最近10年国外循环经济进展及对中国深化发展的启示

随着联合国确立2030全球可持续发展目标和巴黎会议通过应对气候变化的全球协议,循环经济在世界各国的发展得到越来越多的重视,正在与低碳经济一起作为绿色经济的两个支柱,纳入主流的理论研究和政策研究。过去10年来,受到中国发展循环经济的刺激,国外特别是欧洲国家为了占领绿色经济制高点,强化了循环经济的研究与实践,在理论研究、政策创新、企业实践等方面取得了一系列重要成果。这反过来可以对中国未来深化循环经济起到促进和激励作用。本文从三个方面总结和评论最近10年来国外循环经济的进展及其启示。首先,指出循环经济从60年前的思想萌芽,经过过去20年的发展,当前在政府、专门组织以及学术研究等多种力量的推动下,正在进入波澜壮阔的第三波。其次,概括过去10年欧洲国家在循环经济领域取得的进展和成果,指出循环经济的理论与实践出现了整合化、系统化的趋势,重要如EMF提出了循环经济的系统模型;战略思路实现了从治理废弃物向预防和减少废弃物的转变,重要如欧盟提出了发展循环经济的一揽子计划;强调循环经济对于21世纪企业发展和创新具有重大意义,重要如埃森哲咨询公司提出了循环型企业的五种类型,其中产品服务系统和基于互联网平台的分享经济正在成为循环型企业发展的新前沿。最后,在前述研究的基础上,针对中国循环经济发展如何走上新台阶,如何实现经济社会发展与物质流消耗的绝对脱钩,从建构循环经济整体模式以及政府、企业、消费者、研究者等利益相关者合作推动等方面提出了相应的建议。     

Palaeotempestology: the study of prehistoric tropical cyclones--a review and implications for hazard assessment

Records of prehistoric tropical cyclones occur in the form of ridges of coral rubble, sand, shell, sand and shell, and pumice; erosional terraces in raised gravel beaches; barrier washover deposits; and, sediments deposited in the shallow offshore marine environment. Other less well-documented records occur as variations in isotopic ratios within speleothems and possibly tree rings, and changes in pollen records resulting from introduction of new species after forest disturbance due to cyclonic winds. As yet, such records have not been identified beyond 5500 years of age. Recent palaeotempestological studies in the United States and northern Australia have highlighted that the frequency and magnitude of these natural hazards do not remain constant over time, and there are periods when cyclogenesis is enhanced, and others of relative quiescence. Recognition of such regime changes, or non-stationarity in the long-term record, is important for risk assessments of this hazard. Until now however, few if any risk assessments have incorporated data from the long-term record of tropical cyclones, and instead have relied on generally short instrumented historical records. The longer-term records suggest that such an approach may miscalculate the 1% Annual Exceedance Probability risk to coastal communities from future tropical cyclones.     

Environmental radioactivity and thermoluminescence: A review

A close link exists between environmental radioactivity and thermoluminescence (TL) and this connection can be gainfully employed in (i) environmental radiation surveillance, (ii) radioactive prospecting and (iii) dating. The science of thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD) is very well established for use in routine radiation monitoring. With the increased public awareness of health effects due to radioactivity releases from nuclear operations. TLDs have become indispensible ‘watchdogs’ in environmental surveillance; in high natural background areas such as the monazite regions, TLDs have yielded invaluable dosimetric data. Over large areas where the cosmic background can be assumed constant, the TLD-recorded radiation profiles can reflected the terrestrial gamma radioactivity distribution pattern and even seasonal variations in the radiation levels above ground may be delineated. A variety of natural materials like minerals, rocks, soils, sands, sediments, fossils, etc., as well as ancient artefacts like potteries and ceramic wares, yield TL even without any irradiation in the laboratory: the natural radioactivity in these materials, together with the radiation incident on them from the environment, causes a TL build-up during antiquity. It is possible to measure this natural TL and relate it to the natural radioactivity of the sample and hence to its age. In contrast, observations of a kind of anticorrelation between TL and a sample's radioactivity have also been made in recent times and the effect is mostly ascribable to alpha-radioactivity-induced damage effects.Typical results from recent investigations of the various aspects mentioned above are presented in this review, with particular emphasis on applications in India.     

A survey of parabens in commercial pharmaceuticals from China and its implications for human exposure

Parabens are widely used as antimicrobial preservatives during pharmaceutical production. However, little information is available regarding the occurrence of parabens in commercial pharmaceuticals and their implications for human exposure. In this study, six commonly used parabens were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with 100 commercial pharmaceuticals collected from China. Almost all of the pharmaceutical samples contained at least one kind of parabens with the detection frequency of 97%. The concentrations of Σ₆parabens (sum of the six parabens) ranged from below MDL to 1256 ng/g, with mean and median values of 94.8 and 119 ng/g, respectively. Methyl paraben (MeP), ethyl paraben (EtP) and propyl paraben (PrP) were the predominant compounds. Significant positive correlation was observed between concentrations of MeP and PrP, indicating their co-applications in pharmaceuticals. Levels of Σ₆parabens varied in different categories of pharmaceuticals and increased with their shelf lives. Based on the measured concentrations and daily ingestion rates of pharmaceuticals, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of parabens was calculated. The median values of EDI_{pharmaceutical} for male adults, female adults and children were 4.05, 4.75 and 9.73 ng/kg-bw/day, respectively, which were three orders of magnitude lower than those from foodstuffs and personal care products (PCPs). It was firstly reported that the total exposure dose was 0.326 mg/kg-bw/day via foodstuffs, PCPs, and pharmaceuticals for Chinese female adults.     

Particle resuspension: A review

Published numerical values of resuspension variables, rates, factors, and weathering half-lives are summarized. Results of the review show the great uncertainty in accurately predicting resuspension. Resuspension rates range over six orders of magnitude from 10^?12 to 10^?4 fraction/sec, resuspension factors over nine orders of magnitude from 10^?10 to over 10^?2 m^?1, and weathering half-lives from 35 days to years. Data are yet needed to evaluate resuspension changes as a function of pollutant particle properties, including chemical composition, solubility, and shape.     

The adverse health effects of biological aerosols, other aerosols, and indoor microclimate on asthmatics and nonasthmatics

Asthmatic and nonasthmatic families in a representative community population sample have been monitored over a 2-year period using daily diaries. Simultaneous micro-indoor and outdoor monitoring has been conducted in a representative sample of houses for air pollutants, pollen, fungi, algae, and climate. Macromonitoring of air pollutants and pollen was conducted simultaneously. The relationship of indoor to outdoor and micro to macro factors can be demonstrated. Acute symptoms were strongly related to age, weakly related to sex, and not related to smoking habits. The qualitative relationship of these micro and macro factors to symptoms in asthmatic and nonasthmatic families have been explored. Suspended particulate matter and pollen were related to symptoms in asthmatics and nonasthmatics. Fungi might be related to symptoms as well. The use of gas stoves is qualitatively related to symptoms. Algae and other contaminants of evaporative coolers do not appear to be important in producing symptoms. More complex statistical analyses are required to determine interactions of these factors. Distinction has to be drawn between infectious episodes, allergic episodes, nonallergic but similar episodes, and asthmatic attacks. This study demonstrates the need for further investigations in this area.     

Measurement of Fruit and Vegetable Losses in Brazil: A Case Study

This research conducted on municipal solid waste management for the first time quantified food spoilage as being 8.8% weight of all officially collected household garbage in the Brazilian city under study. The unexpected size of this waste fraction gave rise to work on the causes of waste and on its distribution over the product life cycle specific to fruit and vegetables. Waste was defined as being the combination of losses and scraps. Administrative shortcomings were identified as basic reasons for waste. At the producer and consumer ends of the cycle, negligence was shown to be the single most important problem. Fruit and vegetables deteriorate during the operations of handling, transport, packaging, storage, selling and consumption. The study detailed the occurrence of waste at all of these stages. In the medium-size Brazilian city, the total waste of fruit and vegetables was shown to amount to 16.6% weight in the marketing stage of the life cycle. At the consumer level, it was measured as 3.4% weight of all household garbage. Specific reasons for this waste were identified at the levels of producer, wholesaler and retailer. Short-term remedies were pointed out that invariably corrected deficient management procedures. It was shown that very simple administrative measures can significantly reduce the spoilage of fruit and vegetables. Long-term strategies involve the creation of sample cases for administration of the fruit and vegetables life cycle at all stages.     

World crop residues production and implications of its use as a biofuel

Reducing and off-setting anthropogenic emissions of CO(2) and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) are important strategies of mitigating the greenhouse effect. Thus, the need for developing carbon (C) neutral and renewable sources of energy is more than ever before. Use of crop residue as a possible source of feedstock for bioenergy production must be critically and objectively assessed because of its positive impact on soil C sequestration, soil quality maintenance and ecosystem functions. The amount of crop residue produced in the US is estimated at 367x10(6) Mg/year for 9 cereal crops, 450x10(6) Mg/year for 14 cereals and legumes, and 488x10(6) Mg/year for 21 crops. The amount of crop residue produced in the world is estimated at 2802x10(6) Mg/year for cereal crops, 3107x10(6) Mg/year for 17 cereals and legumes, and 3758x10(6) Mg/year for 27 food crops. The fuel value of the total annual residue produced is estimated at 1.5x10(15) kcal, about 1 billion barrels (bbl) of diesel equivalent, or about 8 quads for the US; and 11.3x10(15) kcal, about 7.5 billion bbl of diesel or 60 quads for the world. However, even a partial removal (30-40%) of crop residue from land can exacerbate soil erosion hazard, deplete the SOC pool, accentuate emission of CO(2) and other GHGs from soil to the atmosphere, and exacerbate the risks of global climate change. Therefore, establishing bioenergy plantations of site-specific species with potential of producing 10-15 Mg biomass/year is an option that needs to be considered. This option will require 40-60 million hectares of land in the US and about 250 million hectares worldwide to establish bioenergy plantations.     

Vanadium,recent advancements and research prospects: A review

Metal pollution is an important issue worldwide, with various documented cases of metal toxicity in mining areas, industries, coal power plants and agriculture sector. Heavy metal polluted soils pose severe problems to plants, water resources, environment and nutrition. Among all non-essential metals, vanadium (V) is becoming a serious matter of discussion for the scientists who deals with heavy metals. Due to its mobility from soil to plants, it causes adverse effects to human beings. This review article illustrates briefly about V, its role and shows the progress about V research so far done globally in the light of the previous work which may assist in inter-disciplinary studies to evaluate the ecological importance of V toxicity.     

GM crops and the rat digestive tract: A critical review

The aim of this review is to examine the relationship between genetically modified (GM) crops and health, based on histopathological investigations of the digestive tract in rats. We reviewed published long-term feeding studies of crops containing one or more of three specific traits: herbicide tolerance via the EPSPS gene and insect resistance via cry1Ab or cry3Bb1 genes. These genes are commonly found in commercialised GM crops. Our search found 21 studies for nine (19%) out of the 47 crops approved for human and/or animal consumption. We could find no studies on the other 38 (81%) approved crops. Fourteen out of the 21 studies (67%) were general health assessments of the GM crop on rat health. Most of these studies (76%) were performed after the crop had been approved for human and/or animal consumption, with half of these being published at least nine years after approval. Our review also discovered an inconsistency in methodology and a lack of defined criteria for outcomes that would be considered toxicologically or pathologically significant. In addition, there was a lack of transparency in the methods and results, which made comparisons between the studies difficult. The evidence reviewed here demonstrates an incomplete picture regarding the toxicity (and safety) of GM products consumed by humans and animals. Therefore, each GM product should be assessed on merit, with appropriate studies performed to indicate the level of safety associated with them. Detailed guidelines should be developed which will allow for the generation of comparable and reproducible studies. This will establish a foundation for evidence-based guidelines, to better determine if GM food is safe for human and animal consumption.     

Preparation of size-selected fibers and fibrous aerosols for biological experiments

A size-selective procedure was developed for the preparation of fiber fractions of uniform size of chrysotile, crocidolite, amosite, and glass. The raw material was first ground to a suitable fineness, then suspended in liquids by ultrasonic agitation and separated by fiber diameter by means of slow sedimentation. The fractionation by fiber length was done by a vibrating sieve method. Fibrous aerosols of different size distributions could be prepared by using a vibrating bed aerosol generator.     

Mechanistic aspects regarding the direct aqueous environmental photochemistry of phenol and its simple halogenated derivatives. A review

We have reviewed the mechanistic aspects regarding the direct aqueous phase environmental photochemistry of phenol and its simple halogenated derivatives. These compounds are important industrial and natural products, are ubiquitous in aquatic systems, and their acute and chronic toxicity makes their environmental fate of interest. Work over the past two decades has unified the photochemistry of phenol and its simple halogenated derivatives. In general, three photochemical pathways dominate in aqueous solution depending on the nature of the substrate: (1) photoionization, (2) photochemical aryl-halogen bond homolysis, and (3) photochemical aryl-halogen bond heterolysis. Photoionization typically results in an array of biaryl radical coupling products which are only relevant for highly concentrated waste streams. Photolytic aryl-halogen bond homolysis will primarily give photoreduction products where reducing agents such as dissolved organic matter or reduced metal cations are present, and radical coupling products in highly concentrated waste streams. The 2- and 4-substituted halophenols may undergo photochemical aryl-halogen bond heterolysis upon irradiation to give an aryl cation. The aryl cation can be attacked by water to give the corresponding hydroxylated derivative, or may deprotonate to generate alpha- and gamma-ketocarbenes, respectively. Following their formation, the singlet alpha-ketocarbenes may undergo Wolff rearrangements to cyclopentadiene-ketenes that are subsequently hydrolyzed to cyclopentadiene carboxylic acids. The triplet alpha- and gamma-ketocarbenes are attacked by oxygen and hydrolyzed to give benzoquinones, directly hydrolyzed to yield hydroquinones, reduced to give phenols, or could take part in coupling reactions in highly concentrated waste streams to give dimers and hydroxybiaryl complexes. Additional studies in natural water samples are required to assess the relative importance of these direct irradiation mechanisms relative to indirect photolysis and other abiotic and biotic degradation and environmental partitioning pathways across the continuum of marine, freshwater, and wastewater biogeochemical signatures.     

适应转化:新生代流动人口定居意愿的实证研究及其政策意涵

本文基于南开大学"2013年流动人口管理和服务对策研究问卷调查"的数据,对新生代流动人口定居意愿及其影响因素展开分析,并与老生代流动人口的情况进行比较。发现经济因素对老生代流动人口定居意愿具有显著影响。然而,与之不同的是,职业类型、家庭人均月收入、住房公积金等代表经济因素的指标对新生代流动人口定居意愿的影响不显著。而且,信用卡消费、人均居住面积、居住质量、对城市生活水平的满意度、流入地亲人数、朋友中的本地人数量、日常生活中与本地人的交往频繁程度等代表社会适应因素的指标对新生代流动人口定居意愿具有显著影响;但是,这些社会适应因素对老生代流动人口定居意愿的影响则较为有限。由此可见,流动人口定居意愿影响因素存在显著的代际差异。相对于老生代流动人口而言,新生代流动人口定居意愿的影响因素由经济吸引向社会适应转化。具体而言,新生代流动人口定居意愿的社会适应因素体现在消费方式、居住环境、情感纽带、社会融入、城市评价等五个方面。因此,可以通过增进新生代流动人口的社会适应从而提高其定居意愿。     

Bushmeat consumption and its implications for wildlife conservation in the semi-arid region of Brazil

Hunting plays an important socioeconomic role in the semi-arid region of Brazil, by supplying meat and other products. Nevertheless, there is a lack of information on which species are most used by the local populations and what are the implications for conservation of exploited animals. This paper explores the bushmeat consumption in the Brazilian Caatinga region, where wild animals comprise an important protein source. A questionnaire was used to gather information from hunters, and the consumption of bushmeat by their families was monitored. Interviews revealed that 58 vertebrate species could potentially be consumed as bushmeat, but the samples provided by the monitored families comprised only 28 species. Birds were the animals most consumed, followed by mammals, although the biomass of both groups was similar. The consumption of bushmeat was not correlated with hunters’ socioeconomic data (income, age or schooling). Hunters recognized that the populations of some game species appeared to be declining, showing that bushmeat consumption, together with the cultural, economic and social aspects of the human populations involved in hunting, should be considered when discussing the conservation of animal resources in the Caatinga region.     

Occurrence of parabens in foodstuffs from China and its implications for human dietary exposure

Parabens are alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and are used as antimicrobial preservatives in a range of consumer products, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and foodstuffs. Despite their widespread use, prior to this study, paraben concentrations in foodstuffs from China and human dietary exposure to these chemicals have been unknown. In this study, concentrations of six parabens were determined in 13 categories of food samples (n = 282), including cereals and cereal products, meat, fish and seafood, eggs, dairy products, bean products, fruits, vegetables, cookies, beverages, cooking oils, condiments, and others, collected from nine cities in China. Almost all (detection rate: 99%) food samples contained at least one of the parabens analyzed, and the total concentrations (ΣParabens; sum of six parabens) ranged from below limit of quantification (LOQ) to 2530 ng/g fresh weight, with an overall mean value of 39.3 ng/g. Methyl paraben (MeP), ethyl paraben (EtP), and propyl paraben (PrP) were the major paraben analogs found in foodstuffs, and these compounds accounted for 59%, 24%, and 10%, respectively, of ΣParaben concentrations. Although the mean concentrations of ΣParabens varied among different categories of food items (from 0.839 ng/g in beverages to 100 ng/g in vegetables), the concentrations were not statistically significant among the 13 food categories, including canned foodstuffs. Estimated daily intake (EDI) of parabens was based on the measured concentrations in foods and the corresponding daily food ingestion rates. The mean and 95th percentile values for EDI were 1010 and 3040 ng/kg body weight (bw)/day for adult men and 1060 and 3170 ng/kg bw/day for adult women, respectively.     

Secondary arsenic minerals in the environment: A review

Information on arsenic (As) speciation in solid materials is critical for many environmental studies concerned with As stability and/or mobility in natural As-impacted soils and mining or industrial sites contaminated by As. The investigation of these systems has provided evidence for a number of secondary As minerals that have often played a significant role in As mobility in the solid phase–water system. This paper presents a list of environmentally important secondary As minerals in contaminated soil and waste systems, summarizes the information about their origin, occurrence, environmental stability and thermodynamics, and proposes several important avenues for further investigation.     

The chemistry of smog formation: A review of current knowledge

This paper describes smog chemistry and the methods used to develop our knowledge of its complex chemistry. These methods employ computer modeling, fundamental chemistry, smog chamber experiments, sophisticated analytical instrumentation, and process analysis techniques. The photochemistry leading to smog formation involves a kinetically controlled and coupled competitive process. The essential pathway for formation of nitrogen oxides starts with emissions composed primarily of NO, which are converted to NO₂, mostly via reactions with peroxy radicals; NO₂ is converted to photochemically inert nitric acid primarily by reaction with OH. Organics in smog chemistry are eventually oxidized to CO₂ and water; before this, they typically react with OH to form peroxy radicals. The peroxy (RO₂·) radicals couple the organic and nitrogen chemistry by converting NO to NO₂; the RO₂· radicals are converted to RO radicals, which typically lead to oxygenated intermediate organics that continue through OH·---RO₂·---RO· cycles. These OH·---RO₂·---RO· cycles produce CO, CO₂, and radical products. The radical products, which usually derive from photolysis of oxygenated intermediate organic products, are central to the overall process of smog formation. This is because the balance of these radicals affects the rapidity and severity of smog development. The radical balance is, in turn, controlled by the sources and sinks that depend on the HC/NO_x ratio, the types of organics, and the light flux. With only a rudimentary understanding of smog chemistry as a process, many of the effects observed from precursor controls can be explained and the basic shape of Empirical Kinetics Modeling Approach (EKMA) isopleth curves can be accounted for. The next step beyond this basic level of understanding involves a host of subprocesses composed of a complex series of chemical reactions. Current research in smog chemistry centers on the assessment and elucidation of these complex subprocesses. Atmospheric models currently in use rely on condensed chemical mechanisms. All such modern mechanisms treat the same basic processes, but differ both in their method of condensation and in their manner of addressing the complex subprocesses of smog chemistry.     

Water pollution in Pakistan and its impact on public health--a review

Water pollution is one of the major threats to public health in Pakistan. Drinking water quality is poorly managed and monitored. Pakistan ranks at number 80 among 122 nations regarding drinking water quality. Drinking water sources, both surface and groundwater are contaminated with coliforms, toxic metals and pesticides throughout the country. Various drinking water quality parameters set by WHO are frequently violated. Human activities like improper disposal of municipal and industrial effluents and indiscriminate applications of agrochemicals in agriculture are the main factors contributing to the deterioration of water quality. Microbial and chemical pollutants are the main factors responsible exclusively or in combination for various public health problems. This review discusses a detailed layout of drinking water quality in Pakistan with special emphasis on major pollutants, sources of pollution and the consequent health problems. The data presented in this review are extracted from various studies published in national and international journals. Also reports released by the government and non-governmental organizations are included.