生物活性炭填料反应器处理含盐水体的硝化性能

以颗粒活性炭为填料,采用盐度梯度两步驯化法构建含盐水体生物滤器硝化功能,研究了生物滤器稳定后水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)、进水氨氮负荷和CODMn/N等对反应器硝化性能的影响。结果表明,25～27℃,盐度30的含盐水体生物滤器硝化功能构建需73 d,其中淡水生物滤器硝化功能构建需28 d,淡水驯化为盐度15的生物滤器需19 d,盐度15驯化为盐度30的生物滤器需26 d;实验条件下生物活性炭填料反应器中生物量达到146～742.1 nmolP/g-BAC;调节进水氨氮浓度2 mg/L左右时,最佳HRT为1 h,氨氮去除率达到84.98%,相应的氨氧化菌和硝酸菌氧吸收速率(oxygen uptake rate,OUR)分别为2.091和1.948 mg O2/(g-BAC.h);HRT为1 h时,随着进水氨氮负荷的加大,氨氮去除率逐渐降低,当进水氨氮负荷由0.12增加到0.48 g-N/(kg-BAC.d)时,氨氮去除率由84.98%降低到41.68%,同时氨氧化菌OUR由2.091降低到0.625 mg O2/(g-BAC.h);随着CODMn/N的升高,氨氮去除率下降,CODMn/N从1～8时,氨氮去除率由84.98%降低到53.64%,CODMn去除率却逐渐增加,由40.86%增加到93.59%,异养菌OUR随着CODMn/N升高呈上升趋势,最大达到0.914 mg O2/(g-BAC.h)。     

A different approach for predicting reaeration rates in gravity sewers and completely mixed tanks.

A new semiempirical approach is presented for predicting air-to-water oxygen transfer rates in mixed tanks and gravity sewers, using methods adopted from mixing theory. First, a flocculation unit was used to impart selected mean velocity gradients (G) into a completely mixed tank, from which oxygen was first removed, and dissolved oxygen concentrations were measured with time. Regression analysis was used to fit the rate of oxygen transfer equation against G. The reaeration rate in completely mixed reactors was found to be proportional to G2 (R2 = 0.987). Subsequently, G was linked to headloss in sewers, and the equation was calibrated using a slope-adjustable, 27-m-long, gravity-flow, experimental sewer (internal diameter, D = 0.16 m). Here, the reaeration rate was proportional to G1 (R2 = 0.981). The equation was compared with existing oxygen transfer models and validated against experimental data from the literature, to which the overall mass transfer coefficient for oxygen, K(L)a, derived by the new approach, conformed well.     

O3/H2O2工艺降解1,2,4-三氯苯的优化设计

考察用不同的氧化剂降解1,2,4-三氯苯（TCB）,3种不同方法对TCB的去除效果存在较大差别,其处理效果依次为：H2O2〈O3〈O3/H2O2。采用响应面法优化O3/H2O2工艺降解TCB的条件。结果表明,TCB初始浓度和H2O2投加量对TCB去除效果影响较大。TCB的降解符合准一级反应动力学规律,最佳降解条件为TCB初始浓度0.3 mg/L,pH=8.13,H2O2投加量0.40 mmol/L,O3转化率75%。在此条件下,TCB的平均去除率为91.5%,与预测值93.1%吻合度较高。     

Biohydrogen production through fermentation using liquid swine manure as substrate

In this paper, continuous production of hydrogen through fermentation with liquid swine manure as substrate was researched using a semi-continuously fed fermenter (8 L in total volume and 4 L in working volume). The pH and temperature for the fermenter were controlled at 5.3 ± 0.1 and 35 ± 1°C, respectively, throughout the experiment. Three hydraulic retention times (16, 20, and 24 h) were investigated for their impact on the efficiency and performance of the fermenter in terms of hydrogen yields. The results indicate that hydraulic retention time (HRT) has a strong influence on the fermenter performance. An increasing HRT would increase the variation in hydrogen concentration in the offgas. To produce hydrogen with a fairly consistent concentration, the HRT of the fermenter should not exceed 16 h, which, however, did not appear to be short enough to control methanogenesis because the offgas still contained about 5% methane. When methane content in the offgas exceeded 2%, an inverse linear relationship between hydrogen and methane was observed with a correlation coefficient of 0.9699. To increase hydrogen content in the offgas, methane production has to be limited to below 2%. Also, keeping oxygen content in the fermenter below 1.5% would increase the hydrogen concentration to over 15%. The product to substrate ratio was found to be around 50% for the fermenter system studied, evidenced by the observation that for every 6 liters of manure fermented, 3 liters of pure hydrogen were produced, which was significant and encouraging.     

Biohydrogen production through fermentation using liquid swine manure as substrate

In this paper, continuous production of hydrogen through fermentation with liquid swine manure as substrate was researched using a semi-continuously fed fermenter (8 L in total volume and 4 L in working volume). The pH and temperature for the fermenter were controlled at 5.3 +/- 0.1 and 35 +/- 1 degrees C, respectively, throughout the experiment. Three hydraulic retention times (16, 20, and 24 h) were investigated for their impact on the efficiency and performance of the fermenter in terms of hydrogen yields. The results indicate that hydraulic retention time (HRT) has a strong influence on the fermenter performance. An increasing HRT would increase the variation in hydrogen concentration in the offgas. To produce hydrogen with a fairly consistent concentration, the HRT of the fermenter should not exceed 16 h, which, however, did not appear to be short enough to control methanogenesis because the offgas still contained about 5% methane. When methane content in the offgas exceeded 2%, an inverse linear relationship between hydrogen and methane was observed with a correlation coefficient of 0.9699. To increase hydrogen content in the offgas, methane production has to be limited to below 2%. Also, keeping oxygen content in the fermenter below 1.5% would increase the hydrogen concentration to over 15%. The product to substrate ratio was found to be around 50% for the fermenter system studied, evidenced by the observation that for every 6 liters of manure fermented, 3 liters of pure hydrogen were produced, which was significant and encouraging.     

TS-1分子筛催化O3/H2O2氧化乙酸

研究了酸性条件下TS-1分子筛催化O3/H2O2体系(O3/H2O2/TS-1)对降解水中乙酸效率的影响,优化了相关工艺参数,并对其作用机理进行了分析。结果表明,在pH为2.8时,TS-1的加入能显著提高臭氧化的降解效率。优化工艺参数表明,当过氧化氢投加量为3 g/L,TS-1投加量为5 g/L时,O3/H2O2/TS-1体系对乙酸具有较高的降解率,60 min后O3/H2 O2/TS-1体系对乙酸(初始浓度为100 mg/L)的去除率达到了58.7%。当pH为0.8时,O3/H2 O2/TS-1体系对乙酸的去除率仅为19.8%,降解效果较差。定量化计算表明,O3/H2O2和O3/H2O2/TS-1的Rct分别为1.62×10-8和8.67×10-7。通过测定乙酸降解过程水样中过氧化氢和液相臭氧的浓度变化,推测了具体反应机理。由于此体系在酸性条件下对乙酸有较好的降解效果,拓宽了现有O3/H2O2体系的应用范围。     

几种不同处理方法对活性炭表面化学性质的影响

活性炭表面官能团的种类和数量决定了活性炭的表面化学性质,而化学性质决定了活性炭的表面吸附特性。使用5种常见的处理方法处理活性炭,采用Boehm滴定法,XPS对活性炭进行表征,通过单因素实验系统地考察了活性炭表面含氧官能团及碱度随处理条件的变化,同时通过碱度变化讨论了部分处理方法对于原活性炭表面灰分的去除。结果表明:在处理液150 mL、20℃、200 r/min条件下:50 g活性炭经0.01～5 mol/L HCl处理4 h,活性炭表面碱度降低范围63.2%～76.5%,灰分去除效果好,低浓度的盐酸就能达到较好的灰分去除效果,活性炭表面没有形成大量的含氧官能团;在HNO3浓度1～12 mol/L、处理时间1～8 h、活性炭量25～75 g条件下处理后总碱度降低显著,灰分去除效果优于HCl处理,HNO3氧化作用使活性炭表面形成了大量含氧官能团,总酸度、羧基、内酯基、酚羟基含量均相对于原活性炭增加明显;在H2O2质量浓度5%～20%、处理时间0.5～4 h、活性炭量25～75 g条件下处理后碱性灰分去除不好,活性炭表面没有形成大量含氧官能团,H2O2处理引起活性炭表面化学性质变化较小;在NaOH浓度0.1～2 mol/L、处理时间1～8 h、活性炭量25～75 g条件下处理后碱度增加明显,酸度减小明显,羧基、酚羟基含量降低。50 g活性炭在微波功率100～500 W、处理时间2～10 min、载气流量600～1 400 mL/min条件下经微波处理后,微波热效应导致含氧官能团分解,总碱度增加,总酸度下降,羧基含量、内酯基含量降低,酚羟基含量因条件的不同而变现出不同的变化。     

微波促进含Cr(VI)-H2O2体系降解甲基橙溶液的研究

研究了微波辐射下Cr(VI)－H₂O₂催化降解甲基橙溶液的行为，探索了微波功率、微波辐射时间、pH值、H₂O₂浓度、Cr(VI)等对甲基橙溶液脱色率和COD去除率的影响。研究结果表明，Cr(VI)-H₂O₂能形成类Fenton体系；微波辐射可提高H₂O₂产生羟基自由基(·OH)的效率。1000 mg/L的甲基橙溶液，在Cr(VI)浓度为10.0 mmol/L、pH值为2.5、H₂O₂浓度为20.0 mmol/L、微波功率为700W下加热2 min，甲基橙溶液的脱色率为99.2%，COD去除率为82.8%。     

TS-1分子筛催化O_3/H_2O_2氧化乙酸

研究了酸性条件下TS-1分子筛催化O3/H2O2体系（O3/H2O2/TS-1）对降解水中乙酸效率的影响,优化了相关工艺参数,并对其作用机理进行了分析。结果表明,在pH为2.8时,TS-1的加入能显著提高臭氧化的降解效率。优化工艺参数表明,当过氧化氢投加量为3 g/L,TS-1投加量为5 g/L时,O3/H2O2/TS-1体系对乙酸具有较高的降解率,60 min后O3/H2 O2/TS-1体系对乙酸（初始浓度为100 mg/L）的去除率达到了58.7%。当pH为0.8时,O3/H2 O2/TS-1体系对乙酸的去除率仅为19.8%,降解效果较差。定量化计算表明,O3/H2O2和O3/H2O2/TS-1的Rct分别为1.62×10-8和8.67×10-7。通过测定乙酸降解过程水样中过氧化氢和液相臭氧的浓度变化,推测了具体反应机理。由于此体系在酸性条件下对乙酸有较好的降解效果,拓宽了现有O3/H2O2体系的应用范围。     

A Rapid In Situ Respiration Test for Measuring Aerobic Biodegradation Rates of Hydrocarbons in Soil

An in situ test method to measure the aerobic biodegradation rates of hydrocarbons in contaminated soil is presented. The test method provides an initial assessment of bioventing as a remediation technology for hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. The in situ respiration test consists of ventilating the contaminated soil of the unsatiirated zone with air and periodically monitoring the depletion of oxygen (O2) and production of carbon dioxide (CO2) over time after the air is turned off. The test is simple to implement and generally takes about four to five days to complete. The test was applied at eight hydrocarbon-contaminated sites of different geological and climatic conditions. These sites were contaminated with petroleum products or petroleum fuels, except for two sites where the contaminants were primarily polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Oxygen utilization rates for the eight sites ranged from 0.02 to 0.99 percent O2/hour. Estimated biodegradation rates ranged from 0.4 to 19 mg/kg of soil/day. These rates were similar to the biodegradation rates obtained from field and pilot studies using mass balance methods. Estimated biodegradation rates based on O2 utilization were generally more reliable (especially for alkaline soils) than rates based on CO2 production. CO2 produced from microbial respiration was probably converted to carbonate under alkaline conditions.     

Treatment of dairy manure using the microwave enhanced advanced oxidation process under a continuous mode operation

The microwave enhanced advanced oxidation process (MW/H(2)O(2)-AOP) was used to treat dairy manure for solubilization of nutrients and organic matters. This study investigated the effectiveness of the MW/H(2)O(2)-AOP under a continuous mode of operation, and compared the results to those of batch operations. The main factors affecting solubilization by the MW/H(2)O(2)-AOP were heating temperature and hydrogen peroxide dosage. Soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) increased with an increase of microwave (MW) heating temperature; very high concentrations were obtained at 90°C. Insignificant amounts of ammonia and reducing sugars were released in all runs. An acidic pH condition was required for phosphorus solubilisation from dairy manure. The best yield was obtained at 90°C with an acid dosage of 1.0 %; about 92 % of total phosphorus and 90 % of total chemical oxygen demand were in the soluble forms. The MW/H(2)O(2)-AOP operated in a continuous operation mode showed pronounced synergistic effects between hydrogen peroxide and microwave irradiation when compared to a batch system under similar operating conditions, resulting in much better yields.     

Investigating the capacity of an activated sludge process to reduce volatile organic compounds and odor emissions.

The effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) diffusion into activated sludge (AS) on odor and volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations in offgas were studied over an 8-week period. Most VOCs detected in the offgas of both aeration tanks were aromatic hydrocarbons. The VOC concentrations generally decreased when H2S was introduced to the AS compared with the control, indicating a negative effect of H2S on VOC removal. Two volatile organic sulfur compounds present in the test AS offgas showed an increase followed by a decrease during H2S peak loads. Six VOCs and odor concentration increased during the introduction of an H2S peak; however no correlation was observed between H2S and odor concentration. The increase in odor concentration resulted from the increase in the concentration of six aromatic VOCs, which had their removal slowed down during a 100-ppmv H2S peak. Activated sludge diffusion provides effective H2S removal with minimal affect on odor emissions.     

Homogeneous degradation of 1,2,9,10-tetrachlorodecane in aqueous solutions using hydrogen peroxide, iron and UV light

The homogeneous degradation of the polychlorinated n-alkane, 1,2,9,10-tetrachlorodecane (T4C10), was studied in aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide, including Fenton and photo-Fenton reaction conditions. All solutions were adjusted to a pH of 2.8 and an ionic strength of 0.1 M NaClO4 prior to photolysis. T4C10 (2 x 10(-6) M) was substantially degraded by the H2O2/UV system (1.0 x 10(-2) M H2O2), with 60% disappearance in 20 min of irradiation in a photoreactor equipped with 300 nm lamps of light intensity 3.6 x 10(-5) Ein L(-1) min(-1) (established by ferrioxalate actinometry). The reaction produced stoichiometric amounts of chloride ion indicating complete dechlorination of the chlorinated n-alkane. T4C10 degraded very slowly under Fenton (Fe2+/H2O2/dark) and Fenton-like (Fe3+/H2O2/dark) conditions. However, when the same solutions were irradiated, T4C10 degraded more rapidly than in the H2O2/UV system, with 61% disappearance in 10 min of exposure. The rapid degradation is related to the enhanced degradation of hydrogen peroxide to oxidizing *OH radicals under photo-Fenton conditions. Degradation was inhibited in both the H2O2/UV and photo-Fenton systems by the addition of KI and tert-butyl alcohol due to *OH scavenging.     

Hydrogen peroxide-assisted UV photodegradation of Lindane

Aqueous solutions of gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (Lindane) were photolyzed (lambda=254 nm) under a variety of solution conditions. The initial concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and Lindane varied from 0 to 20 mM and 0.21 to 0.22 microM, respectively, the pH ranged from 3 to 11, and several concentration ratios of Suwannee River humic acid and fulvic acid were dissolved in the irradiated solutions. Lindane rapidly reacted, and the maximum reaction rate constant (9.7 x 10(-3) s(-1)) was observed at pH 7 and initial [H(2)O(2)]=1 mM. Thus, 90% of the Lindane is destroyed in approximately 4 min under these conditions. In addition, within 15 min, all chlorine atoms were converted to chloride ion, indicating that chlorinated organic by-products do not accumulate. The reactor was characterized by measuring the photon flux (7.04 x 10(-6) E s(-1)) and the cumulative production of *OH during irradiation. The cumulative *OH production during irradiation was fastest at an initial [H(2)O(2)]=5 mM (k=0.77 micro M s(-1)).     

Comparison of various advanced oxidation processes and chemical treatment methods for COD and color removal from a polyester and acetate fiber dyeing effluent

In this paper, a comparison of various advanced oxidation processes (O3, O3/UV, H2O2/UV, O3/H2O2/UV, Fe2+/H2O2) and chemical treatment methods using Al2(SO4)3.18H2O, FeCl3 and FeSO4 for the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color removal from a polyester and acetate fiber dyeing effluent is undertaken. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) showed a superior performance compared to conventional chemical treatment, which maximum achievable color and COD removal for the textile effluent used in this study was 50% and 60%, respectively. Although O3/H2O2/UV combination among other AOPs methods studied in this paper was found to give the best result (99% removal for COD and 96% removal for color), use of Fe2+/H2O2 seems to show a satisfactory COD and color removal performance and to be economically more viable choice for the acetate and polyester fiber dyeing effluent on the basis of 90% removal.     

Abatement of sulfur hexafluoride emissions from the semiconductor manufacturing process by atmospheric-pressure plasmas

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is an important gas for plasma etching processes in the semiconductor industry. SF6 intensely absorbs infrared radiation and, consequently, aggravates global warming. This study investigates SF6 abatement by nonthermal plasma technologies under atmospheric pressure. Two kinds of nonthermal plasma processes--dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) and combined plasma catalysis (CPC)--were employed and evaluated. Experimental results indicated that as much as 91% of SF6 was removed with DBDs at 20 kV of applied voltage and 150 Hz of discharge frequency for the gas stream containing 300 ppm SF6, 12% oxygen (O2), and 40% argon (Ar), with nitrogen (N2) as the carrier gas. Four additives, including Ar, O2, ethylene (C2H4), and H2O(g), are effective in enhancing SF6 abatement in the range of conditions studied. DBD achieves a higher SF6 removal efficiency than does CPC at the same operation condition. But CPC achieves a higher electrical energy utilization compared with DBD. However, poisoning of catalysts by sulfur (S)-containing species needs further investigation. SF6 is mainly converted to SOF2, SO2F4, sulfur dioxide (SO2), oxygen difluoride (OF2), and fluoride (F2). They do not cause global warming and can be captured by either wet scrubbing or adsorption. This study indicates that DBD and CPC are feasible control technologies for reducing SF6 emissions.     

氧化-混凝法处理碱性高砷废水的实验研究

对碱性高砷废水的处理进行了研究 ,针对常规混凝法除砷的缺点提出了氧化 混凝工艺。结果表明 ,用氧化 混凝工艺除砷效果显著 ,废水经处理后砷含量低于 0 5mg/L ,符合国家排放标准。氧化 混凝除砷的最佳工艺条件为 :pH值为 6— 7,H2 O2 用量为 2 5 % ,氧化时间为 10min ,Fe2 (SO4) 3 用量为 2 5g/L ,PAM用量为 11 2 5mg/L。     

Oxygen transfer in a full-depth biological aerated filter

The City of San Diego, California, evaluated the performance capabilities of biological aerated filters (BAFs) at the Point Loma Wastewater Treatment Plant. The City conducted a 1-year pilot-plant evaluation of BAF technology supplied by two BAF manufacturers. This paper reports on the first independent oxygen-transfer test of BAFs at full depth using the offgas method. The tests showed process-water oxygen-transfer efficiencies of 1.6 to 5.8%/m (0.5 to 1.8%/ft) and 3.9 to 7.9%/m (1.2 to 2.4%/ft) for the two different pilot plants, at their nominal design conditions. Mass balances using chemical oxygen demand and dissolved organic carbon corroborated the transfer rates. Rates are higher than expected from fine-pore diffusers for similar process conditions and depths and clean-water conditions for the same column and are mostly attributed to extended bubble retention time resulting from interactions with the media and biofilm.     

Influence of operating conditions on nitrous oxide formation during nitritation and nitrification

Nitrous oxide (N₂O), a strong greenhouse gas, can be produced by ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) as a by-product of ammonium oxidation and can potentially be formed in all types of nitrification processes. However, partial nitritation has been reported to cause significantly higher N₂O emissions than complete nitrification. In the study presented here, the mechanisms and factors that drive N₂O formation by AOB were investigated with respect to different operational strategies to achieve nitrite accumulation base on combined evaluation of oxygen uptake rate (OUR) and N₂O formation rate. On the one hand, N₂O formation during partial nitritation and nitrification in a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with continuous aerobic conditions was observed. On the other hand, the effect of intermittent aeration on N₂O formation during nitrification was investigated. The presence of nitrite, the extend of sludge-specific ammonium loading, low oxygen concentration, and transition from aerobic to anoxic conditions significantly increased N₂O formation in this reactor independently from each other, indicating that different formation pathways, supposedly via nitrite or hydroxylamine, were active.     

饱和吸氰炭再生方法及其机理的研究

研究了饱和吸氰炭的化学药剂再生与活化方法，确定工作条件，经含Ｈ２Ｏ２，甲醛的０．５ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＯＨ溶液再生，再用含１０％ＣｕＣｌ２的２ｍｏｌ／ＬＨＣｌ溶液活化后活性炭的性能恢复到原炭的９６％以上，研究表明，经再生与活化后炭样的比表面积所增加，中孔，微孔所占的比例增大，表面含氧基团增多是再生炭获得理想处理效果的主要原因。