中日水资源管理的法律比较研究

为了建立新的水资源管理的法律体制，加强法制建设，就水资源保护及开发利用方面的制度、水污染的控制等进行分析，认为用一个系统的、有强制力的规划来指导，控制和协调各地方、各部门的利益关系是水资源管理的基础和关键。介绍了日本的集中协调与分部门行政的水资源管理体制并以流域水资源管理体制为主的流域管理体制，对这种管理体制下的以流域为基础的日本水管理法规的基本原则、组织结构及立法现状进行了分析，对中日两国的水资源管理及立法的基本异同点进行了对比研究，在比较研究的基础上对我国水资源管理体制立法的结构层次进行了思考，并提出了一些建议，以期对促进中国的水资源管理提供可资借鉴的经验，如：（1）协调原则；（2）环境政策的一体化，建立环境与发展的综合决策机制；（3）制订可行的法律规范；（4）加强学术研究和交流；（5）注重科学的规划等。     

辽河流域水资源管理产业化模式研究

辽河流域水资源的管理呈现“多龙治水”政出多门的状态，各管理部门闻缺乏协调性。水资源的统一管理与开发利用管理责权利不分明。本文依据辽河流域水资源的特点。以流域水资源管理为理论基础，借鉴国外的经验，参考土地管理的成功模式，提出以流域为单元的水资源开发、经营和管理的产业化模式：水资源开发利用形成产业化机制，水资源管理建立以自然集水区为控制单元的管理体制和机构。     

黑河流域水资源可持续利用对策

水资源私有制和生态环境恶化已成为黑河流域面临的严重问题。本文分析了黑河流域水资源开发利用中存在的问题，在结合大量翔实数据的基础上，以水资源可持续利用为原则，提出了黑河流域水资源可持续利用的途径与措施。     

流域开发的外部性及其内部化

流域是地表水的集水区域。流域问题的本质是水。水是可持续发展的基础和条件，是环境与发展问题的核心。流域开发是以水资源为先导和主体的综合资源开发。实现流域经济可持续发展实质就是实现流域水资源可持续开发和利用。外部性是流域开发的基本特征，水资源的特性决定了流域开发的外部性。实现流域开发的外部性内部化是流域经济可持续发展的关键。实现流域开发外部性内部化，必须界定流域资源产权，明确流域开发主体；建立税收－补贴体系，对水资源合理定价；坚持“排污者付费原则”；建立流域水资源市场，实现水资源资产化管理。同时，政府要加强流域的管理；建立健全水资源保护与流域开发的法律体系；普及保护环境和水资源的教育，建立节水观念；支持和鼓励流域开发企业实行外部成本内部化措施；调整产业结构，深化国有企业改革。     

西南岩溶石山地区岩溶水资源合理开发利用模式

针对湘西洛塔岩溶区特殊的地质环境所造成的干旱缺水、水土流失、生态环境恶化等问题的特点，在调查、分析洛塔自然条件与水土资源、生态环境基本条件的基础上，实施了13处岩溶水资源开发利用示范工程。通过系统总结洛塔地区岩溶水资源合理开发利用技术与方法及岩溶水资源开发利用成功经验，提出了以岩溶水小流域为单元对岩溶水资源进行综合开发利用的5种模式：①地下河堵洞引水开发利用模式；②地下河出口及岩溶大泉引水开发利用模式；③凿引水隧洞拦截地下河开发利用模式；④地表地下联合水库开发利用模式；⑤表层岩溶泉开发利用模式。通过对失败工程的案例分析，认为在岩溶水资源开发利用过程中，应查清工程的岩溶发育规律及工程地质条件，分析经济技术支持的可行性，然后采取相适应的开采方式与方法。岩溶水资源进行综合开发利用的5种模式的提出，为在湘西实施“水源〖DK1〗·土地〖DK1〗·生态”持续发展战略，发展生态经济，实现脱贫致富，促进社会经济、生态环境良性循环，提供了切实可行的实用技术与方法借鉴。     

中国西部地区水资源利用的主要问题与对策

本文讨论了西部地区的水资源特征 ,分析了水资源的短缺状况与开发利用中存在的问题 ,提出了实施水资源流域统一规划调度、跨省 (区 )和跨流域引调水、加大地下水合理开发力度 ,以及制定科学的供水序列和实施先进的喷、滴、微、渗灌技术等水资源开发利用对策。     

合作视角下的跨境水资源两级分配模式

跨境水资源是淡水资源的重要组成部分，随着世界人口和经济的快速发展，各国对水资源需求增加，气候变化使水资源变化情势具有不确定性，更是加剧了各国对水资源安全保障的诉求。公平合理的跨境水资源分配对于缓解各流域国用水冲突、实现跨境水资源可持续利用具有重要意义。为提高跨境水资源分配的公平合理性和水资源利用效率，基于合作视角，该研究提出一个“初始分配以明晰所有权+优化再分配以实现高效利用”的跨境水资源两级分配模式。首先基于协商谈判视角，运用讨价还价博弈模型的方法理念，引入流域国间协商谈判机制，以实现跨境水资源在流域国间的公平合理初始分配。然后基于利益共享理念，构建具有模糊支付的跨境水资源合作博弈模型和要素双重模糊的跨境水资源合作博弈模型，探讨不同模糊情景下的跨境水资源优化再分配问题。并以澜沧江-湄公河流域为例进行实证分析，研究表明：(1)基于协商谈判寻求跨境水权分配最优解，可以有效提高分配方案的可接受性。(2)初始分配是流域国开发利用跨境水资源的基础，有利于明晰初始水权，但也存在难以长时间适应流域环境变化和各流域国用水需求变化的缺陷。(3)合作开发情景下的系统收益比非合作情景下的系统收益更高，且当...     

非对称性视角下跨境水资源冲突与合作的鹰鸽博弈模型

随着经济社会快速发展,全球用水量不断增加,加上气候变暖、水质恶化等问题,使跨境水资源逐渐成为各流域国争夺的稀缺资源。各流域国在跨境水资源开发利用中,冲突与合作频繁出现,充满着复杂性与不确定性。为探析各流域国策略选择的规律,促进跨境流域水资源合作,基于非对称性演化博弈模型,探讨跨境水资源各流域国的博弈策略动态演化过程。首先从地理位置差异、现状用水及需求差异、水资源开发利用能力差异三个角度出发,衡量流域国开发利用跨境水资源的实力值,以此界定流域国之间的非对称性,并基于非对称性"鹰鸽博弈"模型,探析各流域国策略选择的规律,分析非对称因子、冲突的单位成本收益对跨境流域系统稳定于合作状态概率的影响。然后考虑了跨境流域水资源合作中存在的额外收益,并将合作额外收益嵌入到非对称"鹰鸽博弈"模型中,探讨不同情景下,流域国合作额外收益对跨境水资源系统演化的影响。最后以印孟恒河水资源冲突为例进行分析,以理论与现实相结合的方式,探讨印孟水资源冲突难以得到永久解决的原因。研究表明:非对称性因子、冲突的单位成本收益和合作的额外收益都是影响流域国合作行为演化的重要因素,其中流域国非对称因子越大,冲突的单位成本收益越小,越有利于跨境水资源流域国合作行为的演化;合作的额外收益是流域国之间开展合作的重要动力。基于非对称性"鹰鸽博弈"模型对流域国合作演化规律进行探讨,以推动流域国开展合作,减少冲突,也为进一步解决全球跨境水资源的开发利用等问题提供参考。     

非对称性视角下跨境水资源冲突与合作的鹰鸽博弈模型北大核心CSCDCSSCI

随着经济社会快速发展,全球用水量不断增加,加上气候变暖、水质恶化等问题,使跨境水资源逐渐成为各流域国争夺的稀缺资源。各流域国在跨境水资源开发利用中,冲突与合作频繁出现,充满着复杂性与不确定性。为探析各流域国策略选择的规律,促进跨境流域水资源合作,基于非对称性演化博弈模型,探讨跨境水资源各流域国的博弈策略动态演化过程。首先从地理位置差异、现状用水及需求差异、水资源开发利用能力差异三个角度出发,衡量流域国开发利用跨境水资源的实力值,以此界定流域国之间的非对称性,并基于非对称性“鹰鸽博弈”模型,探析各流域国策略选择的规律,分析非对称因子、冲突的单位成本收益对跨境流域系统稳定于合作状态概率的影响。然后考虑了跨境流域水资源合作中存在的额外收益,并将合作额外收益嵌入到非对称“鹰鸽博弈”模型中,探讨不同情景下,流域国合作额外收益对跨境水资源系统演化的影响。最后以印孟恒河水资源冲突为例进行分析,以理论与现实相结合的方式,探讨印孟水资源冲突难以得到永久解决的原因。研究表明:非对称性因子、冲突的单位成本收益和合作的额外收益都是影响流域国合作行为演化的重要因素,其中流域国非对称因子越大,冲突的单位成本收益越小,越有利于跨境水资源流域国合作行为的演化;合作的额外收益是流域国之间开展合作的重要动力。基于非对称性“鹰鸽博弈”模型对流域国合作演化规律进行探讨,以推动流域国开展合作,减少冲突,也为进一步解决全球跨境水资源的开发利用等问题提供参考。     

岷沱江流域水环境治理绩效综合评价方法研究

为全面研究生态文明背景下岷沱江流域水环境治理成效，该研究从水生态保护与修复、水污染治理与控制、水资源开发利用和社会经济承载4个维度构建评价指标体系，先采用灰色关联分析法和均方差决策法建立组合权重，再通过加权综合指数法和理想解模型对2011~2017年岷沱江流域10个主要地级市的水环境治理绩效进行动态评价，最后利用ArcGIS10.5软件进行评价结果的时空分异性的可视化。研究表明：在水环境综合管理下，岷沱江流域水环境治理绩效水平呈上升的趋势。空间分布上，虽岷沱江流域上、中、下游的水环境治理绩效整体水平差异性逐渐缩小，但流域中各地级市在水污染治理与水资源开发利用上存在明显的差异性，今后岷沱江流域应重点控制水污染和优化水资源配置，统筹流域可持续发展的水环境管理。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Quantifying the transfer of radionuclides to food products from domestic farm animals

Databases have been compiled to derive parameter values relevant to the transfer of radionuclides from feedstuffs to domestic animal products to provide a revision to the IAEA Handbook on transfer parameters TRS 364. Significant new data inputs have been incorporated into the databases from an extensive review of Russian language information and inclusion of data published since the early 1990s. Fractional gastrointestinal absorption in adult ruminants presented in the revised handbook are generally similar to those recommended for adult humans by the ICRP. Transfer coefficient values are presented in the handbook for a range of radionuclides to farm animal products. For most animal products, transfer coefficient values for elements additional to those in TRS 364 are provided although many data gaps remain. Transfer coefficients generally vary between species with larger species having lower values than smaller species. It has been suggested that the difference is partly due to the inclusion of dietary dry matter intake in the estimation of transfer coefficient and that whilst dietary intake increases with size nutrient concentrations do not. An alternative approach to quantifying transfer by using concentration ratios (CR), which do not consider dietary intake, has been evaluated. CR values compiled for the handbook vary considerably less between species than transfer coefficient values. The advantage of the CR approach is that values derived for one species could be applied to species for which there are no data. However, transfer coefficients will continue to be used as few studies currently report CR values or give data from which they can be estimated.     

A Dynamic model of Cs accumulation by fish of different age classes

A dynamic model of radionuclide accumulation in fish is developed. In the model, the fish population is represented by a set of discrete age classes. Each age class is characterized by a specific growth rate, diet and activity of metabolic processes. The model describes all known types of size effect in the contamination of fish with radiocaesium. The detailed dynamics of ¹³⁷Cs accumulation by fish are demonstrated using the results of the model's application to ichtiofauna in a water body which has a high level of contamination with radiocaesium — namely, the cooling pond of the Chernobyl NPP.     

Greenwashed sports and environmental activism: Formula 1 and FIFA†

ABSTRACT

Formula 1 motor sport and the Men's World Cup of association football, two major sporting events on our calendars, are indirectly and directly responsible for environmental despoliation. They serve as advertisements for heavy industry, are designed for elite as much as mass consumption, and provide sponsors with dubious social licenses to operate. This occurs through the very mechanisms of the events themselves (engines in Formula 1, tourism in the World Cup) as well as their promotional externalities. I look at greenwashing claims made about these two sporting events and examine counter-discourses, then investigate economic and ecological citizenship. I suggest that a progressive agenda can be forwarded if Greenpeace, which runs campaigns related to these sports, works with its fellow elites, in the case of Formula 1, and with fans in the case of football. Doing so may be more effective than business-as-usual direct action.     

江苏海洋开发的资源环境条件评述

江苏海洋的区位优越，海域广阔，环境条件总体有利，海洋资源种类多，数量大，具有综合开发功能，而且资源和环境的区域组合良好，有利于海洋产业的集约经营和协调发展，但也存在不少限制因素，如深水区离岸较远，海底矿产勘探程度低，自然灾害较多等。应根据实际情况确定本省海洋的开发战略。