitous in tropical areas, they would provide a good biomarker for evaluation of integrated metal exposure in the tropical aquatic environment.     

Source and Effect of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Coastal Taiwan Sediments

Coastal sediments and oyster farming is severely affected by the industrial effluents in the coastal region near LuGong, Taiwan. Surficial sediments and oyster samples were collected from a coastal area near a major electro-plating industry. Spatial variation in heavy metal contents in sediments was studied in relationship to the main pathway of contamination and geochemical association with natural constituents of the sediments.

Spatial trends of heavy metals in the sediment reflected inputs of pollutants from the poorly-treated electro-plating effluents in the surrounding county and transported downstream by the Yang-tse-tru River. Effluent related heavy metal (Zn, Cu, Cd) is extremely high in the study region sediments. the highest concentrations were observed near shore, especially upstream in the Yang-tse-tru River sediments. Heavy metal concentrations decreased rapidly in a seaward direction. Heavy metal concentrations in near shore sediments were as high as some highly industrialized harbour sediments in the USA (e.g. Boston and San Diego).

Significant differences and high concentrations of heavy metals were also observed in oysters from the study region. Heavy metals from the study region were two to five times higher than in oysters from other pristine areas in Taiwan.     

Preliminary Evaluation of the Use of Phosphogypsum for Reef Substrate. I. A Laboratory Study of Bioaccumulation of Radium and Six Heavy Metals in an Aquatic Food Chain

Phosphogypsum (PG), a solid by-product of phosphoric acid production, contains radionuclides and trace metals in concentrations which may pose a potential hazard to human health and the environment. to investigate the possibility of bioaccumulation of radium and six heavy metals over time when aquatic organisms experience both trophic and environmental exposure to PG, we designed a laboratory experiment representing three levels of an aquatic food chain. During the 135 day experiment, a meiobenthic copepod species (Amphiascoides atopus) was cultured in the presence of PG. the copepods were subsequently fed to grass shrimp (Palaemonetes vulgaris and P. pugio) which were in turn fed to gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis); both the grass shrimp and the killifish also experienced an environmental PG exposure. Other than elevated radium levels in the experimental grass shrimp, the experiment demonstrated little effect of environmental or trophic exposure to PG on microinvertebrates, macroinvertebrates, or fishes that could be attributed to PG. in all cases where increased concentrations were indicated within the experimental group, roughly equivalent increases in metal concentrations also occurred in the control group.     

Preliminary Evaluation of the Use of Phosphogypsum for Reef Substrate. I. A Laboratory Study of Bioaccumulation of Radium and Six Heavy Metals in an Aquatic Food Chain

Phosphogypsum (PG), a solid by-product of phosphoric acid production, contains radionuclides and trace metals in concentrations which may pose a potential hazard to human health and the environment. to investigate the possibility of bioaccumulation of radium and six heavy metals over time when aquatic organisms experience both trophic and environmental exposure to PG, we designed a laboratory experiment representing three levels of an aquatic food chain. During the 135 day experiment, a meiobenthic copepod species (Amphiascoides atopus) was cultured in the presence of PG. the copepods were subsequently fed to grass shrimp (Palaemonetes vulgaris and P. pugio) which were in turn fed to gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis); both the grass shrimp and the killifish also experienced an environmental PG exposure. Other than elevated radium levels in the experimental grass shrimp, the experiment demonstrated little effect of environmental or trophic exposure to PG on microinvertebrates, macroinvertebrates, or fishes that could be attributed to PG. in all cases where increased concentrations were indicated within the experimental group, roughly equivalent increases in metal concentrations also occurred in the control group.     

激光—时间分辨技术在Zn,Al,Cd荧光测定中的应用

本文报道了以７－碘－８羟基喹啉－５－磺酸作荧光增强剂,采用激光－时间分辨技术对Ｚｎ,Ａｌ,Ｃｄ进行荧光测定的原理和方法。     

土壤中镉铜复合污染对水稻生长效应影响

本文通过盆栽试验研究土壤中镉铜复合污染对水稻生长效应的影响,并探讨了有效态铜、镉的提取剂。结果表明,2.5％醋酸可作为酸性水稻土有效态铜、镉的提取剂,土壤含镉5mg/kg对铜的水稻产量效应未有影响,但糙米含镉量超标。     

Lead, Zinc, Copper, and Cadmium in Fish and Sediments from the Big River and Flat River Creek of Missouri's Old Lead Belt

The Old Lead Belt of Missouri was a major lead-producing region for over a century. Several large tailings piles and other industrial wastes remain behind, though mining operations in the region ceased in 1972. Samples of stream sediments and fish were collected from established sites on the Big River and Flat River Creek over a 3-year period from 1998 to 2000 to evaluate ongoing remediation efforts and determine the current impact of residual mining wastes. Benthic sediments and fish taken in the vicinity of inactive industrial sites were found to contain elevated concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd. Concentrations of Pb and Zn in fillets of suckers and sunfish, as well as in whole bodies of sunfish, correlate well with metal concentrations observed in surficial sediments. The results of analyses provide valuable quantitative information regarding specific sources, current levels of contamination, potential risk to public health, and will allow more accurate assessment of continuing remediation efforts.     

重金属胁迫下外生菌根真菌Boletus edulis重金属积累分配与生长微环境变化

在离体培养条件下，对外生菌根真菌Boletus edulis菌丝铜镉积累分配与生长微环境变化进行研究。结果表明，铜镉胁迫下菌落直径具有相似的增长模式。与对照相比，低浓度的铜镉处理均促进了菌丝的生长，而高浓度则产生抑制作用。Boletus edulis具有很强的铜镉吸收积累能力，显示出较好的重金属耐受性。菌丝体是重金属在离体培养体系中积累的主要场所，最高处理浓度时，菌丝体内的铜镉浓度分别达到对照的26．6和28倍，而菌丝分泌物的作用相对较小。菌丝体对生物体必需元素铜和非必需元素镉具有不同的积累模式，并可根揩重金属的种类，有效地调节生长微环境，以降低重金属对菌丝体的生物有效性。这可能是外生菌根真菌的一种重金属抗性机理。     

小麦籽粒中镉对锌的拮抗作用与有机肥的调控

研究不同的镉、锌复合污染水平对小麦籽粒锌吸收的影响及有机肥的调控作用。试验结果表明,随着土壤中外源Zn浓度的提高,小麦籽粒Zn含量显著增加;Cd和Zn复合污染的土壤上,小麦籽粒对Zn的吸收累积除受到土壤中外源Zn水平的影响外,还受到外源Cd的影响,高浓度Cd(100 mgkg-1)减少了Zn在小麦籽粒中的累积,说明Cd对小麦吸收Zn有拮抗效应;施用有机肥显著降低了1000 mgkg-1Zn污染土壤上小麦籽粒Zn含量及1000 mgkg-1Zn与100 mgkg-1Cd复合污染土壤上小麦籽粒Zn含量,而显著增加了500 mgkg-1Zn与Cd复合污染土壤上小麦籽粒Zn含量。因此,有机肥对Cd和Zn复合污染土壤上小麦籽粒Zn含量的影响与外源Cd、Zn的浓度组合有关。     

Heavy metals in surface water and stream sediments in Jamaica

The levels of heavy metals in water and stream sediments in Jamaica are presented and compared to levels in soils and environmental standards. Heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, nickel, lead and zinc) appear to be less of a problem to Jamaica's freshwater environment than might be expected given the concentrations in soils. This can be explained by taking into account the dynamics of the Jamaican water environment and the relative absence of anthropogenic sources. The dynamics of the freshwater system on the other hand, could pass any environmental threat to the coastal environment. Because the stream sediments are relatively coarse and contain little organic material the bio-availability of micropollutants such as heavy metals from the sediments can be expected to be relatively high.     

不同锌营养下喷施锌肥对油菜生长和元素含量的影响

采用水培试验,研究Zn缺乏和正常条件下,喷施不同浓度的ZnSO4和ZnNa2EDTA对两种油菜地上部生物量和Cd、Zn、Fe、Mn、Cu等元素含量的影响,并通过设置喷施Na2EDTA处理和分析Cd在油菜体内的累积分配规律来揭示喷施Zn肥降低油菜Cd含量的作用机理.结果表明,正常Zn营养下油菜地上部生物量显著高于Zn缺乏条件下,不同Zn营养条件下喷施Zn肥对油菜地上部生物量都没有显著影响.正常Zn营养下油菜地上部Cd含量极显著低于Zn缺乏条件下;正常Zn营养下喷施ZnSO4使得普通油菜寒绿的地上部Cd含量显著低于对照处理,降幅为27.22%;Zn缺乏时喷施低浓度和高浓度ZnNa2EDTA使得Cd低积累油菜华骏的地上部Cd含量显著降低,与对照相比分别减少28.70%和26.94%,喷施ZnNa2EDTA降低油菜地上部Cd含量的作用与EDTA成分没有密切关系;喷施Zn肥主要通过抑制根部Cd吸收来降低油菜的地上部Cd含量.正常Zn营养下油菜地上部Zn含量极显著高于Zn缺乏条件下;喷施Zn肥显著提高油菜地上部和根部Zn含量.正常Zn营养下油菜地上部Fe含量极显著低于Zn缺乏条件下,Zn营养条件对油菜地上部Mn和Cu含量没有显著影响;不同Zn营养条件下喷施Zn肥可使油菜地上部Fe、Mn、Cu含量显著升高或降低,但是并没有显著影响油菜微量元素的营养平衡.     

低浓度镉对忍冬生长及光合生理的影响

采用营养液水培方式,以中高浓度镉（25 mg·L-1 Cd）为参照,研究不同胁迫水平低浓度Cd对忍冬（Lonicera japonica Thunb.）生长及光合生理的影响.结果表明,低浓度Cd（2.5 mg·L-1）对忍冬的生长具有一定促进作用,而25 mg·L-1 Cd对其生长并未产生较大影响.当Cd处理浓度为2.5—10 mg·L-1时,其叶绿素含量和净光合速率（Pn）均比对照显著增加,说明低浓度Cd对忍冬生长和光合作用具有一定的毒物兴奋效应.而25 mg·L-1 Cd处理对忍冬生长及光合作用产生的影响,可能与膜脂过氧化损伤指标丙二醛（MDA）含量增加相关.当Cd处理浓度为10 mg·L-1时,叶中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性达到峰值875.51 U·g-1,而随着Cd处理浓度的增加,根系中SOD活性持续升高,表明忍冬对Cd具有很强的抗性,这对于Cd污染土壤的实地修复具有重要的现实意义.     

失活甲醇催化剂用于脱除硫化氢的研究

本文研究了失活甲醇催化剂用于脱除硫化氢的试验.结果表明,失活甲醇催化剂具有较好的脱硫性能,其重量硫容在室温和623K时稍低于工业氧化锌脱硫剂,在423K—523K的温度范围内则大于工业氧化锌脱硫剂.其体积硫容在室温下大于工业氧化锌脱硫剂.失活甲醇催化剂的工作硫容随着温度的升高而增大,而且在低反应空速时或者经过还原后具有更大的硫容.     

施用石灰对Pb、Cd、Zn在土壤中的形态及大白菜中累积的影响

重金属的不同形态对于作物吸收重金属及受害具有十分密切的关系,通过施用石灰改变重金属的形态、毒性以及对作物的影响具有重要的意义。以大白菜(Brassica pekinensis)为研究对象,通过盆栽试验,探讨了在铅、镉和锌污染土壤上,施用石灰对土壤中不同形态镉、铅和锌含量及在大白菜中累积的影响。结果表明,施用石灰后,土壤中碳酸盐结合态Pb、Cd和Zn含量明显减少,铁、锰氧化物结合态和有机物结合态Pb、Cd和Zn含量明显增加;对大白菜吸收Pb、Cd和Zn均起到较好的抑制作用,石灰用量为5g·kg-1土时,对大白菜吸收Pb、Cd和Zn的抑制效果最好。     

红蛋植物对重金属镉、锌的吸收动态研究

采用水培的方法研究了红蛋植物（Echinodorus osiris）对镉、锌的吸收动态。结果表明：无论是低镉（5 mg·L-1）还是高镉（15 mg·L-1）处理,长时间（27 d）培养时,红蛋地上部和地下部镉质量分数均持续增加,至收获时,低镉和高镉处理红蛋地上部镉质量分数分别为364.95和502.97 mg·kg-1;地下部镉质量分数分别达到1 762.81和2 742.95 mg·kg-1。短时间内,红蛋对镉的吸收速率随时间增加而降低,1.0 h内表现为快速吸收模式,而在1.0 h后表现为缓慢吸收模式。在低镉条件下,红蛋对镉的短时间吸收动态符合二次多项式数学模型,高镉条件下,红蛋对镉的吸收动态符合三次多项式数学模型。长时间（27 d）培养时,红蛋地上部锌和地下部质量分数的动态变化趋势基本一致,即先增加后减少再缓慢增加的趋势。低锌（100 mg·L-1）和高锌（400 mg·L-1）处理,红蛋地上部锌质量分数分别为2 211.38和3 190.47 mg·kg-1;地下部锌质量分数分别为3 067.89和3 303.85 mg·kg-1。短时间内,无论是低锌处理还是高锌处理,红蛋对锌的吸收动态均符合二次多项式数学模型,但是两者有所不同,低锌处理,红蛋吸收锌的速率短时间内略有降低,而高锌处理,红蛋对锌的吸收速率短时间内则持续增加。     

Speciation studies on simulated gastro‐intestinal digests of foodstuffs†

The factors affecting the solubilisation of metals during digestion of food have been examined in a two‐stage model system comprising simulated gastric and intestinal juices. The solubilisation of iron, copper and zinc was examined in digests of white and wholemeal bread. Zinc solubility was principally governed by pH and the simulated digestion had little additional effect. In contrast both iron and copper solubility were markedly affected by digestion of the bread. In the case of copper the enzymolysis increased solubility appreciably at neutral pH. All of the cadmium in a simulated gastric digest of canned crab meat was associated with soluble low molecular weight species of less than 1000 daltons. Cadmium solubility resulted from the acidic conditions of the digest rather than enzymatic solubilisation of binding proteins. Ninety percent of the cadmium in the digest became rebound to the insoluble fraction on adjustment to pH7.0. Subsequent simulated intestinal digestion increased the level of soluble cadmium to 20%; 1.0–1.5% was associated with soluble species in the range 26,000–37,000 daltons and 15.0–20.0% with soluble species of less than 3,000 daltons.     

单独与混合暴露条件下褶纹冠蚌对Cu、Zn的积累与分布

采用室内模拟方法,在单独与混合暴露条件下研究了褶纹冠蚌(Cristaria plicata)对Cu、Zn的积累与分布特征.结果表明:褶纹冠蚌对水环境中的Cu、Zn具有良好的积累能力,持续暴露8d内,体内各组织重金属积累量基本呈线性上升,其中鳃与外套积累速率最快(p<0.05).Cu在褶纹冠蚌鳃、内脏团和生殖腺中的积累速率与Zn之间存在显著差异(p<0.05),且Cu、Zn之间在各组织中的积累拮抗作用明显.暴露前,Cu含量在褶纹冠蚌体内依次为:生殖腺>外套、内脏团>鳃、足>肌肉(p<0.05),变化幅度为10倍左右;Zn含量依次为:鳃>内脏团>生殖腺>足、外套>肌肉(p<0.05),变化幅度为4倍左右.暴露后,外套和鳃对Cu、Zn的积累量最高,且Cu、Zn含量在不同组织间的变化幅度明显增加.暴露前后,Cu含量在不同组织间的变化幅度均高于Zn.不同暴露条件下,褶纹冠蚌不同组织对Zn的浓缩系数(BCF)明显高于Cu.     

Mechanistic aspects of the thermal formation of halogenated organic compounds including polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins. Part V†: Hypotheses and summary

The hypotheses on the de novo syntheses of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs), based on known literature, are presented. Polychlorinated benzenes and polychlorinated phenols are probably key intermediates.

In the present article, hypotheses that may account for the presence of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs) in the effluents from municipal and industrial incinerators are put forward. These hypotheses are based on the previously surveyed literature (Ref. 203–206) and experimental results on laboratory scale and thermodynamic calculations are considered. The interconnections of various reaction steps are speculative and no technological information was added to account for conditions in real incinerators. Conclusion of the discussions on the related subject matter, presented in the Parts I‐IV (Ref. 203–206), are also described in this paper.