生态社区建设中环保教育的代际引导机制调查研究

居民既是社区生态环境改善的受益者,也是推动和监督社区环境治理的根本动力.充分利用文献法、入户访谈、问卷调查法及案例分析法,调查生态社区环境治理背景下家庭环保教育的代际引导机制,发现:学生对于室外实践课和手工实践课兴趣很高,比较排斥室内文本形式的环保教育.超过82.4%的家长期望孩子在环保课堂中可以学习到环保知识,超过61%的家长愿意配合学生完成环保课外实践.目的:研究确实有效的家庭环保意识传递方式,为社区、学校的环境教育提供高效的教学方案.     

Spatial separation from family in the mobile young of a biparental fish: risks and dynamics of returning home

In species with extended parental care, mobile dependent young are potentially more vulnerable to predators when they stray and become separated from their parents. We would expect that the likelihood of, and latency time for, a separated young to safely return to its ‘family unit’ (i.e. parents and brood mates) to be, respectively, inversely and positively related to the initial distance of separation and potentially mediated by its age or body size. Using the biparental convict cichlid fish (Amatitlania siquia), we tested these predictions by capturing individual young and displacing them at varying distances from their family unit in both the field and laboratory. As expected, displaced fish were less likely, and took longer, to return to their family with increasing separation distance from the family unit. The body length of displaced young mediated these relationships and their antipredator behaviour; larger young refuged more than smaller ones and were also less likely to be eaten by predators. These results suggest that selection should favour strong affiliative behaviour in mobile young animals towards their brood mates and protective parents because straying from the family unit leads to increased exposure to predation and a reduced likelihood of returning home with increasing separation distance.     

Song of Solomon——A Journey of Milkman Dead

American Scholar Joseph Campbell puts forward a more detailed model of heroes in which a successful journey usually contains three major phases:"separation""initiation"and"return".In Song of Solomon written by Toni Morrison,the hero,Milkman Dead leaves his family to the south to find his family’s lost tradition and memory and the journey of Milkman Dead turns out to be a journey of understanding himself,his ancestry and African heritage.The journey also fits into the legendary model of hero’s journey"Separation—Initiation—Return"model.     

Prenatal diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (21-OH deficiency type) by HLA typing

The close genetic linkage between HLA-B and congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency permits prenatal diagnosis of an affected fetus by HLA typing of amniotic fluid cells in pregnancies at risk. Some families at risk, especially those with an affected girl with ambiguous genitalia, will only plan another pregnancy if a prenatal diagnosis is possible. After HLA typing of the index case, parents and eventually grandparents, the family were informed of the possibility of a prenatal diagnosis. Fibroblast cell lines were initiated from skin biopsies of the index cases and parents and were used as controls in the tests. HLA typing of the fetus was done on amniotic fluid cells grown in vitro using first, a microcytotoxicity test and second quantitative microabsorption test. Ten prenatal diagnoses are reported. In two cases the HLA genotype indicated an affected fetus, examination of the aborted fetuses was in agreement with the diagnosis. In one case an affected male fetus was diagnosed, the pregnancy is in progress. In seven cases an unaffected infant was predicted (four carriers and three homozygous normal infants).     

我国典型城市中小学水环境教育现状与需求解析

本文选择青岛、武汉两城市为代表,对我国典型城市中小学水环境教育现状进行了调查研究,研究结果表明,目前已经在两地已开展的环境教育活动对青少年环境知识水平的提高起到了积极作用.但是,青少年环境保护意识仍需加强,相关知识有待于和实践进一步结合,同时在解决环境问题的技能、思考力和判断力方面仍有很大的空间.因此,构建我国青少年水环境教育体系应进一步注重提高青少年解决环境问题的思考力和环境意识,特别是落实到水环境保护行为的教育需纳入青少年环境教育框架.     

论推广普通话的重要性

普通话是现代汉民族共同语,长期以来我国各地区人口交流存在着严重的障碍,而普通话却得不到应有的重视。本文从普通话的内涵入手,分析了当前社会中对普通话的推广工作存在的一些偏见和误解,阐述了当前社会推广普通话的意义,并分析了推广普通话的光明前景。更重要的是从经济发展、民族交流和发展教育、科技三个不同方面来阐述推广普通话的重要性。     

Attitudes to and practices regarding sex selection in China

This paper explores the problem of China's ‘missing’ girls—estimated to run into many millions. It considers the impact of the underpinning Confucian value system in China that has produced a culture of son preference and which, together with China's compulsory family planning program and ‘one child policy’, has effectively established a ‘one son policy’. Discussion of the various means by which the birth or survival of daughters have traditionally been prevented provides the context for identifying the contribution of new sex selection procedures to the maintenance of son preference in contemporary Chinese society. The paper concludes that China's son preference is not simply a personal problem for the millions of ‘missing girls’ who were destined to live a shorter life and for the surviving girls who continue to face considerable discrimination simply because they are of the ‘wrong’ sex; it heralds a social and demographic disaster of major proportions for which neither the government nor the people of China appear to have the will or the means to forestall. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

我国城镇居民对CO2减排的支付意愿调查研究

运用权变评价法(CVM)调查了我国城镇居民对CO2减排的支付意愿.结果表明,我国城镇居民愿意为到2050年全球CO2减排30%而每年支付132元;减排60%而每年支付216元;减排85%而每年支付264元.一般线性回归模型分析结果显示,城镇居民的受教育程度、家庭年收入、职业类型、所在城市、对气候变化的认知程度和环境意识,都对CO2减排的支付意愿有显著影响; 而且不同的CO2减排成本分配方案对人们的支付意愿也有显著影响.     

三工河流域油料作物的农户种植意愿影响因素分析——基于Logistic模型和240户农户微观调查数据

论文以新疆三工河流域27个行政村(连队)240户农户的调查数据为基础,通过建立农户种植油料作物意愿和各自变量的Logistic回归计量模型,从家庭特征因素、 资源禀赋因素、 家庭经济因素和其他因素四大方面分析了农户对油料作物种植意愿的影响因素。研究表明:家庭总人口、 对农业技术服务的态度与农户的种植意愿呈正相关关系,且对农业技术服务的态度标准化系数更大,影响更显著;常年从事农业劳动人数、 户主文化水平和地块位置与之呈反相关关系,且户主文化水平的标准化系数更大,影响更显著。但是反映土地投入、 种地收入以及人均收入没有通过检验,不能得出这几个变量与农户种植油料作物意愿之间的关系。文章最后探讨了兵地差异对农户种植意愿的影响及研究展望。     

Commentary: The federal ‘Prenatally and Postnatally Diagnosed Conditions Awareness Act’

The recently enacted federal law, the ‘Prenatally and Postnatally Diagnosed Conditions Awareness Act’ (United States Public Law 110–374) seeks to improve opportunities for parents and pregnant women to anticipate and understand the likely life course of children born with Down syndrome and other (unspecified) conditions. The law is in part a response to the continued growth of prenatal screening and testing. For example, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Practice Bulletin 77 recommends that ‘Screening and invasive diagnostic testing for aneuploidies be available to all women who present for prenatal care before 20 weeks of gestation regardless of maternal age.’ Emerging technologies anticipate an era in which the scope of prenatal screening and testing will be much larger than it is today. Inevitably, more women will find themselves facing the hard question of whether to continue or end a pregnancy in which a fetus has been found to have a significant abnormality. While the new federal law is not likely to have a major impact on obstetric practice, it may be a harbinger of renewed wide-scale public debate concerning the ethics of prenatal screening. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fetal spina bifida: What we tell the parents

Worldwide, about 150 000 infants are born with spina bifida yearly, making this condition one of the most common fetal central nervous system anomalies compatible with life. Over the last decade, major changes have been introduced in the prenatal diagnosis and management of spina bifida. In this review, we provide a brief summary of the current management of fetal spina bifida and present essential information that should be provided to expecting parents when their fetus has been diagnosed with spina bifida. This information is focused around common parental questions, as encountered in our typical clinical practice, to facilitate knowledge translation.     

Congenital limb deficiencies in newborn infants: prevalence,characteristics and prenatal diagnosis

Congenital limb deficiency (CLD) occurs in 0.54 to 0.59/1000 live-born infants and varies according to its anatomic location, type and cause. Our aim was to present a fetus with a prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of CLD (transverse reduction deficiency of the left upper limb), and to determine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of CLD at a tertiary medical centre in Israel. Among 78 500 live-born infants, there were 24 cases of CLD (0.31/1000): 45.8% of the CLD cases with affected upper limbs, 45.8% with affected lower limbs, and 8.4% with both limbs affected; 88.4% of the limb deficiencies were longitudinal and 11.6% were transverse; and, 33.3% (8/24) of the affected newborn infants had additional congenital anomalies. We conclude that CLD is not an infrequent finding in live-born infants. Comprehensive ultrasonography of the fetus allows early prenatal diagnosis of CLD and provides the parents with important information and helps them in their decision regarding the fate of the pregnancy. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非农就业对农户种植多样性的影响:以江苏省泰兴市和宿豫区为例

为分析非农就业对农户种植多样性的影响,通过农户问卷调查手段获得356份农户问卷,以在江苏省泰兴市和宿豫区的农户问卷调查数据为基础,采用Poisson回归方法,估计了农户种植多样性决策模型。依据模型估计结果,分析了非农就业对农户种植多样性的影响。分析表明,农户的种植多样性受到多种因素的影响。负责农业生产家庭成员受教育年限提高1 a,种植多样性提高1.5%左右;种植面积增加1 hm²,则农户种植多样性提高28%左右;就农户参与非农活动的影响而言,与负责农业生产家庭成员不参与非农活动的农户相比较,负责农业生产家庭成员参与非农活动家庭的种植多样性减少11%左右;负责农业生产家庭成员参与非农活动月数增加1个月,农户种植多样性大约降低1.4%。分析说明负责农业生产家庭成员参与非农就业会显著降低农户种植多样性。     

Examining the determinants of public environmental concern: Evidence from national public surveys

Early research showed that citizens’ environmental concern in the United States was linked to three individual-level factors: socio-demographic variables, political orientations, and personal beliefs or worldviews about human-nature relations. Given many changes in the American society over the last several decades, one important, yet unanswered question is whether these factors still drive public environmental concern in the United States today, and if so, to what extent. This study, drawing from extant theoretical and empirical studies, aims to reinvestigate the determinants of citizens’ environmental concern by employing three national public surveys conducted in 2004, 2007, and 2013. Our data analyses confirm and expand the findings of previous research on the significance and importance of political ideology, fundamental beliefs about human-nature relations, and certain socioeconomic factors such as gender and race in explaining citizens’ environmental concern. More specifically, political liberals, people with higher New Ecological Paradigm values, females, and Non-Whites tend to be more concerned about environmental problems than their counterparts are. Our data analyses also reveal some interesting findings when compared to many previous studies: first, our data indicate a positive relationship between age and environmental concern, suggesting that older people in the United States are more concerned about the environment than younger adults; second, unlike most past research showing a positive Education-Environmental Concern relationship, our study suggests that education level seems to have little effect in explaining citizens’ environmental concern measured in this study. Key implications for environmental policymaking and recommendations for future research are discussed in the conclusion.     

美国环境教育情况简介

本文重点介绍了美国环境教育的现状，美国环境教育是提高全民思想道德素质和科学文化素质的一项基本手段。尤其是在当前我国正大力倡导提高、加强全民族思想道德素质，特别是青少年思想道德素质方面有借鉴作用。他山之石，可以攻玉。通过立法和严格执行规范环境教育是美国环境教育的一条成功经验。     

农户对替代生计的选择及其影响因素分析——以甘南黄河水源补给区为例

论文通过实地调查获得研究数据,分析了农区、 半农半牧区、 纯牧区农户替代生计选择的结果及特征,采用Logistic回归模型对影响农户替代生计选择意愿的因素进行分析。研究得出:①在替代生计的选择上,纯牧区农户主要选择特色产品加工、 做生意、 现代畜牧业,农区和半农半牧区农户主要选择做生意、 外出打工和旅游服务业;②农户对替代生计的选择表现出生计路径依赖性、 区域差异性和多样性特征;③农户对替代生计的选择偏好受生计资本的影响,自然资本、 社会资本、 家庭整体劳动能力、 家庭整体受教育水平、 家庭拥有的牲畜数量、 户主的学历和年龄分别对不同替代生计的选择影响显著。地方政府应深入了解农户选择替代生计的特点和影响因素,根据不同家庭的情况设计相应的转型政策促进农户尽快提高生计能力。     

浅议高中语文教学中的环境渗透教育

本文分析了高中语文教学中环境教育的特点，指出在高中语文教学中进行环境渗透教育的原则，并对教学方法进行了初步探讨。     

First-trimester diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta associated with encephalocele by conventional and three-dimensional ultrasound

To illustrate the three-dimensional sonographic features of a rare genetic disorder, we report on prenatal diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta congenita associated with encephalocele at 13 weeks of gestation, using conventional and three-dimensional ultrasound. Because the parents were first-degree cousins and on the basis of the family history, a recessive autosomal inheritance was suspected. Of seven previous pregnancies, five were unaffected and two had been terminated in the second trimester owing to a similar abnormality (one affected boy and one affected girl). In the case we present, the diagnosis was made on the basis of two-dimensional ultrasound performed by physicians aware of the history; the quality of three-dimensional ultrasound imaging suggests that this technique might have contributed toward establishing a precise diagnosis in the absence of a positive family history. Besides, the global view provided by three-dimensional surface-rendering images made the parents more confident of the accuracy of the diagnosis. Although osteogenesis imperfecta congenita is generally considered as autosomal dominant, the case we report suggests that it may be inherited in a recessive autosomal fashion at least when associated with encephalocele. Three-dimensional ultrasound confirmed the conventional two-dimensional examination and was helpful in convincing the parents of the accuracy of the diagnosis. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fatal fetal anomaly: Experiences of women and their partners

Objective

This study explored the care experiences of parents whose pregnancy was diagnosed with a fatal fetal anomaly following the legalisation of termination of pregnancy in 2019 in Ireland.

Methods

A qualitative study using in-depth semi-structured interviews and interpretative phenomenological analysis was undertaken. Purposeful sampling was used to recruit 10 parents, six women and four of their male partners. Parents recruited included those who terminated and continued the pregnancy.

Results

Three superordinate themes were identified: ‘Attachment and coping’, ‘There's no place for you in the pregnancy world’ and ‘Consistency of quality care’. Parents shared the different approaches and level of attachment to their baby that supported their coping. Regardless of the level of attachment, many parents benefited from the acts of remembrance. Parents expressed how they no longer felt they belonged in the ‘pregnancy world’ and described a need for healthcare professionals to recognise their loss and create a safe and supportive environment in which they could share their grief. Despite this, parents' accounts highlighted variations and inconsistencies in care and service provision.

Conclusion

Our study highlighted parents' need for consistent, well communicated, and comprehensive care, which encourages an individualised perinatal palliative care approach to meet parental needs.