Resolving Trade and Environment Conflicts： A Focus on Sustainable Trade in China

This paper begins by analysing the mutual influence between international trade and the environment, and then proceeds to explore the environment and trade conflicts. On the basis of sustainable development theories and the above discussion, the article suggests taking sustainable trade as a solution to the existing conflicts. This paper aims to find the way to strike a balance between international trade and environment based on the present situation in China.     

Diversification and Sustainable Development in Chinese Agriculture

Feeding a growing population exceeding 1 billion is a big challenge to the Chinese government and has partly led to the self-sufficient policy in grain production and supply for decades. However, the efforts to push grain production everywhere have resulted in not only deterioration of the environment but also stagnation or even reduction in farmers' income as production costs continue to increase. This situation might be worsening after China's accession to the WTO that provides market access for bulk commodity imports. A sustainable development in Chinese agriculture depends on diversification, or structural adjustment, that allows Chinese farmers to fully utilize their comparative advantage in production of labor-intensive goods. Past experience has shown that diversification has contributed more than a half of the growth in Chinese agriculture during the reform period and reduced stresses on the environment at the same time. It is likely to contribute even more to Chinese agriculture in the future an     

Theory and Model of Agricultural Insurance Subsidy

The issue of agricultural insurance subsidy is discussed in this paper aiming to make it provided more rationally and scientifically. It is started with the connection between agricultural insurance and financial subsidy. It is really necessary and crucial to implement the financial insurance due to the bad operational performance, especially in the developing countries. But the subsidy should be provided more rationally because financial subsidy has lots of negative effects. A model in competitive insurance markets developed by Ahsan et al （1982） and a farmers＇ decision model are developed to solve the optimal subsidized rate. Finally, the equation is got to calculate it. But a quantitative subsidized rate is not made here because the calculation should be under some restricted conditions, which are always absent in the developing countries. So the government should provide some subsidy for the ex ante research and preparation to get the scientific probability and premium rate.     

Effects of the adaptations to climate changes on the income of herdsmen in Qinghai Province

This study aims to implement the empirical analysis of the effects of the adaptive measures on the income of herdsmen in the context of the climate change with the positive mathematical programming(PMP)model.The survey was first implemented in three counties in the Three Headwaters Region.Finally the measures and recommendations suitable for the economic development in the ecologically fragile areas were proposed.The main conclusions are as follows:priority can be given to the measures to prevent the damage from rats and the engineering measures for pasture maintenance in Zeku County,where the geological conditions and grass quality are inferior,while the fiscal subsidy can be prioritized in Tongde County where the grassland area is relatively less.These recommendations can not only provide good reference for the protection of grassland resources,but they also lay a foundation for the implementation of more suitable measures to help the herdsmen in the ecologically fragile areas to adapt to the climate change.     

Controversy of International Carbon-motivated Border Tax Adjustment and Its Impact on China’s Manufacturing Industries

Carbon-motivated border tax adjustment (BTA) aims to compensate for the loss of competitiveness of carbon intensive products due to carbon dioxide abatement actions.Based on the analysis of the international background of carbon-motivated BTAs,this paper discusses the fundamental motivation leading to US policy transformation,the potential impacts of the policy on China’s manufacturing industries,and the compatibility of the policy to WTO rules.Carbon-motivated BTAs violate the fundamental principle of the UNFCCC,and potentially conflict with the core WTO principle of non-discrimination reflected in the GATT Articles I and III.However,Article XX of the GATT may be applicable.Thus,the author suggests several measures to alleviate the impacts of carbon-motivated BTAs,and puts forward countermeasures based on carbon consumption per capita.     

Application of American Civil Action to Public Interest Action in Environmental Protection of China

Economic development has made a negative impact on the environment.However,our proceedings on public interest action are almost blank,causing many of the cases related to the environmental protection to be rejected by the court for the reason that the prosecutors fail to provide enough evidence.Therefore,we can take the U.S.system of civil action for reference to improve our public interest action while employing proxy litigation.The measures can be included as follows:relax the plaintiff qualifications;establish the necessary lead procedures;invert the responsibility of providing evidence.     

The Optimal Depletion of Exhaustible Resource under Different Commitment

There are few papers in the literature focusing on the issue of the optimal depletion of exhaustible resources in the framework of variable time preference. This paper attempts to analyze the pure consumption of exhaustible resource under hyperbolic time preference, and to discuss the optimal depletion rate and the effect of the protection of the exhaustible resource under different commitment abilities. The results of model show that the case of the hyperbolic discount with the full commitment of the government is equivalent to the case of constant discount of the social planner problem. In that case, the optimal depletion rate and the initial consumption of exhaustible resource are the slowest. On the contrary, they are the highest and the myopic behaviors lead to excessive consumption of exhaustible resources inevitably without commitment. Otherwise, in the case of partial commitment, the results are between the cases of full commitment and of no commitment. Therefore, with the hyperbolic time preference, the optimal depletion rate of resource depends on the commitment ability. Higher commitment ability leads to lower effective rate of time preference, and consequently, lower depletion rate and lower initial depletion value. The improvement of commitment ability can decrease the impatience and myopia behaviors, and contribute to the protection of the exhaustible resources.     

The Determinants of Plant Variety Protection Applications in China

China passed its Plant Variety Protection Act (PVPA) in 1997 which allowed us to do some initial testing of this proposition. We used a unique dataset on the applications of the new Plant Variety Protection (PVP), morphological characteristics, and institutional sources of all the important varieties of rice in three provinces of China to estimate the determinants of plant variety protection applications in China. The evidence suggests that both the government and private research programs are responding to economic and policy incentives and investing in plant variety protection as economists would expect profit maximizing firms to invest. The discussion of the evolution of the seed industry suggested that the combination of the new seed law in 2000 and the new plant variety protection regulation had changed the structure of the seed industry and provided an important incentive to invest in PVPs both by public research institutes and commercial firms. Finally, there is some preliminary evidence that private firms have smaller incentives to develop new varieties than to purchase the new varieties.     

Quantitative Appraisement on Ecological Carrying Capacity in Coastal Rapid Developing Region of Hainan Province

The ecological carrying capacity, an important indicator to evaluate the sustainable development of the ecosystem, means the potential ability of the natural ecosystem to carry socioeconomic development while the ecosystem is healthy. It is limited by the carrying capacity of natural resources and environment and the elasticity of the ecosystem. It will be greatly significant to study the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province, the first ecological province admitted by the State Environmental Protection Administration in China. Not only is the natural ecosystem reflected, but also the effects of human activities are emphasized by integrating the ecosystem health analysis into the ecological carrying capacity research. The research results, using the Factor Analysis tools of software SPSS, indicate that the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province fluctuated obviously from 1996 to 2005. The level of the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province was relatively high in 1996, and reached into trough from 1997 to 1999. It has steadily ascended to be above the middle level since the 21st century. The results also show that policy factors, especially the implementation of the ＇Ecological Province＇ strategy, were important driving forces to influence the ecological carrying capacity. With the population rapidly increasing, the land and water resources per capita have decreased quickly. The amount of the ecological carrying capacity was promoted remarkably by socioeconomic development especially economic growth and technology applications. All of these will provide useful suggestions to establish and enact regional development policies, especially for protecting and reconstructing the ecology and environment of Hainan Province.     

Elasticity Ratio of Resource Consumption and the Resource Consumption

Today the resources are becoming scarcer, which should not be regarded as unexhausted any more. Correspondingly, the production would be constrained by the scarcity of resources clearly. Then the economic researchers would pay much more attention to reducing the consumption of natural resources in the future. Therefore this paper brings foreword the conception of elasticity ratio of resource consumption based on the concept of elasticity and analyzes the relationship between the parameters. For the certain relationships between the elasticity ratio of resource consumption and resource consumption, this paper will try to reveal, to keep economy growing while resource consumption reducing, what conditions should be met as to the relationships among resource productivity, its growth rate, energy saving efficiency, economic growth rate and elasticity ratio of resource consumption. This paper proves the relationship between the China＇s energy consumption and economy growth using statistic data from 1978 to 2003.     

基于自适应网络模糊推理方法在河道洪水预报中的应用

对于易受洪灾的地区而言,快速而准确的洪水预报非常重要,能够为洪水预警消息的发布提供更长的先导时间,从而为可能受灾地区的人们提供更充足的时间以采取相应的防洪措施或安全转移。 常用的预报模型包括基于物理性模型和基于系统技术模型。尽管物理性模型能对洪水形成的物理过程提供很好的解释, 水文学家并不愿意使用它们,因为模型中参数的率定是比较复杂的。因此,一种基于纯数据集的黑箱技术已被广泛采纳。常用的黑箱模型包括线性模型(LR)、自回归移动平均模型(ARMA)和人工神经网络模型（ANN）等。 在当前的研究中,一个相对新颖的黑箱模型--基于自适应网络的模糊推理系统（ANFIS）被用来对长江某河段的洪水进行预报。与此同时,一个线性回归模型（LR）用来作为ANFIS模型的对照。在构建ANFIS中,混合学习算法 (即误差反衍（BP）耦合最小二乘法（LSE）) 用来训练模型的参数。此外,为避免出现过度训练现象,原始数据集基于统计特征值划分成3个子集：训练集、测试集和校正集。当对ANFIS模型训练时,测试集用来帮助控制训练代数。结果表明,ANFIS的预报效果优于LR模型。分析认为ANFIS能够提供预报精度是因为其采用了局部拟合技术,通常它会优于LR模型所采用的全局拟合技术。最后,对本研究而言,最适合的ANFIS模型是输入量为梯形的成员度函数。     

多源降水数据在长江上游流域比较研究

降水是洪水预报重要的输入因子,是保证洪水预报精度的前提条件。提出一种从站点、子流域以及全流域3种空间尺度上评价水情遥测降水数据精度的方法。采用该方法,以国家气象信息中心公开发布的日降水数据为基准,针对覆盖宜昌-宜宾425 000 km2的377个遥测雨量站降雨数据进行精度评价。在日、月时间尺度上,综合评价了中国长江三峡集团所属的遥测雨量数据精度特征。结果表明,其遥测雨量数据与国家气象信息中心公开发布的日降水数据,具有较高的相关度,相关指标R2到达0.81。部分数据受到地形以及站点位置差异等因素的影响,存在一定差异。这些差异为雨量站的调整和补充提供重要依据。为验证其他遥测站网的降水数据精度提供了范例,利用该方法,可对运行多年的遥测雨量站网进行评价,也可开展多源降水融合相关工作,提高地面遥测降水数据的代表性和准确性。     

近三十年云南九大高原湖泊水面面积遥感变化监测

云南省九大高原湖泊对于云南省社会经济可持续发展具有极其重要的意义。利用30 m分辨率的Landsat系列遥感数据和1.5 m分辨率的SPOT6/7遥感数据分别对云南省九大高原湖泊1989,1993,2000,2007,2015年的湖面面积进行了动态监测。结果表明:云南省九大高原湖泊在1989~2015年间总体上较为稳定,湖体湖面面积共减少了约41 km~2(约4%),但各湖变化差异较大。杞麓湖和异龙湖湖面面积持续快速萎缩,至2015年异龙湖已萎缩了1989年湖体湖面面积的40%。其中异龙湖萎缩的主要原因是干旱和围湖造田,而滇池变化波动较大,原因主要在于工业发展及工程治理。通过对同期的Landsat 8OLI数据与SPOT6/7数据解译的杞麓湖和异龙湖湖面面积对比发现不同空间分辨率的解译结果有较为明显差异(2.8%和1.7%),表明在采用多源遥感数据进行湖泊面积解译时需要考虑不同空间分辨率的影响。     

GIS环境下基于DEM的中国流域自动提取方法

应用地理信息系统平台,建立基于水文站网和水资源信息的空间化水循环数据库是研制开发全国水循环信息管理系统的关键和基础,为了与全国水文站网的观测资料相匹配,水循环数据库的结构将按流域组织,因此快速、有效地自动提取全国流域是所有工作进展的前提。为了从数字高程数据中自动提取全国流域,以提高基于GIS的全国水资源信息获取的效率,从DEM的特性出发,提出了一种从DEM中自动提取全国流域的实用方法。该方法利用1：25万DEM数据,首先将全国流域划分为14大流域片,并在每一流域片内分别提取流域。提取过程如下：首先对DEM数据进行填洼和削峰,然后确定每个栅格单元的水流方向,再根据各栅格单元的水流方向,计算出每个栅格单元的汇流能力,根据汇流能力采用阈值法确定河流网络,最后通过河流网络和流域出水口,快速识别出所有子流域。另外,还给出了利用GIS软件ARC/INFO GRID提取全国流域的AML程序代码,并以海河流域作为实验区将抽样测量结果和自动提取结果进行了实验对比分析,其结果表明利用该方法提取的流域数据与利用手工方法绘制的流域基本一致,证明该方法是有效的。     

云南蒋家沟泥石流运动特征及其发展趋势

根据蒋家沟1965~2005年的泥石流运动观测资料与会泽气象站1965~2005年日降水资料,应用Hurst指数分析泥石流的运动要素,研究发现:泥石流年输沙量的Hurst指数为0.682时,年输沙量呈较强的正持续性,未来呈增长趋势;降雨量的Hurst指数0.605时,降雨量呈较弱的正持续性,未来呈较弱的增长趋势。同时,运用小波分析方法,发现泥石流输沙量具有多时间尺度周期的特征,主要表现为:第8、14和24年分别为其第1、2和3活动周期;结合小波方差图分析可知:在未来15 a以上,年输沙量将呈减少趋势,泥石流活跃程度弱;而15 a以内,未来将会保持较短时间的增加趋势,泥石流活跃程度强。综合以上分析可知:蒋家沟泥石流具有规模巨大,作用强烈,类型齐全等主要特征。     

湘中地区2010年5月两次暴雨过程的雷达特征对比分析

2010年5月5~6日和5月12~13日,湘中发生了两次区域性暴雨。运用了自动站降水资料、多普勒天气雷达基本反射率和基本径向速度资料以及NCEP提供的FNL资料,分析了这两次暴雨的雷达回波特征,并从水汽和地形两方面分析了两次暴雨的影响因素。结果表明：两次暴雨的环流形势场不同。 “100506”暴雨强降水回波呈带状自西南向东北扫过娄底,而“100513”暴雨强降水回波呈块状自西往东范围逐渐加强;两次暴雨都有逆风区存在,逆风区的范围和强度对应着强降水的范围与强度。两次暴雨水汽主要来自孟加拉湾和南海,“100506”暴雨发生在切变线附近;“100513”暴雨发生在切边线南侧的辐合区内。娄底西部、北部、中部山地的阻挡和抬升作用以及冷暖气流交汇也是暴雨产生的重要原因之一     

鄂西长江三峡库区森林集水区拦洪作用分析

通过有林沟与无林沟测流堰资料的比较分析表明，在观测期有林沟径流量比无林沟减少５７．５％，各次洪水过程中洪峰削率达２０－９０％，在雨季森林集水区最明显的特征是增大对后续降水的吸收（截留和入渗）和利用。     

长江下游典型水域湿地近百年变化分析

湿地是水域和陆地系统交互接壤地带形成的一种特殊类型的生态系统,具有十分重要的生态服务功能。长江中下游地区分布着以湖泊和河流湿地为主的大面积湿地,同时也是人口密集区,水域湿地在近百年发生了巨大变化。选择长江下游太湖平原上的典型湿地为例,根据历史史料记载和近代精确的地形图、遥感资料,首次得出了研究区近百年水域湿地的精确面积和空间分布状况,并对影响其变化的因素进行了分析。对揭示长江下游湿地环境的变化规律做了有益的探索。     

GIS技术在三峡库区滑坡灾害研究中的应用

对三峡库区选定的研究区域,建立地质、地形等滑坡因子空间数据库和滑坡空间分布数据库（比例尺均为1：10 000）,利用GIS技术对滑坡和各影响因子相关性进行了统计分析。计算得出滑坡发生的主要影响因子类属：Q\-4、J\-1x, J\-1z、S岩性岩组;90 m以下、90~135 m和135~175 m三个高程带;15~20m局部高差;10°~15°、15°~20°和20°~25°坡度;北向、南向和西北向方向和 1～1曲率范围。研究的结果是进行滑坡易发性评价的基础,可以帮助指导库区滑坡灾害管理、土地利用等。     

南水北调西线一期工程大渡河流域减水段生态水文浅析

南水北调西线一期工程调水前河流生态水文特征、调水对生态影响的研究对于进一步探讨有利于生态保护的水利工程调控措施具有重要意义。采用IHA方法分析大渡河流域调水区河流调水前的水文资料,提取对基本生态条件维护具有重要意义的月基流量作为特征流量,采用Tennant法评价基流量对生态的有利程度,以历史上曾经发生过的特征流量对生态的意义作为参照,对比分析一期调水工程实施后水文站月平均流量对生态的有利程度,间接推求坝址下游近坝段特征基流量,探究调水后月均流量对生态的有利程度。结果表明：随着沿程流量的恢复,绰斯甲站、足木足站河道水量得到恢复,调水后月平均流量对生态有利程度能达到较好状态;坝址下游河段调水后月平均流量的生态有利程度汛期较差,珠安达和霍那坝址下游6月份甚至为“极差”水平