Habitat quality of wildflower strips for common voles (Microtus arvalis) and its relevance for agriculture

Ecological compensation areas have been widely promoted in agriculture in the last decade. Besides their positive effects on biological diversity they also bear a risk of sheltering potential pest species such as common voles (Microtus arvalis). To assess the influence of wildflower strips on the spatio-temporal behavior of voles and their impact on adjacent crop fields, a common vole population living in a wildflower strip was monitored from May to October 2000 and from March to September 2001. A new system for automatic radio tracking was used which allowed tracking at 1 min intervals and up to 1000 bearings per vole per day. Voles showed small home ranges with a median size of 125 m² (minimum convex polygon) and 30 m² (Kernel), respectively. Home ranges were stable with a median overlap of 90% for consecutive days, were almost exclusively within the wildflower strip and contained several core areas per range. A polyphasic activity pattern with a phase length of 1.7 h was found during summer with a trend towards diurnal activity. Overall wildflower strips were high-quality habitats for voles and sustained high population densities without increased risk of voles dispersing into adjacent fields.     

生物法治理赤潮的研究进展

概述了生物法治理赤潮的最新研究进展,介绍了微生物、大型植物、浮游动物以及海洋滤食性贝类在赤潮治理中的应用研究,并着重阐述了利用微生物治理赤潮的研究进展。     

生物法治理蓝藻水华研究进展

水体富营养化会引起蓝藻水华暴发,严重影响水生态系统健康,威胁饮用水安全,水体富营养化和蓝藻水华治理是当前我国湖库治理的难点。蓝藻水华治理技术主要聚焦于物理法、化学法和生物法3个方面。近年来,生物法因其兼具经济友好和环境友好的双重特点,逐渐受到国内外学者的关注。综述了目前生物控藻的3种主要方法（微生物法、植物法和动物法）,总结了各种方法的作用机制、应用优势及其当前在应用过程中存在的问题,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

Density and nutritional condition of carabid beetles in wildflower areas of different age

Density and nutritional condition of the five carabid beetle species Agonum mülleri, Anchomenus dorsalis, Anisodactylus binotatus, Pterostichus vernalis and Poecilus cupreus was studied. Carabids were caught in sixteen 1–4-year-old wildflower areas, identified and counted, their nutritional condition was calculated and calculations were related to habitat parameters (i.e. wildflower area age, vegetation cover, soil water content, habitat size, surrounding landscape composition) and sex.Whereas the number of Anisodactylus binotatus caught responded positively to succession in wildflower areas, A. mülleri numbers tended to decrease and the other three species were unaffected. In a stepwise multiple regression species affiliation, sex and age of wildflower area explained together 98.5% of the variance in the pooled nutritional condition of Anchomenus dorsalis, Anisodactylus binotatus, A. mülleri and P. vernalis. Age of wildflower area alone explained 61.7% of the variance and age increased the nutritional condition of carabids. Correspondingly, nutritional condition of Poecilus cupreus was positively correlated with the age of wildflower area. Overall, the nutritional condition of the carabid assemblage studied increased from the first to the second year and then remained stable. To keep the proportion of 1-year-old wildflower areas low, wildflower areas should therefore be maintained for several years to improve the life conditions of carabid beetles and to enhance their beneficial effects in agroecosystems.     

生物净化槽对黑臭河水净化的中试研究

将人工湿地技术与生物接触氧化法相组合的生物净化槽应用于上海市中心城区黑臭河水净化.试验结果表明,生物净化槽对系统中BOD₅、COD_Cr、NH₃-N 和TP 的平均去除率分别为37.0%,34.8%,34.7%,26.7%,去除率高于单一的填料净化槽.海寿花的同化利用对N、P的去除贡献率分别为8.92%,25.24%,并与微生物间形成了良好的互惠共生关系.生物膜挂膜动态分析检测结果表明,生物净化槽能够较好地实现对黑臭水体生态系统的修复.     

生物磁效应在环境污染治理与修复中的应用

磁场是一种具有特殊能量的场,是影响生物体生理过程的物理因素之一。所有生物体自身均具有磁场,外加磁场可对生物体组织和代谢过程产生影响。磁场通过对生物体内重要物质——生物酶的改变进而影响生物从生长到衰亡的全过程;磁场对微生物的影响较为复杂,会对微生物产生不同程度的促进或抑制作用;同时,施加磁场会对细胞结构、基因表达、细胞膜通透性等产生影响。近年来,磁场诱导生物磁效应在水体、土壤、固体废物等污染治理过程中的作用受到了普遍关注。系统梳理了外加磁场对生物酶活性、微生物特性及生物细胞等产生的生物磁效应影响,总结了生物磁效应在废水处理、土壤环境治理及固体废物处理等领域的研究现状,并提出了未来生物磁效应在环境领域的应用展望。

     

纤维生物毯在城市面源污染控制中的应用

城市地表硬化率过高导致面源污染加剧,影响地表水水质,纤维生物毯是解决城市面源污染的新技术,具有成本低、施工快捷、植物生长快、存活率高、景观效果好及管理方便等特点,可有效提高坡岸稳定性,具有良好的截留净化面源污染的能力。综述了纤维生物毯的结构功能、净化效果及影响净化效果的因素,指出了在提高坡面抗冲击性、增强土壤适应能力、改良材料与结构和降低维护成本等方面需改进的方向和方法。     

大气臭氧变化对油菜影响的模拟试验

在开顶式气室中,研究了不同O3浓度(8.93×10_-94.465×10_-10,4.46×10_-92.230×10_-10,2.23×10_-91.115×10s_-10,≤4.46×10_-910,1.12×10-9～1.79×10-9mol/L)和不同熏气天数(5,10,15,30d)处理对盆栽油菜的影响.结果表明,O3浓度升高,油菜可出现失水、畸形、叶片色斑等伤害症状.移出熏气环境后原伤害不能恢复,黄叶率显著增加,新生叶无明显伤害症状.高O3浓度短期熏气可促进油菜后期生长,对前期O3影响有补偿效应.试验还表明,增加O3浓度和延长熏气时间一般可增加叶片气孔阻力,降低气孔传导,抑制CO2吸收和水汽交换,提高叶温,降低光合速率,还可抑制根系生长,降低生物产量和经济产量,并使光合产物向各器官的分配模式发生变化.     

不同水溶肥配方对部分白菜品质及土壤性质的影响

本试验以白菜为试验材料,清水为对照探索了5种水溶肥配方对白菜品质及土壤性质的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,配方4处理的白菜Vc含量最多,配方1次之,分别较对照增加了210%、193%,硝酸盐含量除配方3和配方5外,其他处理均小于432 mg/kg,在安全范围内;5种水溶肥均能在一定程度上改善土壤p H值和电导率,配方1土壤碱解氮和有效磷含量最高,分别为327.8 mg/kg和118.23 mg/kg,参照菜园土壤有效养分丰缺状况的分级标准,土壤氮、磷含量过高,可能会对周边的水环境造成污染。     

污染减排及新冠肺炎对广州空气质量影响分析

自2017年《广州市空气质量达标规划》实施以来,广州空气质量大幅改善并于2020年首次实现全面达标,评估《规划》中本地污染减排措施实施成效可为后续大气污染防治提供参考.本研究基于各种减排情景的排放核算结果,综合运用空气质量模型模拟和数据融合技术,量化评估了本地污染减排措施、新冠疫情防控工作、周边排放控制及气象条件变化4种影响因素对2017—2020年广州市空气质量改善的贡献.评估结果显示,本地污染减排措施是2017—2020年SO₂、NO₂、PM₁₀及PM_2.5浓度下降的主导因素,其浓度削减贡献分别为53.58%、31.60%、34.24%及30.82%;疫情防控工作的浓度削减贡献在初期较大,但在后期随着复工复产而减弱;周边减排空气质量改善效果弱于本地污染减排;气象条件变化对各污染物浓度下降均存在正贡献,且对O3浓度削减的贡献(81.96%)尤为显著.     

Development of thermochromic strips as a water pasteurization indicator

Boiling of water, for purification, commonly practiced in the world, has many problems associated with it like danger of scalding,scaling in the vessels, removal of useful minerals and blandness of taste etc. Water can be made safe for drinking simply by heating at 65℃ for 6 minutes. A colour indicating strip was developed which changes colour from red to purple at 67℃. Use of this strip can help in pasteurizing water without the above problems and with considerable energy saving.     

焦化废水污染特征及其控制过程与策略分析

针对量大面广、成分复杂、具有典型的有毒/难降解工业有机废水特征的焦化废水,介绍了不同生产工艺的水质水量、污染物组成、有机污染物的生物降解特性及基于其特性的废水处理方法的选择;重点分析了以脱氮为目标的A/O、A2/O、A/O2、O/A/O工艺的特点,强调了生物流化床反应器的高效性;从溶解氧、温度、pH值、营养组成、污泥龄及有毒有害物质调控等方面讨论了焦化废水污染控制过程的影响因素,比较了不同工程工艺的技术特点与经济差异,对一些敏感性指标提出了控制策略,强调了技术创新与政策性补偿有助于解决行业环保问题的观点.     

Potential for biological control of field bindweed in California's coastal vineyards

The possibility of using biological control against field bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis L., was studied in four vineyards along the California coast. Field bindweed is a dominant member of the weed community and the principal plant pest in these vineyards. There is considerable insect and mite damage to its foliage during late summer and autumn, but the stress this places on the weed is unknown. The most significant natural enemies of field bindweed are defoliating caterpillars, Bedellia somnulentella Zeller, Chaetocnema confinis Crotch, and spider mites. Non of the natural enemies present appeared to be suitable as biological control agents. However, some arthropods, such as Noctuelia floralis (Huebner), associated with field bindweed in Mediterranean Europe and Pakistan, could be useful in the California grape agroecosystem, once cleared for importation and release in North America. Others, unsuitable to release in California because of feeding on closely related native plants, may be of value in other parts of the world where no such conflicts of interest exist. It would be feasible to use biological control against field bindweed in California's coastal vineyards and, perhaps, also in orchards under present systems of cultivation. Its effectiveness could be enhanced by certain changes in growing practices, particularly the acceptance of some weed growth, and by changes in existing pest controls. Biological control of field bindweed should be considered in the development of pest management programs for such crops in California and wherever this plant is a serious pest.     

Automatic control strategy for step feed anoxic/aerobic biological nitrogen removal process

Control of sludge age and mixed liquid suspended solids concentration in the activated sludge process is critical for ensuring effective wastewater treatment. A nonlinear dynamic model for a step-feed activated sludge process was developed in this study. The system is based on the control of the sludge age and mixed liquor suspended solids in the aerator of last stage by adjusting the sludge recycle and wastage flow rates respectively. The simulation results showed that the sludge age remained nearly constant at a value of 16 d in the variation of the influent characteristics. The mixed liquor suspended solids in the aerator of last stage were also maintained to a desired value of 2500 g/m^3 by adjusting wastage flow rates.     

Se(Ⅳ)和Se(Ⅵ)对小白菜生长及生理效应的影响

用盆栽试验研究了不同含量Se(Ⅳ)和Se(Ⅵ)对小白菜生长和生理效应的影响.结果表明,不同含量Se(Ⅳ)和Se(Ⅵ)对小白菜体生长和生理代谢的影响不尽相同.低含量硒（Se(Ⅳ)<10.0 mg·kg-1、Se(Ⅵ)<5.0 mg·kg-1）能够促进小白菜的生长,使其根变粗, 诱导脯氨酸的产生,阻止丙二醛（MDA）的合成,增强白菜的抗逆性,使其生物量明显提高;高含量硒会抑制小白菜的生长,导致植物体内脯氨酸合成下降,MDA含量增加,叶及根系生长受到抑制,地上和地下部干重显著急速下降（p<0.01）.小白菜根长、叶面积等生长指标均随Se(Ⅳ)和Se(Ⅵ)含量的增大而显著下降（p<0.01）;抑制小白菜根系生长的Se(Ⅳ)含量为60 mg·kg-1,明显高于Se(Ⅵ)含量（20.0 mg·kg-1）.相同硒含量下,Se(Ⅳ)处理的小白菜地上部干重为Se(Ⅵ)的1.1~3.0倍,说明本试验条件下Se(Ⅵ)的生物有效性和毒性均大于Se(Ⅳ).Se(Ⅵ)处理小白菜地上部分的硒含量显著高于地下部分,而Se(Ⅳ)处理小白菜地下部分的硒含量显著高于地上部分,小白菜地上和地下部分对Se(Ⅵ)的吸收量均显著高于Se(Ⅳ).综合生长和生理因子分析表明,地上部分生物量是反映Se(Ⅳ)及Se(Ⅵ)处理土壤上小白菜生长状况的理想指标.     

连续流分段进水工艺生物脱氮除磷技术分析及优化控制

连续流分段进水工艺可最大程度利用污水碳源,对低C/N城镇生活污水及工业废水具有深度脱氮除磷特性.详述了连续流分段进水工艺生物脱氮除磷原理和工艺特性,重点分析了段数、流量分配比、各段缺氧区和好氧区容积分配比、溶解氧、污泥回流比、原水水质等对工艺运行性能的影响因素.并结合国内外研究现状和工程应用实例,概述了工艺的过程控制的研究情况和应用前景.开展针对中国污水水质的工艺设计试验研究和相应的工艺过程控制研究是加快分段进水工艺应用于中国污水处理行业的两大技术突破点.     

溴虫腈在甘蓝及土壤中的残留检测及降解动态

建立了用高效液相色谱法检测甘蓝和土壤中溴虫腈残留的分析方法.土壤和甘蓝样品经丙酮/水混合液(体积比为8∶2)提取,用装有无水硫酸钠和中性氧化铝的层析柱净化,用C18柱作为分析柱,甲醇与水混合液(体积比为80∶20)作为流动相,在260nm的检测波长下,用高效液相色谱法定量测定甘蓝和土壤中残留的溴虫腈.在溴虫腈添加质量比为0·1~1·0mg·kg-1范围内,甘蓝和土壤样品的平均回收率为90·6%~93·3%,变异系数为1·9%~11·6%,在上述条件下,甘蓝和土壤中的最低检出限为0·0162mg·kg-1.应用上述方法,测定了10%溴虫腈纳米功能化制剂和10%溴虫腈悬浮剂在甘蓝和土壤中的降解动态.结果表明,10%溴虫腈纳米功能化制剂和10%悬浮剂在甘蓝中的降解动态方程分别为C=4·0431e-0·3103t(R2=0·9528)和C=6·9611e-0·2686t(R2=0·9272),半衰期分别为t0·5=2·2d和2·6d;在土壤中的降解动态方程分别为C=0·2538e-0·1612t(R2=0·9281)和C=0·537e-0·1754t(R2=0·9845),半衰期分别为t0·5=4·3d和3·9d.按推荐剂量的加倍量施药,在甘蓝中的最终残留低于美国国家环保署规定之蔬菜最大允许残留量(1mg·kg-1).10%溴虫腈纳米功能化制剂在甘蓝和土壤中的降解都比10%溴虫腈悬浮剂快,且作物的最终残留量也比较少,所以,溴虫腈纳米功能化制剂能较好地减少其在作物和土壤中的残留.     

Joint effects of cadmium and lead on seedlings of four Chinese cabbage cultivars in northeastern China

In northeastern China, large area of vegetable land has been simultaneously polluted by cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). Joint e ects of Cd and Pb on Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis L.) were investigated using the seed germination and sand culture method. Four Chinese cabbage cultivars including Kangbingjinchun (KB), Dongyangchunxia (DY), Qinglvwang (QL) and Qiangshi (QS) from Shenyang in northeastern China were adopted in this study. The results showed that there were positive linear relationships between the inhibitory rate of biomass, root and shoot elongation and the concentrations of Cd and Pb. In particular, root elongation was more sensitive to joint stress of Cd and Pb. The activity of superoxide dismutase and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble protein (SP) and proline (PRO) changed significantly with increasing exposure concentration of Cd and Pb. The decrement in the activity of antioxidative enzymes, the content of SP and accumulation of MDA were relatively low in KB and QS. PRO played an important role in resisting Cd and Pb stress.