根际土壤中Cd、Pb形态转化及其植物效应

采用根袋盆栽试验和连续形态分析方法研究根际土壤中Cd、Pb形态转化及其植物效应。结果表明，(1)在低Cd质量分数(≤1mg／kg)污染条件下，根际土壤中cd主要以残渣态存在；在较高cd质量分数(≥5mg／kg)污染条件下，cd主要以交换态和碳酸盐结合态存在，即根际土壤中Cd由残渣态向交换态和碳酸盐结合态转化，Cd活性增强。(2)Pb在根际土壤中主要以有机结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态存在，交换态质量分数很低，并随Pb污染水平的提高，其主要存在形态未改变。(3)土壤中Cd、Pb总质量分数及各形态质量分数(残渣态除外)与小麦根、茎叶中Cd、Pb质量分数呈正相关性，而与鲜质量呈负相关性；当w(Cd)添加量≥5mg／kg时，小麦鲜质量明显下降；当w(Pb)≥500mg／kg时，小麦鲜质量下降。     

北方常见农作物根际土壤中铅、锌的形态转化及其植物有效性

采用盆栽试验结合形态分析技术研究了北方地区常见农作物对污染土壤中铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)的形态转化及其植物有效性的影响。土壤Pb、Zn形态分析结果显示,与非根际土壤相比,多数作物根际可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、有机质结合态Pb比例降低,而铁锰氧化物结合态、残渣态Pb则显著增加;Zn则表现为可交换态比例略呈降低趋势,碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态与有机质结合态升高,残渣态Zn则大幅下降。这提示,作物根际土壤Pb存在由松结合态向紧结合态转化的现象,从而植物有效性降低;而根际土壤Zn的形态变化则与Pb相反,即由紧结合态向松结合态转化,相应地提高了Zn的植物有效性。     

Cd、Pb在根际与非根际土壤中的吸附解吸特点

采用根袋盆栽试验以及平衡法研究根际与非根际土壤对镉、铅的吸附-解吸特性。结果表明，在镉、铅起始浓度分别为Cd 0-0．6mmol／L和Pb0～1mmol／L条件下，根际与非根际土壤镉、铅吸附量差别不大，随镉、铅浓度的提高，根际土壤镉、铅吸附量均比相应的非根际土壤的高。根际与非根际土壤镉、铅解吸量随镉、铅吸附量的增加而增加，但铅解吸率(0．7％以下)明显比镉的(5％-10％)低，根际土壤镉解吸量比非根际土壤的低。     

小麦根际土壤汞的分布和形态变化

采用根际箱试验和连续化学萃取法,结合氢化物原子吸收光谱法,研究了非根际和根际土壤汞形态分布特征及小麦(Triticum aestivum)生长期土壤汞形态变化.结果表明.非根际汞形态分布顺序为:残渣态>强有机质结合态>碳酸盐铁锰氧化物结合态>腐殖酸络合态>水溶态>交换态,根际汞形态分布为:残渣态>碳酸盐铁锰氧化态>强有机质结合态>交换态>腐殖酸络合态>水溶态.当外源汞进入土壤后,在小麦生长60 d内,植物吸收使残渣态汞和水溶态汞含量明显降低,交换态汞和碳酸盐铁锰氧化态汞含量增加.土壤汞污染程度越大,在小麦中积累的汞就越多.其生物毒性增强,环境危害加大.     

钾肥对小麦根际土壤镉的吸收及其植物毒性的影响

研究不同钾肥对Cd在根际土壤-植物系统中转移及植物有效性的影响可为农业生产提供依据。以潮褐土为供试土样,采用盆栽方法研究了氯化钾、硝酸钾、硫酸钾对小麦(Triticum aestivum L)根际环境镉的吸收转移及植物有效性的影响。结果表明,(1)KCl提高根际土中有效态Cd质量分数(wCd),K2SO4和KNO3降低根际土壤有效态wCd。(2)K2SO4处理下,小麦根wCd显著大于对照;随KNO3和KCl施入量的增加,小麦根中Cd含量逐渐升高。(3)相同处理三种钾肥比较小麦地上部干物重表现为:KNO3>KCL>K2SO4,根干物质量均低于对照。(4)钾肥的施入提高小麦体内CAT,POD酶活性。建议Cd污染土施用KNO3,尽量避免施用KCl和K2SO4。     

镉在北京褐潮土中对玉米幼苗及其根际微生物的毒性效应

通过温室盆栽实验,研究了镉在北京褐潮土中对玉米(品种郑单958)幼苗的毒性效应及其生物富集特性,并通过聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术,探讨了镉对玉米根际微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,高浓度(>100mg·kg-1)镉对玉米幼苗的生长发育有明显的抑制作用,北京褐潮土中镉引起玉米幼苗株高下降1/2的效应浓度(EC50)为654.6mg·kg-1,引起玉米根部和地上部干质量下降1/2的EC50分别为323.6和110.2mg·kg-1,玉米幼苗地上部生物量(干质量)可作为评价重金属生态毒性的适宜终点。玉米幼苗对镉有一定的吸收累积效应,镉在玉米幼苗各组织中的浓度分布为根>茎>叶,其中根部对镉有一定的富集作用(生物富集系数BAF>1)。镉污染可引起玉米根际微生物群落结构发生改变,高浓度(1000mg·kg-1)镉可导致部分微生物种群数量减少甚至完全消失,表明镉污染可对植物幼苗、植物根际微生物以及植物-微生物之间的相互作用造成重要的干扰和威胁。     

生物炭与炭基肥对大豆根际土壤细菌和真菌群落的影响

土壤微生物在农田土壤生态系统中发挥重要作用,然而秸秆生物炭与炭基肥处理对微生物群落的影响以及对农田生态环境的意义尚不清楚.以黄淮海平原豆-麦轮作为研究对象,采用荧光定量PCR和Illumina高通量测序技术比较不同施肥方式对土壤细菌和真菌群落的丰度、组成和多样性差异,探究秸秆还田、生物炭以及炭基肥添加对根际土壤微生物群...     

土壤-植物根际磷的生物有效性研究进展

探讨土壤-植物根际磷素养分状况及利用机理,提高土壤磷的生物有效性,使土壤中潜在的难溶性磷库活化,提高磷肥利用率,对促进农业生产的持续高效发展和陆地生态系统的良性循环具有重大的现实意义。文章从这一角度出发,论述了根际土壤中根际微生物、根际pH值、根系分泌物、菌根、根际土壤磷酸酶等各种因素对提高土壤磷素利用率的机理。     

腐殖酸对土壤铅赋存形态的影响

通过室内培养试验,深入探讨了不同用量腐殖酸,对铅污染土壤中铅各形态的影响.结果表明,腐殖酸各处理均能显著降低土壤中铅的交换态(EX-),碳酸盐结合态(Cob-)和铁锰氧化物结合态(FeMn-)的含量,而有机结合态(Ob-)铅和残渣态(Res-)铅的含量则显著提高.施用腐殖酸有效地降低了铅的活性,且影响程度随腐殖酸用量的增加而显著增加.腐殖酸对土壤中铅离子的各形态含量随时间的变化的影响表现为,在培养040 d期间,随培养时间的延长交换态铅含量无明显变化,残渣态铅含量显著降低,其它三种形态均呈增加趋势;培养40 d后,随培养时间的延长各形态的含量均无显著变化.综合考虑认为施入10%质量比的腐殖酸即可显著降低铅的活性,从而可达到较好的修复效果.     

不同铅化合物对红壤中微生物生物量的毒性差异

为了评估红壤中不同铅人合物对微生物生物量的毒性差异,进行了实验培养试验,铅化合物为氯化铜和醋酸铅,施加的６个不同浓度为０,１００,２００,３００,４５０和６００,在铅水平相同时,醋酸铅比氯化铅对土壤中微生物生物量碳和微生物生物量氮的降低更为明显,土壤中微生物量Ｃ／Ｎ比和有机碳／微生物量碳比随着醋酸铜水平的增加而显著提高,而氯化铜在相同水平下,提高的幅度大大减少,这些结果表明,不同铅化合物的溶解度和     

Sensitive crop species and appropriate bioassays for potential use in phytotoxicity assessment of Pb-contaminated soils

The present study aims to determine the phytotoxic effects of lead (Pb) on corn (Zea mays), wheat (Triticum aestivum), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and to identify the sensitive crop species and appropriate bioassays for potential use in phytotoxicity assessment of Pb-contaminated soil. In a laboratory experiment, Pb(NO₃)₂ was added to the background soil to obtain eight Pb treatments. The results indicate that the seed germination rate of lettuce decreases by 14.44%, 30.00% and 40.00% at 2000, 3000 and 4000 mg Pb kg^?1 soil, respectively. However, the germination of corn, wheat, cucumber and cabbage is not significantly influenced by the Pb-contaminated soil treated with all the tested concentrations. Furthermore, the root elongation is more sensitive to Pb than is seed germination. The minimum concentrations of adverse effect of maize, wheat, cucumber, cabbage and lettuce are 2000, 3000, 1300, 800 and 300 mg Pb kg^?1 soil, respectively. Moreover, dicotyledon species are more sensitive than monocotyledon species. In the genotoxicity study, the mitotic index (MI) fluctuates with an increasing Pb concentration. The micronuclei (MN) frequencies of cucumber, cabbage and lettuce exhibit a dose-dependent effect at concentrations ranging from 1300 to 4000 mg Pb kg^?1 soil. It can be concluded that lettuce is a good candidate for indicating the toxicity of Pb in soil. Root elongation and the micronucleus frequency of dicotyledon are appropriate bioassays for potential use in phytotoxicity assessment of Pb-contaminated soil.     

Effects of organic acids on Cd adsorption and desorption by two anthropic soils

The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of malic, tartaric, oxalic, and citric acid on the adsorption and desorption characteristics of Cd by two typical anthropic soils (lou soil and irrigation-silted soil) in North-west China. Cadmium adsorption and desorption were studied under a range of temperatures (25°C, 30°C, 35°C, 40°C), organic acid concentrations (0.5–5.0 mmol·L^-1), and pH values (2–8). The results showed that the Cd adsorption capacity of the lou soil was significantly greater than that of the irrigation-silted soil. Generally, Cd adsorption increased as the temperature increased. In the presence of NaNO₃, the adsorption of Cd was endothermic with ΔH values of 31.365 kJ·mol^-1 for lou soil and 28.278?kJ·mol^-1 for irrigation-silted soil. The endothermic reaction indicated that H bonds were the main driving force for Cd adsorption in both soils. However, different concentrations of organic acids showed various influences on the two soils. In the presence of citric acid, chemical adsorption and van der Waals interactions were the main driving forces for Cd adsorption rather than H bonds. Although the types of organic acids and soil properties were different, the effects of the organic acids on the adsorption and desorption of Cd were similar in the two soils. The adsorption percentage of Cd generally decreased as organic acid concentrations increased. In contrast, the adsorption percentage increased as the pH of the initial solution increased. The exception was that adsorption percentage of Cd increased slightly as oxalic acid concentrations increased. In contrast, the desorption percentage of Cd increased with increasing concentrations of organic acids but decreased as the initial solution pH increased.     

废弃铅锌矿区和非矿区小花南芥根际真菌的分离及其铅耐性研究

采用常规、含Cd^2＋和含Pb^2＋马丁氏培养基,对云南省会泽县废弃铅锌矿区和非矿区小花南芥（Arabis alpina Linn）根际真菌进行分离和鉴定,将分离的菌株接种在含不同浓度（0、0．1、1和10mmol L^-1）Pb^2＋的马铃薯葡萄糖培养液中,比较废弃铅锌矿区和非矿区小花南芥根际真菌的铅耐性,结果表明：从废弃铅锌矿区和非矿区小花南芥根际共分离获得11个属的54株真菌。大于1mmolL^-1的Pb^2＋显著抑制铅锌矿区和非矿区小花南芥根际真菌的生长;含Cd^2＋和含Pb^2＋的马丁氏培养基分离的铅锌矿区小花南芥根际真菌Pb^2＋的生长半数抑制浓度（EC50）平均值和最大值均明显大于非矿区,铅锌矿区小花南芥根际真菌对Pb^2＋的耐性强于非矿区。     

Volatile organic compounds of Acacia longifolia and their effects on germination and early growth of species from invaded habitats

Acacia longifolia, a highly invasive species that invades coastal ecosystems in Mediterranean areas, produces significant impacts at different scales. Abundant foliage and thick canopies create a dense atmosphere that led us to hypothesise that the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) could play a role in the reduction of biodiversity observed in invaded areas. Therefore, we suggested that VOCs emitted by A. longifolia could exert inhibitory effects on physiological and biochemical parameters of native species. Using glass chamber bioassays, we evaluated the effect of aerial contact between VOCs from different plant parts of A. longifolia material and some native species. Volatile chemical composition was further analysed using GC-MS. Our results indicated that VOCs produced a notably reduction of seed germination. Furthermore, volatiles from leaves and flowers significantly decreased root length, shoot length and biomass for all species. Proline and malondialdehyde content did not significantly increase after contact with VOCs. Finally, chemical profile of VOCs from flowers, leaves and litter was significantly different, both qualitatively and quantitatively. As far as we know, our results constitute the first evidence of phytotoxicity induced by VOCs from A. longifolia, suggesting that flowers and leaves could influence its surrounding environment through VOCs release.     

Effect of low molecular weight organic acids on adsorption and desorption of fluoride on variable charge soils

The effect of four low molecular weight organic acids on F⁻ adsorption by two variable charge soils was investigated using a batch method. The organic acids reduced F⁻ adsorption through competition by the acids with F⁻ for sorption sites. Oxalic and malonic acids, both of which have simpler chemical structures, were more effective than citric or malic acid. The effect of organic acids on F⁻ adsorption was more prominent at higher pH values and with larger amounts of the organic acids. The desorption study showed that the organic acids enhanced the desorption of F⁻ adsorbed by the soils. In the control and malic acid systems, desorption increased sharply with decreasing pH, while in the oxalic acid system, desorption rose slightly with decreasing pH. Desorption also increased with increasing amount of organic acid added. There are two possible mechanisms for the effect of the organic acids on F⁻ adsorption and desorption: (1)␣competition of the organic acids with F⁻ for adsorption sites and (2) dissolution of the adsorbents, especially dissolution of soil Al.     

The role of root organic acids in the tolerance of Festuca rubra to zinc,lead and cadmium

Abstract

Festuca rubra L. plants are pseudometallophytes colonizing abandoned Pb/Zn mine areas, successfully employed in phytostabilization. To study the contribution of low-molecular weight organic acids to metal tolerance, F. rubra plants were grown for three months in hydroponics with Cd (1.8, 18 and 36 µmol?L^?1), Pb (50, 250 and 500?µmol?L^?1) and Zn (0.3, 3 and 6?mmol?L^?1), separately, and in ternary combination (18?µmol?L^?1 Cd + 250?µmol?L^?1 Pb + 0.3?mmol?L^?1 Zn). The roots retained most of the metals but their distribution from shoot to root was altered when the plants were treated with the ternary combination. The main organic acids in roots were citrate and malate. At the lowest concentrations, the metals caused small reductions in biomass, had no effects on photosynthetic pigments nor on malondialdehyde, but led to increases in root organic acids. At higher concentrations, phytotoxic responses were observed, associated with a decline of citrate and malate in the roots.