柴油机排气微粒冷却演变特性的实验研究

对柴油机排气微粒在冷却条件下的演变特性进行了实验研究.结果表明,排气的冷却作用对微粒的质量浓度具有重要的影响.引起微粒质量浓度变化的主要原因是排气中气态碳氢的冷凝,从而增加了微粒的质量浓度.排气的冷却促使柴油机微粒增大,分布在0.01～1.0 μm粒径范围内的微粒数量有所减少,特别是小于0.1 μm以下的小微粒,微粒数量下降的幅度相对较大,并且冷却温度越低,变化越明显.排气冷却后,0.1-1.0 μm粒径范围内的微粒体积浓度呈减少的趋势.此外,流速对排气冷却条件下的微粒演变特性亦有一定的影响,随排气流速的降低,0.01～1.0 μm粒径范围内的微粒数量浓度和体积浓度减小.     

柴油机排气微粒过滤捕集特性的试验研究

通过柴油机台架试验，对柴油机排气微粒过滤体的微粒捕集特性及阻力特性进行了研究，并对影响过滤体的微粒捕集效率及排气阻力的几种主要因素，如过滤体结构、柴油机转速、负荷等进行了分析，得出了一些有益的结论。     

多孔泡沫金属电除尘器净化柴油机排气微粒的方法研究

以柴油机为研究对象,研究了净化柴油机排气微粒的新技术。介绍了柴油机排气微粒的特性、净化技术及电除尘器的基本工作原理以及工作特性。说明了多孔泡沫金属的特性,并设计了净化柴油机排气微粒的以多孔泡沫金属为集尘极的电除尘器结构及原理,分析了该净化装置的优点。     

甲醇柴油双燃料燃烧结合DOC/POC耦合大幅度减少发动机微粒排放的研究

对一台四缸增压中冷柴油机采用甲醇柴油双燃料模式,研究了甲醇替代率和柴油机氧化催化转化器耦合微粒催化转化器(DOC+POC)后处理装置对该发动机烟度和微粒数量、质量浓度的粒径分布特性的影响.试验结果表明,随甲醇替代率的增加,发动机烟度和微粒数浓度、质量浓度均有不同程度的降低,核态微粒浓度显著降低,聚集态微粒浓度基本保持不变.相比于DOC+POC对纯柴油发动机排气烟度25%左右的净化效率,在甲醇柴油双燃料模式下DOC+POC对排气烟度的平均净化效率在60%以上,最大达到96%,显示了该后处理技术在甲醇柴油双燃料模式下清洁排放的良好应用前景.     

汽车排气微粒的形成及其演变分析

许多研究表明汽车排气微粒对人体的健康危害很大,尤其是微粒粒径较小,数量浓度较高时,危害更甚.汽车排气微粒在排放后会经历一系列物理化学变化,在扩散的同时,微粒受冷凝/蒸发、核化、凝并、沉降等作用的影响,其粒径分布和浓度都会发生很大的变化;与此同时,污染物进入大气环境后,不同的环境因素对微粒粒径的影响也不同.本文结合国内外的研究现状,阐述了各个过程中的汽车排气微粒的变化以及对微粒浓度和粒径的影响.     

添加剂对柴油机燃用乙醇柴油时排放颗粒特性的影响

为研究十六烷值改进剂和消烟剂对柴油机燃用乙醇柴油时颗粒排放特性的影响,在乙醇柴油中加入0.1%(以w计)、0.3%和0.5%的十六烷值改进剂或消烟剂,并在YZ4DB3柴油机上分别对这些燃料的排气烟度、颗粒比排放和粒径分布等进行研究. 结果表明:含添加剂的乙醇柴油颗粒物排放远低于0#柴油,降幅在50%以上;与0#柴油相比,添加0.3%十六烷值改进剂的乙醇柴油降低颗粒排放效果较显著,降幅高达64.2%,而添加0.1%消烟剂的乙醇柴油颗粒物排放降幅更高达84.0%,表明消烟剂的降颗粒效果更加显著. 柴油机燃用柴油时,排放颗粒的粒径呈双峰分布,峰值分别在0.56和0.18μm左右;但燃用含添加剂的乙醇柴油时,排放颗粒的粒径则呈单峰分布,其峰值均在>0.56~1.00μm粒径范围内. 柴油机燃用含添加剂的乙醇柴油后,0.18~0.32μm粒径范围内的排放颗粒显著减少,但在>0.32~1.00μm粒径范围内增加;同时,排放颗粒物中的积聚模态颗粒占排放颗粒总质量的比例降低,而粗粒子模态颗粒的所占比例相应增加. 排气烟度与积聚模态颗粒质量分布密切相关. 研究结果表明,柴油添加剂能够显著改善柴油机颗粒物排放特性,有利于改善大气质量.      

柴油机排气微粒组分及尺寸分布研究现状分析

对柴油机微粒的研究是控制微粒排放的前提,也是满足未来排放法规的需要。从柴油机微粒形成的机理及其危害出发,介绍了柴油机微粒的检测方法,对柴油机微粒的组成及尺寸分布研究现状进行分析。对柴油机微粒的控制和净化技术的研究有一定的指导作用。     

柴油机排气微粒收集消声装置的设计

介绍了柴油机排气微粒收集消声装置的特点、结构、工作原理和设计过程。柴油机排气微粒收集消声装置包括排气微粒收集装置、排气微粒收集再生和排气微粒收集控制装置,在柴油机排气离心力产生的旋转气流以及静电装置产生的电场的双重效用下,收集柴油机的排气微粒,自动控制排气微粒收集再生及控制装置,使收集的微粒燃烧,排放到大气中。通过柴油机排气微粒收集消声装置的试验表明:收集效率最高可达到98.1%,排气背压最高可达到3.7kPa,消声装置可达到90.2dB,试验证实本装置适合于柴油发电机和大中型柴油发动机。     

柴油机排气微粒过滤体的评价与选择

分析了目前广泛研究和应用的几种形式的柴油机排气微粒过滤体的特性 ,利用模糊评价方法从过滤体的微粒捕集效率、排气阻力、附加能量消耗、成本以及可靠性等方面对不同形式的微粒过滤体进行了综合评价分析。研究结果表明 ,壁流式蜂窝陶瓷过滤体和金属丝网过滤体具有较好的综合特性     

色谱质谱法测定柴油机排气微粒过滤前后可溶有机成分

先采用自行设计安装的柴油机微粒袋滤系统,对过滤前后的柴油机排气微粒进行采集。然后用气相色谱-质谱技术(GC-MS),对柴油机排气微粒中的可溶有机成分(SOF)进行分离分析。用超声法制取可溶有机分析液。测定结果表明:微粒过滤前后检测物的成分组成变化很小,基本以直链及支链烷烃为主,碳数从C16～C26,此外还有相当数量的蒽、芘、菲等多环芳烃(PAHs)。采用微粒袋滤系统过滤柴油机排气微粒,烷烃以及多环芳烃等有害物含量明显下降,说明袋滤技术对柴油机排气的处理效果较好。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.